This protocol describes a hydrostatic pressure-loading device that facilitates real-time microscopic observation of adherent cells during sustained hydrostatic pressure stimulation, and is compatible with 3.5 cm commercial cell culture dishes. The apparatus consists of an airtight culture chamber fabricated from an aluminum base, an optically transparent poly(methyl methacrylate) cover, gas inlet/outlet ports integrated into the cover, and a sealed observation window. By connecting to a regulated gas source, the device maintains a stable hydrostatic pressure (0-200 kPa, adjustable) while enabling continuous phase-contrast or fluorescence imaging. Using this pressure-loading device, pressure-induced dose-dependent effects on cell phenotype and behaviors, such as morphology, proliferation, and migration, can be recorded. Furthermore, fluorescent signals can also be recorded in real time. Here, pressure-triggered Ca2⁺ signaling heterogeneity and dynamics in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and cervical cancer HeLa cells were observed and quantified by inverted fluorescence microscopy using time-lapse imaging. This platform integrates mechanical loading with live‑cell imaging to overcome limitations of conventional endpoint systems, providing a universal tool for mechanobiological studies.
Hypertension affects nearly half of US adults, with 10-20% resistant to pharmacological treatment. Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) targeting the periaqueductal grey (PAG) offers non-invasive neuromodulation for blood pressure control, but optimal parameters remain undefined. To systematically investigate FUS parameters for maximizing blood pressure reduction and identify the underlying biological cascade and biophysical mechanisms. We systematically investigated 12 ultrasound exposure schemes in male and female rats, examining the biological cascade from neuronal activation (cFOS and Gad67 immunohistochemistry) through systemic biomarkers (beta-endorphin, neurotensin, angiotensin II, renin-1) to hemodynamic endpoints (systolic and diastolic blood pressure). Hydrophone measurements were used to detect cavitation emissions. Optimal FUS parameters produced sex-independent reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (-25 mmHg) lasting 24 hours. Immunohistochemistry revealed activation of GABAergic neurons (increased cFOS and Gad67), while plasma analysis demonstrated suppression of angiotensin II (-28 pg/mL) and renin-1 (-8 pg/mL) without altering beta-endorphin or neurotensin. We identified a non-monotonic relationship between ultrasound intensity and physiological responses, consistent with biphasic inhibitory neuron activation. Hydrophone measurements ruled out cavitation-mediated neuromodulation, and point towards thermal and radiation force mechanisms. These findings establish optimal parameters and mechanisms for PAG-targeted FUS for blood pressure control, providing a foundation for clinical translation to populations where conventional antihypertensives are ineffective or unsafe.
Developmental programming is a key determinant of adult hypertension. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) can exert nutritional stress during development and cause irreversible programming of metabolism via epigenetic modifications, often caused by imbalances in dietary methyl nutrients. Betaine and creatine (B+C) can increase the availability of methyl groups, but they are not included in commercial TPN formulations. We hypothesized that receiving TPN during early life would increase blood pressure in adulthood and that supplementing TPN with B+C would prevent this programming. Intrauterine growth-restricted neonates (IUGR) have been shown to develop hypertension in adult life; thus, we hypothesized that IUGR would exacerbate the TPN effect. We used 7-d-old normal birth weight female Yucatan miniature piglets (n = 24) that were randomly assigned to the following diets: sow-fed (SowFed), TPN control (TPN-control), and TPN with B+C (TPN-B+C), with 8 IUGR piglets fed TPN as a fourth group (TPN-IUGR). After 2 wk of the experimental diets, all pigs were fed a grower diet until adulthood. At 8 mo, a telemeter was implanted to measure 24-h blood pressure (BP) before and after a 2-wk high salt diet. Although BP was not different between TPN-control and SowFed adult pigs, the addition of B+C to neonatal TPN reduced mean (by 9.5 mmHg) and systolic (by 7.1 mmHg) arterial pressure (P<0.05; ANOVA, Dunnett's comparison to TPN-control) in adulthood. However, the expression of key renin-angiotensin system genes was not altered in adult pigs. The BP parameters increased in response to a high salt challenge in all pigs (by 6.2-15.4 mmHg; P<0.05; paired t-tests), but the neonatal diet did not affect the response. These data collectively suggest that TPN feeding in early life does not alter adult blood pressure but supplementing B+C in TPN may reduce the risk of hypertension.
Strontium antimonides are potential candidates for Topology and Superconducting applications. However, only a small number of binary Sr-Sb compounds have been discovered. Here, we have systematically explored the binary phase diagrams of the Sr-Sb system under pressures ranging from 0 to 40 GPa using evolutionary algorithms and density functional theory. Six new stable candidates, including Immm-Sr7Sb3, C2/m-Sr7Sb3, P63/mmc-Sr2Sb, C2/m-Sr3Sb2, Pm-SrSb, and Cmcm-SrSb2, are found to be both energetically preferable and lattice dynamically stable. By studying their electronic band structures, these newly predicted compounds are all determined to be metallic without band gaps. Further investigations on electron localization and charge transfer have attributed the stability of these materials to the enhanced ionic bonding between Sr-Sb and the formation of the framework structure under pressure. Furthermore, node rings are observed in P63/mmc-Sr2Sb and C2/m-Sr3Sb2 near the Fermi levels, indicating they are topologically non-trivial. Among them, P63/mmc-Sr2Sb exhibits a pressure-induced superconductivity with a critical temperature of up to 4.16 K below 40 GPa, showing its potential as a superconductor. This work significantly expands the phase diagram of the Sr-Sb binary system under high pressure, providing theoretical foundations for developing novel superconductors and topological materials in binary systems.
To evaluate the association of intra-arrest diastolic blood pressure and end-tidal carbon dioxide with return of spontaneous circulation in adult ICU cardiac arrest. This prospective observational study was conducted in an adult medical-surgical ICU over 9 months. Adult patients with an indwelling arterial catheter and mainstream capnography at the time of cardiac arrest were included. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) were recorded at the end of each 2-minute CPR cycle. The primary analysis used mean DBP and mean EtCO2 across the CPR episode. Last recorded pre-outcome values were analyzed separately as secondary peri-outcome measures. The primary outcome was ROSC. Associations were assessed using logistic regression, and discrimination was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. A total of 68 cardiac arrest events from 63 patients were analyzed; ROSC was achieved in 29 events (42.6%). Mean DBP across the CPR episode was higher in events achieving ROSC than in those without ROSC (39 ± 18 vs 24 ± 10 mmHg; mean difference 15 mmHg, 95% CI 8-23; p < 0.001). Mean EtCO2 was also higher in events achieving ROSC (19 ± 5 vs 15 ± 6 mmHg; mean difference 4 mmHg, 95% CI 1-6; p = 0.010). For mean values, DBP showed numerically higher discrimination than EtCO2, but the difference was not statistically significant (AUC 0.78 vs 0.69; DeLong p = 0.30). In secondary peri-outcome analysis, last recorded pre-outcome values had higher AUCs, particularly for DBP (0.96 vs 0.85; DeLong p = 0.04), although this time point was identifiable only after ROSC or termination of resuscitation. In adult ICU cardiac arrest events with simultaneous arterial pressure and capnographic monitoring, both DBP and EtCO2 were associated with ROSC. DBP showed numerically higher discrimination than EtCO2, although this was not statistically significant for mean values across the CPR episode. Last recorded pre-outcome values should be interpreted only as peri-outcome associations and not as real-time predictors or treatment targets. DBP and EtCO2 should be viewed as complementary physiologic markers during CPR.
To investigate the leaching behavior of HMs from recycled industrial solid waste-based materials under cyclic-hydrostatic pressure and wet-dry cycling (C/C) caused by fluctuating groundwater tables in underground applications, a novel C/C environment simulation apparatus was designed. The temporal variations in HM leaching concentrations of red mud-flue gas desulfurization gypsum-based backfilling grout were compared under TCLP, C/C leaching, and constant-hydrostatic pressure leaching at 40, 80, 120, and 160 kPa. The effects of different leaching environments on the microstructure, mineral phase, and chemical characteristics of the grout were examined using SEM, MIP, FTIR, and XRD. Compared with the TCLP, C/C leaching under 160 kPa elevated the leachable concentrations of heavy metals. Specifically, the concentration of Pb rose from 1.6 ppb to 3.5 ppb, Cu from 18.9 ppb to 58.9 ppb, Cr from 25.6 ppb to 59.6 ppb, Cd from 0.43 ppb to 1.44 ppb, Mn from 0.25 ppm to 3.6 ppm, and As from 0.9 ppb to 48.2 ppb. The leaching concentrations of HMs showed strong correlations with those of structural elements (Fe, Na, S, and Si), especially with the Fe-S matrix. Combined with the chemical fractionation results, it indicates that C/C environment remobilizes part of the oxidizable fraction and a small amount of the reducible fraction of HMs. FTIR detected the penetration of leaching agent into the harden grout at a depth of 2 mm under C/C leaching at 160 kPa. MIP results revealed that C/C leaching significantly increased the total porosity and the proportion of macropores, demonstrating severe degradation of the hardened grout microstructure and enhanced leaching agent penetration. XRD results indicated obvious damage to the C(N)-(A)-S-H and AFt phases, while SEM images confirmed a substantial loss of surface compactness and integrity.
Normal alkanes (n-alkanes) are important constituents of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and petroleum products. Their rapid, sensitive, and selective detection is crucial for environmental monitoring and industrial process control. Conventional GC-based methods are time-consuming, while existing direct MS techniques often suffer from low sensitivity or severe fragmentation. In this study, we introduce a novel high-pressure photon ionization-NO2+ chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPPI-PNO2CI-TOFMS) platform for the efficient analysis of C4-C11 n-alkanes. A vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp is used to photoionize NO2 reagent gas at pressures of approximately 600-700 Pa, generating NO2+ reactant ions that undergo hydride-transfer reactions with n-alkanes to produce predominantly [M - H]+ ions with minimal fragmentation, with [M - H]+ branching ratios exceeding 90-96% for C4-C11 alkanes. Under optimized conditions (1 V, ∼660 Pa), limits of detection (LODs) reach ∼8.6 ppbv for n-butane and 0.21-2.57 ppbv for C5-C11 n-alkanes with 5 s integration times. The method was successfully applied to refinery gas samples, facilitating the selective and rapid quantification of n-alkanes against complex VOC backgrounds. However, this method does not detect C1-C3 n-alkanes and cannot distinguish n-alkanes from their branched or cyclic isomers by mass spectrometry alone. Nevertheless, the HPPI-PNO2CI-TOFMS thus provides a robust, real-time analytical tool characterized by high sensitivity, clean spectra, and minimal fragmentation, making it well suitable for environmental monitoring, emissions tracking, and industrial process control.
The diagnosis of normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is often complicated due to deficiencies of the objective measures currently used after test drainage of CSF. We used Arterial Spin Labeled Magnetic Resonance Imaging (ASL-MRI)-a novel, simplified, completely non-invasive, radiation-free method-to measure global cerebral blood flow (CBF) before and after performing a large-volume lumbar puncture (LVLP) in patients suspected of NPH. We compared baseline ASL-CBF in 20 patients (65-91 years old, mean: 75 years; 11 men) with history of recurrent falls from unsteady gait, urinary incontinence, cognitive decline, and ventriculomegaly (Evans index >0.30). After LVLP under fluoroscopy draining 20-53 mL of CSF we measured ASL-CBF and compared the cerebral perfusion with baseline values for whole brain, predefined cortical regions, deep grey nuclei, and periventricular white matter. Correlation was assessed with changes in gait speed and balance, neuropsychology testing and urinary incontinence. Post-LVLP all patients had significant increase in global ASL-CBF with mean values rising from 39 to 45 mL/100g/min (p <0.01). CBF enhancement was notable in gray matter regions, thalamus and periventricular frontal white matter. Draining ≤40 mL of CSF resulted on average CBF increase of 0.9 mL/100g/min compared with 5.2 mL/100g/min after draining 50 mL of CSF (p <0.01) indicating a dose-response relationship whereby draining <40 mL of CSF may not be adequate to diagnose NPH. We confirmed the occurrence of CBF hypoperfusion in NPH. Linear mixed-effects model for regional blood flow analysis confirmed consistent enhancement of cerebral perfusion in all evaluated regions post-lumbar puncture. Exploratory analysis to correlate baseline CBF with the magnitude of change post-lumbar puncture revealed a negative correlation (Pearson r = -0.819 p = 0.000) indicating that patients with lower baseline CBF exhibited larger increases in perfusion after CSF drainage. There was a positive correlation between enhancement of CBF and improvement of gait speed and balance. Using ASL-MRI we have demonstrated that global cerebral hypoperfusion is a constant feature of NPH that improves with CSF drainage. As a result, the clinical diagnosis of NPH can be greatly simplified using ASL-MRI.
Patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) have poor outcomes after transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER). However, the prognostic significance of postprocedural transmitral pressure gradient (TMPG) and residual mitral regurgitation (MR) in this population remains unclear. In the prospective, multicenter Optimized CathEter vAlvular iNtervention (OCEAN)-Mitral registry, we analyzed 3,515 patients with immediate postprocedural TMPG and MR data, including 224 (6.4%) on HD and 3,291 (93.6%) not on HD. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 2 years. During a median follow-up of 434 days, 624 deaths (17.8%) occurred. All-cause mortality was significantly higher in HD patients than in non-HD patients (33.0% vs. 16.7%, p <0.001). Non-cardiovascular death accounted for a greater proportion of deaths in HD patients than in non-HD patients (17.9% vs. 6.6%, p <0.001). In non-HD patients, a postprocedural TMPG ≥5 mmHg was associated with increased mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-2.03, p = 0.002), whereas this association was not statistically significant in HD patients (adjusted HR 1.68, 95% CI 0.83-3.38, p = 0.147). Similarly, residual MR ≥2+ was associated with higher mortality in non-HD patients (adjusted HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.01-1.58, p = 0.043), whereas no statistically significant association was demonstrated in HD patients (adjusted HR 1.47, 95% CI 0.70-3.08, p = 0.307). In conclusion, elevated postprocedural TMPG and residual MR were associated with higher mortality in non-HD patients, whereas no statistically robust associations were demonstrated in HD patients.
Pepper anthracnose, a devastating and economically important disease in Korea, is caused by diverse Colletotrichum species that differ significantly in their pathogenicity and environmental adaptation. In a three-year study from 2022 to 2024, pathogens were isolated and species characteristics were investigated. Using multilocus phylogenetic analysis and species-specific PCR, seven species were identified: C. scovillei, C. nymphaeae, and C. fioriniae in the C. acutatum species complex; C. fructicola, C. aenigma, and C. gloeosporioides in the C. gloeosporioides species complex; and C. truncatum. C. scovillei remained dominant, but species diversity increased in 2024, with non-dominant species such as C. fructicola and C. truncatum increasing in specific regions. Temperature-dependent assays revealed distinct ecological niches, showing that while C. scovillei prefers a moderate 25°C, high temperature-adapted species like C. fructicola and C. truncatum exhibit enhanced growth and pathogenicity at 30°C. Fungicide sensitivity tests showed that tebuconazole and fluazinam remained effective against all species of Colletotrichum, whereas pyraclostrobin (QoI) resistance was widespread. The mycelial growth inhibition of C. scovillei by pyraclostrobin ranged from 29.5% to 43.3% during 2022-2024, indicating reduced sensitivity. All C. truncatum isolates were resistant, consistently associated with the G143A mutation in the cytb gene. These findings indicate that climate warming and fungicide selection pressure are driving shifts toward more resilient populations, highlighting the need for climate-adaptive disease management through monitoring and fungicide rotation.
This study evaluated the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)-treated white (WGP) and red grape pomace (RGP) on oxidative stability, volatile compounds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in barbecued Frankfurter sausages. Six formulations were prepared: negative and positive controls, and sausages containing 0.5% or 3% WGP or RGP. Pomace maintained moisture and protein content, although 0.5% WGP reduced protein levels. Frankfurters with 3% RGP showed an improved lipid profile, with lower saturated fatty acids and higher unsaturated fatty acids, but darker color. Lipid oxidation decreased in the positive control and 3% pomace treatments compared to the negative control. PAH levels remained below regulatory limits in all samples and the reduction in lipid oxidation observed in pomace-treated sausages was not accompanied by significant changes in PAH formation. Lipid-derived volatile compounds were reduced with 3% pomace. Overall, 3% grape pomace enhances oxidative stability and lipid composition, supporting its potential as a sustainable ingredient in processed meat products.
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Ultrasound‑mediated microbubble cavitation can induce transient tumor perfusion loss (TTPL), yet the pressure‑dependent magnitude and short‑timescale recovery of this effect remains poorly defined. This study investigated how acoustic pressure governs both the extent and duration of TTPL following a single cavitation exposure. Subcutaneous hepatocellular carcinoma tumors (HEPG2 human cell line) in athymic nude mice (n = 15) received a 1‑second cavitation treatment at peak‑negative pressures of 1.4, 2.8, or 4.1 MPa. Due to the small f-number of the transducer employed, the estimated average peak negative pressures of these conditions within the tumor were 0.6, 1.1, and 1.7 MPa respectively. Tumor perfusion was evaluated using contrast‑enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) immediately (within 1 min), 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after treatment. Perfused area loss was quantified with a maximum intensity projection time‑area curve (MIP‑TAC) metric. Cavitation activity was assessed using passive cavitation detection (PCD), and histology evaluated acute tissue effects. Low acoustic pressure produced only partial perfusion loss with full recovery within 5 min. Moderate acoustic pressure induced substantial TTPL followed by near complete recovery by 15 min. High‑pressure treatment caused complete perfusion loss in all tumors, with initial recovery at 15 min but also with a subsequent decline over the hour. Elevated broadband energy recorded with PCD confirmed inertial cavitation in the moderate and high conditions. Histology revealed damage‑associated staining in 1/5 moderate‑pressure tumors and 3/5 high‑pressure tumors, consistent with pressure‑dependent mechanical injury, possibly contributing to the gradual decline in tumor perfusion observed after initial rebound in the high-pressure condition.
Neuromodulation is a standard therapy for bladder symptoms such as overactive bladder. Previous studies have demonstrated that non-continuous stimulation (NCS) can increase bladder capacity and that bladder pressure can be estimated from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neural activity in anesthetized animal models. Our goal is to determine if NCS elicits similar bladder capacity effects as continuous stimulation (CS) and if bladder pressure can be estimated from DRG signals in an awake, unrestrained animal model. We performed aseptic, chronic implant surgeries with seven adult, male felines. Three animals were used to establish procedures, three for experimental testing, and one did not yield data. Bipolar stimulating electrodes were placed on the pudendal nerve and sacral nerve on the same side. Microelectrode arrays were inserted in two ipsilateral sacral DRG. Two single-lumen catheters were implanted in the bladder dome for recording bladder pressure and infusing saline. Fixed-sequence, repeated bladder fills were performed in four awake felines to evaluate the bladder capacity during no-stimulation (NS), NCS, and CS at either the pudendal or sacral nerve. NCS was performed based on increases in bladder pressure estimated from DRG recordings or when 50% of the average NS bladder capacity was reached. We observed similar bladder capacity increases for NCS (122 ± 31% of NS control) as for CS (121 ± 33%) in the four animals. NCS paradigms reduced stimulation time by 46% on average. Median correlation coefficients of 0.46 and 0.64 (maximum 0.93) between the predicted and measured bladder pressure were obtained for awake trials with DRG bladder units in two animals. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using NCS to increase bladder capacity in awake, unrestrained felines and for decoding bladder pressure from DRG recordings. Further studies are needed to optimize NCS timing for clinical translation.
To establish a 2D biomechanical finite element model of a pathological pelvic floor and explore mechanisms driving pelvic organ prolapse (POP) progression from mild to severe stages based on a Stage I POP-Q patient. We developed a two-dimensional biomechanical finite element model based on the clinical presentation of a patient with POP-Q stage I prolapse at rest. The biomechanical interactions between the morphological characteristics and mechanical support were investigated by considering the effects of genital hiatus, intra-abdominal pressure, and combined injuries. A more severe prolapse occurred on the pelvic floor during a resting genital hiatus, with an abdominal pressure of 83. 9 cmH2O and a posterior vaginal wall injury rate of 75%. However, when the genital hiatus changed from a resting state to a prolapsed state, the uterus and the anterior vaginal wall prolapsed from the orificium vaginae. Compared to the case of a resting genital hiatus, a prolapsed genital hiatus results in a 101. 6% and 56. 9% increase in the maximum downward displacement of the cervix and mid-portion of the anterior vaginal wall, respectively. Under the influence of combined injuries, abdominal pressure and the prolapsed genital hiatus, the pathologic pelvic floor may progressively evolve from mild prolapse to moderate or severe prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall and bladder, as well as the uterus. The overall morphological characteristics are dominated by downward prolapse displacement. The combined force directs downward toward the orificium vaginae and the main mechanical support gradually shifts to the perineal body.
Renewable raw materials, such as lignin, seem to be the solution for the depletion of crude oil, on which the chemical industry relies. However, current methods for the extration of valuable substances use harsh reaction conditions e.g. temperatures of 100-300 °C or pressures of 1-8 MPa. Therefore, physical plasma could be an environmentally friendly option with reactions mediated in aqueous solutions, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. No catalyst is required only electricity. Cold atmospheric-pressure plasma was used for the treatment of the lignin model compound guaiacylglycerol-ß-guaiacyl ether (a β-O-4 linkage dimer). The guaiacyl ether was transformed to radicals by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The favoured plasma-mediated degradation reactions involved cleavage of Cα-Cβ and Cβ-O bonds, resulting in quantifiable amounts of vanillin and guaiacol as main products. Degradation and synthesis mechanisms were compared with other depolymerisation processes. Furthermore, the high degree of hydroxylation mediated by plasma suggested a higher hydrophilicity. Future applications of plasma may include not only a cleavage of large polymers such as lignin to valuable compounds but also the provision of highly soluble lignin. Thus, the described plasma-mediated transformation reactions represent a first step towards the sustainable utilisation of lignin and other polymers particularly in the synthesis of platform chemicals.
Water distribution systems (WDSs) must simultaneously satisfy consumer demand, maintain adequate pressure, and keep storage levels within operational bounds; objectives that require active adjustment of pump operations in response to changing conditions. This study introduces a framework that computes pump commands directly from measured operational data, eliminating the need for hydraulic model construction or calibration. The approach is validated across both levels of WDS control: at the device level, using the quadruple-tank process (QTP) as a laboratory-scale hydraulic benchmark in simulation, physical hardware, and real-time execution; and at the operational level, on a small-scale WDS under time-varying consumer demands. Across all case studies, the controller maintains tank levels and junction pressures within prescribed service bounds with mean absolute percentage errors below 4%, while using only 200 data samples. This is over 99% less data required by model predictive control (MPC). On the studied small-scale WDS, the controller achieves uninterrupted demand satisfaction, safe storage levels, and adequate junction pressures while reducing computational cost by 90% compared to a typical MPC. These results demonstrate the potential of data-driven, model-free approaches as a practical and data-efficient alternative for real-time control (RTC) of modern WDSs.
To ensure the stability of the artificial frozen wall during the underground excavation of a proposed subway station using the artificial ground freezing method in soft soil strata, and to guarantee the construction safety of the proposed station under-crossing beneath an existing operating station. Based on the project of a proposed subway station under-crossing an existing station via underground excavation with artificial ground freezing method, four typical soft soils, namely silty clay, mucky soil, residual cohesive soil, and fully weathered ignimbrite, were selected to conduct systematic physical and mechanical tests of frozen soil under the temperature range of -20°C to -5°C. The influence mechanism of temperature and confining pressure on the thermodynamic behavior of frozen soil was revealed through the transient hot wire method, unidirectional frost heave and thaw settlement test, and triaxial shear test. The results show that the thermal conductivity of soil samples increases significantly at low temperatures, with the largest increase observed in fully weathered ignimbrite and the smallest in mucky soil. The freezing temperature of soil samples under natural moisture content ranges from -2.25°C to -0.8°C, with the lowest value recorded for residual cohesive soil. The creep of frozen soil exhibits obvious stress dependence: it presents typical three-stage creep characteristics at the stress level of 0.5σs, and its long-term strength is approximately 0.5-0.7 times the instantaneous strength. In engineering practice, lower freezing temperature or strict control of loading duration should be adopted for soil layers with high creep potential. The triaxial shear strength of frozen soil increases with the decrease of temperature, and the most significant increase occurs in the temperature range of -5°C to -10°C. The strength of the tested soils ranks as follows: fully weathered ignimbrite > residual cohesive soil > silty clay > mucky soil. The influence of confining pressure on strength varies with soil types. During construction, differentiated freezing and support control measures shall be implemented according to the characteristics of soil layers, and monitoring shall be strengthened for sections with abnormal confining pressure response. The research results can provide an important basis for design optimization and construction risk control of subway underground excavation projects using artificial ground freezing method in soft soil areas.