This year marks the 95th anniversary of the Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (formerly the Institute of Nutrition) and the 93rd anniversary of the founding of the journal "Voprosy Pitaniia". The main areas of activity were the study of the chemical composition of the diet, the nutritional epidemiology in various groups of the Russian population (children, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly, athletes), food and noval food safety, as well as the development of therapeutic diets for various diseases and food for special dietary uses for different groups of the population. Throughout all these years, the latest scientific achievements of the Institute's staff and other outstanding specialists in the field of optimal and therapeutic nutrition have been published in the journal "Voprosy Pitaniia".
A comparative analysis of the factual nutrition and health indices for 1970-2001 was made involving 2950 persons aged 60-89 years, residents of Ukraine. The state of nutrition of 530 single non-working citizens of NIS states, being taken care of by a social care service, was studied. The assortment structure of food products is sharply reduced, the contents of main nutrients and biologically active substances are unbalanced. The is conditioned by poor socio-economic of the people of this age category, on the one hand and by age-related changes of the digestive system, taste sensitivity, etc., on the other. It has been shown that more than 15% of older has a protein-energetic malnutrition.
Prevalence of risk of ischemic heart disease, such as nutrition and dyslipoproteinaemias are discussed. The interrelation of these risk factors with blood lipids was examined. It was found that risk factors are widespread, and population has low knowledge about their significance. Food, contained surplus of cholesterol, saturated fats, carbohydrates and deficiency of polyunsaturated fat acids increased atherogenic blood lipids and decreased antiaterogenic lipoproteins.
Progressive weight loss is a frequent companion to somatic pathology. The risk of death is known to increase dramatically among those with a body mass index of less than 19 kg/m2. Even mild weight loss in the presence of severe diseases can have a substantial impact on the course of the disease. The paper presents current views on malnutrition, its prevalence in the presence of various somatic diseases, and clinical significance. It describes the basic pathogenetic components of weight loss and the possible ways of correcting nutritional status. Particular emphasis is placed on the methods of nutritional support that is currently regarded as one of the most important components of a comprehensive approach to treating patients with chronic diseases. The authors give recommendations for the assessment of the nutritional status of patients in clinical practice and algorithms for their malnutrition management. Прогрессирующая потеря массы тела (МТ) - частый спутник соматической патологии. Известно, что смертность пациентов резко возрастает при индексе МТ менее 19 кг/м2. Даже незначительная потеря МТ при наличии тяжелых заболеваний может оказать существенное влияние на течение болезни. В статье изложены современные представления о синдроме недостаточности питания, его распространенности при различных соматических заболеваниях, клинической значимости. Описаны основные патогенетические звенья потери МТ, а также возможные способы коррекции трофологического статуса. Особое внимание уделено методам нутритивной поддержки, которая в настоящее время рассматривается как один из важнейших компонентов комплексного подхода к лечению пациентов с хроническими заболеваниями. Даны рекомендации по оценке трофологического статуса пациентов в клинической практике, представлены алгоритмы ведения пациентов с недостаточностью питания.
By the example of nutrition of patients from sanatorium "Kristall" (the Black Sea coast) an evaluation of patients nutrition in sanatoria and health resorts is made. It is determined, that the standard patients diets (Table N 15, 5, 10) do not differ from the reference ones regarding their calorie content, main food components and energy value. Though insufficient content of vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids and linoleic/linolein acids imbalance is marked.
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To evaluate the efficacy of keto/amino acids in maintaining protein balance and preventing mineral metabolic disturbances and the development of uremic hyperparathyroidism in the long-term use of a low-protein diet (LPD) in patients with Stages 3B-4 chronic kidney disease (CKD). Ninety patients with CKD caused by chronic latent glomerulonephritis in 65 patients and chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis of various etiologies (gout, drug-induced, and infection) in 25 were examined. The investigators conducted clinical, laboratory, and instrumental examinations, including bioelectrical impedance analysis (body mass index (BMI), the percentages of lean and fat mass), echocardiography and radiography of the abdominal aorta in the lateral projection (the presence of cardiac valvular and aortic calcification), and pulse wave velocity measurements using a Sphygmocor apparatus (vessel stiffness estimation). The stages of CKD were defined according to the 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria; glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the CKD EPI equation. According to the diet used, all the patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) 30 patients who took LPD (0.6 g of protein per kg of body weight/day) in combination with the keto/amino acid ketosteril (1 tablet per 5 kg of body weight/day; Diet One); 2) 30 patients who used LPD in combination with the other keto/amino acid ketoaminol at the same dose (Diet Two); 3) 30 patients had LPD without using the keto/amino acids (Diet Three) (a control group). During a follow-up, there were no signs of malnutrition in Groups 1 and 2 patients receiving LPD (0.6 g protein per kg/day) in combination with the keto/amino acids ketosteril and ketaminol, respectively. At the same time, 11 (36.6%) patients in Group 3 (a control group) who did not take the keto/amino acids showed a BMI decrease from 24 (23; 26) kg/m2 to 18.5 (17; 19.2) kg/m2 (p < 0.05), including that of lean body mass from 37.4 (36; 38.8) to 30 (29.1; 34.7)% in the men (p<0.05) and from 29.8 (26.8; 31) to 23.9 (22; 25.7)% in the women (p<0.01). In addition, at the end of the study, there were elevated serum phosphorus levels (p<0.05) and mainly higher parathyroid hormone concentrations in Group 3 patients who received LPD without using the amino/keto acids than in Groups 1 and 2. As compared to Group 3, Groups 1 and 2 displayed no differences in the quantity of cardiac and aortic calcification and in the augmentation index (arterial stiffness). The ketosteril and ketaminol groups versus the control group had also higher s-Klotho levels (p<0.01) that were inversely correlated with glomerular filtration rate (r =-0.467; p<0.01). The keto/amino acids ketosteril or ketoaminol are an important component of LPD, which prevents malnutrition and an additional source of calcium that inhibits hyperphosphatemia and slows the development of uremic hyperparathyroidism. Incorporation of keto/amino acids into LPD leads to a less pronounced reduction in s-Klotho protein in relation to the degree of renal failure than does LPD without keto/amino acids. Цель исследования. Оценка эффективности кето/аминокислот в поддержании белкового баланса, профилактике нарушений минерального обмена и формирования уремического гиперпаратиреоза при длительном использовании малобелковой диеты (МБД) у больных хронической болезнью почек (ХБП) IIIБ-IV стадии. Материалы и методы. Обследовали 90 больных ХБП, среди которых у 65 причиной ХБП служил хронический гломерулонефрит латентного течения и у 25 - хронический тубулоинтерстициальный нефрит различной этиологии (подагрической, лекарственной, инфекционной). Проводили клиническое, лабораторное и инструментальное обследование, включающее биоимпедансный анализ (индекс массы тела - ИМТ, процентное содержание мышечной и жировой массы тела), эхокардиографию и рентгенографию брюшного отдела аорты в боковой проекции (наличие кальцинатов в клапанах сердца и аорте); измерение скорости пульсовой волны с использованием аппарата Сфигмокор (оценка жесткости сосудов). Стадии ХБП определяли по критериям KDIGO (2012), рассчитанным по уравнению CKD EPI. Всех больных в зависимости от диеты разделили на 3 группы: 1-я - 30 больных, получавших МБД (0,6 г белка на 1 кг массы тела/сут) в сочетании с препаратом кето/аминокислот кетостерил (1 таблетка на 5 кг массы тела/сут; диета #1); 2-я - 30 больных, которые применяли МБД в сочетании в другим препаратом кето/аминокислот - кетоаминол в аналогичной дозировке (диета #2); 3-я - (контроль) 30 больных, соблюдавших МБД без применения препаратов кето/аминокислот (диета #3). Результаты. Среди больных 1-й и 2-й групп, получавших МБД (0,6 г белка на 1 кг/сут) в сочетании с кето/аминокислотами - соответственно кетостерил и кетоаминол, признаки нарушений статуса питания за время наблюдения не зарегистрированы. В то же время у 11 (36,6%) больных 3-й группы (контроль), не принимавших кето/аминокислот, отмечалось снижение ИМТ с 24 (23; 26) до 18,5 (17; 19,2) кг/м2 (p<0,05), в том числе мышечной массы тела у мужчин c 37,4 (36; 38,8) до 30 (29,1; 34,7)% (p<0,05) и у женщин c 29,8 (26,8; 31) до 23,9 (22; 25,7)% (p<0,01). Кроме того, у больных 3-й группы, получавших МБД без применения амино/кетокислот, по сравнению с больными 1-й и 2-й групп к концу исследования отмечены увеличение уровня фосфора (p<0,05) в сыворотке крови и преимущественно более высокие уровни паратгормона. Среди больных 1-й и 2-й групп по сравнению с больными 3-й группы не выявлено различий по количеству кальцинатов в сердце и аорте, а также по индексу аугментации (жесткости артерий). Наряду с этим в группах кетостерила и кетоаминола по сравнению с группой контроля отмечены более высокие уровни s-Klotho (p<0,01), обратно коррелирующие со скоростью клубочковой фильтрации (r=–0,467; p<0,01). Заключение. Препараты кето/аминокислот (кетостерил или кетоаминол) являются важным компонентом МБД, предупреждающим нарушения статуса питания, а также дополнительным источником кальция, ингибирующим гиперфосфатемию и замедляющим формирование уремического гиперпаратиреоза. Включение кето/аминокислот в малобелковый рацион обеспечивает менее выраженное снижение уровня белка s-Klotho в соответствии со степенью почечной недостаточности, чем при использовании малобелковый рацион, но без применения кето/аминокислот.
Disorder of lows of a nutrition of healthy and sick person results in diseases, to a disability, reduction of lifetime and premature mors. There are 4 laws work of nutrition by healthy and sick person are submitted. The basic dietology ways of correction of illness are discussed.
The protein-energetic insufficiency in cancer patients aggravates the course of the disease and leads to various complications in the post-operative period including lethal outcomes. The purpose of the study is to assess the efficiency of the use of the Peptamen compound in the early post-operative period in patients with moderate and serious degrees of protein-energetic insufficiency, who underwent gastrectomy due to stomach cancer. Two groups of patients were studied differing by the method of nutritional support. The use of the Peptamen compound in the early post-operative period leads to the improvement of the absorption of nutrients, increase in the functional activity of the intestine and immunomodulation, and as a result of this, to the reduction of post-operative complications and fast restoration of homeostasis.
Study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the "mandibular" diet in 66 residents of the European North with mandibular fractures showed its deficiency, which led to delayed consolidation of the fractures. Use of individual balanced rations including calcium alginate in 68 patients led to more rapid consolidation of fractures and accelerated recovery of the patients' working capacity.
In paper the procedure and principles of carrying out of anthropometric measurements permitting to the practical doctor in clinical and out-patient conditions to supervise behind changes of volume muscle and bodies composition, and also total body water in subjects at carrying of a medical nutrition. Usage of integral parameters on the basis of anthropometric measurements allows effectively to inspect a status of nutrition of the able-bodied and in car patients.
Models of spatial and temporal dynamics of trophic communities are considered and numerically investigated. Stability of equilibriums of two trophic levels models is analytically studied. Active migrations are described on the bases of idea that acceleration of directed migration of predators is pro-rate the density gradient of prey populations. High migration activity of predators ensures the stability of complex non-uniform spatial regimes even when the abundance of predators is constant. In this case both summarized consumption of preys by predators and total number of preys considerably exceed equilibrium meanings of homogeneous regime, that takes place when predators are not able to migrate directionally. In three levels trophic system plant resource-pest-predator the increase in migration activity of predator leads to the increase of its abundance and the abundance of pest while the biomass of the resource decreases. This result is interpreted as an example of non-effective biological control when predators with high searching ability are used.
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Nutrition was studied in the elderly (60-74 years), old individuals (75-90 years), and long livers (above 90 years) of Tashkent and the Kashkadarya Region by estimating the biological values of their diets and the biochemical parameters of vitamin C metabolism. Low biological values of actual diets, low vitamin C supply were found in the elderly and old individuals. Alimentary correction of the biochemical parameters of vitamin C metabolism was ascertained to be possible by enhancing the biological value of their diets by taking into account the national peculiarities of nutrition and relevant dietary technologies.
The investigations indicated that in patients with obstructive bronchitis in combination with ischemic disease of heart insufficient entry of protein, fats, vitamins and microelements food place. It causes disturbances of process of immunoproliferation and differentiation of immunocompetent cells as well as an necroses in the number of citogenetically changed cells in organism.
The results of questionnaires and body-weight technique (applicable to nutrition assessment) (14 days in 40 families) of the Chuvash Republic were evaluated. The questionnaires' data were analyzed for 3, 7, 10 and 14-day periods and separately for weekends. A statistical analysis showed a lack of reliable quantitative differences both in respect to calculating all nutrients and in respect to the food value of daily rations during different time periods; however, reliable differences were detected between families' nutrition in weekends and working days. It was recommended to conduct such studies at least for as long as 7 days in order to ensure a complete hygienic evaluation of a balanced daily ration and to take account of all consumed foodstuffs.
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Spectra and modes of nutrition as well as morphobiochemical adaptations to nutrition in certain predatory gastropods have been considered. Hemoglobin content in the radular tissues as a function of nutrition mode was assessed.
The paper is devoted to the discussion of the possibility of analyzing the changes in survival curves of Mediterranean Fruit Flies under different levels of reproduction by means of solving the optimization problem with some objective function. The investigation is carried out on the base of mathematical model with approximations resulting in the analysis of joint changes in survival functions and reproduction in flies subjected to different conditions of protein availability in food. The model describes possible mechanisms of evolutionary selection from the point of view of trade-off in average life span and reproduction.