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Investigations into people's ability to use multiple working memory representations to concurrently search for targets have led to mixed findings. Although the discourse has predominantly centered around capacity limits in multitarget search, we here propose that people can switch between sequential and concurrent search. In Experiment 1 (n = 16 adults), manual responses and oculomotor behavior revealed that participants could search sequentially, and concurrently for at least two targets, when instructed. In Experiments 2a (n = 16 adults) and 2b (n = 16 adults), participants were free to choose how they searched. Trial-level modeling showed that participants primarily used sequential and concurrent search as specific modes and flexibly adjusted between either mode depending on template set size, template availability, stimulus properties, and individual preference. Our findings stress the dynamic and adaptive nature of visual search. Moreover, understanding that different search modes can be flexibly picked as "tools from the toolbox" may reconcile inconsistencies in prior findings.

Crop diseases significantly reduce agricultural output and are a serious problem, especially in the parts of the world where diagnostic experts are not readily available. Deep learning has recently shown us that it is possible for a computer to identify plant diseases directly from images of the leaves. Nevertheless, to make such solutions available on the web or mobile devices one has to really think about how heavy the calculations will be, how easy the user interface should be, and also the limit on the data used. Here is a paper on a web-based applied deep learning system for disease detection in multiple crops. The system detects disease in eight crops Apple, Banana, Grape, Mango, Cauliflower, Tomato, Potato, and Corn with each crop having several disease classes and healthy samples. Three transfer-learning-based CNN architectures MobileNetV3, EfficientNetB4, and ResNet50 were compared for classification performance on the public datasets collected from PlantVillage, Kaggle, and Mendeley. Considering class-wise accuracy, prediction time, and deployment scenarios, MobileNetV3 was picked as the main model to be integrated into the system. To compensate for the differences in image quality often found in pictures taken by users, an optional super-resolution preprocessing step with Real-ESRGAN is added and quantitatively assessed. Disease prediction with spectral activation maps (Grad-CAM) enhances the model's interpretability by highlighting image areas where the disease is detected. The resulting model is embedded in a multilingual Progressive Web Application (PWA). The platform enables users to submit their crop images and receive predicted disease names and treatment options, which are generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) using structured disease metadata. The research acknowledges dataset bias and limitations in extrapolating from curated datasets to the general real-world setting although it reports very good performance of the method on the test sets. In summary, the system proposed here is intended as a practical digital agriculture decision-support tool that demonstrates deployment feasibility and raises a few issues for future validation at the field level and improvement.

A cancerous tumor harbors millions of genetically mutated cells, which after hyperproliferation are picked up and transported to various sites in the human body by the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These circulating tumor cells (CTCs) become the seeds for the subsequent growth of secondary tumors. Hence, CTCs hold information about a tumor that could be the key to cancer diagnosis and treatment. This work focused on the designing and simulating a microfluidic platform using contactless-dielectrophoresis (cDEP) to separate CTCs from platelets and red blood cells (RBCs) in a viscoelastic fluid flowing through a microfluidic channel. Contactless electrodes with alternating potentials have been used in this microfluidic device. Using the finite element-based solver, the separation in a microfluidic device based on size-based segregation has been simulated. The operating conditions have been varied in this work to determine the optimal conditions for segregation. Under optimal conditions of 150 Pa inlet pressure of working fluid, 2.5 V of applied voltage, and 50 kHz of alternating electric field frequency, the cells were effectively segregation yielding the best results. At these conditions, separation efficiency of 98.5% is achieved for platelets, 97.25% for RBCs, and 98.5% for CTCs for a separation period of 100 s. The angle of separation of the particles is suffered by the cells at various applied voltages (2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 V). The study demonstrates the validity of a size-based segregation device using cDEP for the segregation of tumor cells and the advancement of microscale devices in cancer detection and diagnosis.

The advancement of bioink tailored for extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) unveils the critical importance of the structure-property relationship that calls for advanced characterization techniques. Particularly for soft hydrogel in printing central nervous tissues, it is essential to ensure cell viability and differentiation with customized architecture. This study introduces a nanoengineered chitosan micelle-crosslinked hydrogel (CDP) system, achieving three distinct rheological properties by regulating the relative contribution of dynamic covalent crosslinking vs. micelle stacking through high shear-induced crystallization to the final printing performance. The optimized CDP-II bioink exhibits balanced shear strain tolerance and stability within 200% strain. Rheo-SAXS analysis reveals the reversible lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) structures, while SANS fitting identifies the radius (8.1 nm) and packing ratio (36%) for the micelles. The CDP-II bioink with 0.6 kPa shear modulus demonstrates proper mechanical properties and biocompatibility for neural stem cells. The bioink supports the differentiation of neural stem cells while protecting cell death from extrusion. The brain slice-like tissue patch printed from the CDP-II bioink can be picked up, manipulated, and moved to the culture vessel, underscoring its potential in neural tissue engineering. The structure-property relationship established through the model system can be used in the precise structure design of a binary hydrogel for bioprinting.

Human DNA is often collected from surfaces and item deemed associated with criminal activity to generate DNA profiles to assist investigations of criminal activity. However, it is rarely considered in animal abuse cases. Recently, it was shown that companion animals harbour human DNA, picked up from their environment, and can transfer it during contact. In this study, household dogs were swabbed in areas that are not routinely contacted during patting and similar interactions but are contacted during animal abuse, including the tail, legs and neck; to collect any human DNA present. Samples were collected from 15 dogs following three different conditions a) background samples; b) post-contact mimicking abuse by a household member; c) post-contact mimicking abuse by a non-household member. Post-contact with the household member (owner), there was an increase in the detection (number of occurrences) of this person's DNA from background to post-contact samples in two of the areas, the leg and the tail (31% and 21%, respectively) that was significant for the leg samples. Furthermore, when looking at the quantification results, the amounts of DNA attributed to this contributor increased for all three body areas and were significantly so for the neck region. The non-household member (visitor) was detected in 53% of the samples post-contact highlighting that even brief, single contacts can lead to detectable DNA transfer. This underscores the importance of collecting samples from the animals that are suspected to have been touched during an alleged incident. The outcome of this study demonstrates the potential utility of sampling animals for human DNA to assist criminal investigations of animal abuse, and to provide data that may assist animal abuse related activity level evaluations. DNA evidence is routinely used in criminal cases, and this research can extend the use of DNA evidence to cases of animal abuse, and other criminal activities where an animal has had contact with a human.

This study constitutes the first attempt to characterized Plasmodium and Haemoproteus affecting Gallus gallus complex (Red Jungle fowl, village chickens and broilers) (Gallus gallus spadiceus, Gallus gallus domesticus and Gallus gallus domesticus respectively) in peninsular, Malaysia. A total of 713 blood samples were collected from 713 G. gallus complex in peninsular, Malaysia in different farms and villages across peninsular, Malaysia. From the total of 713 blood samples collected, 241 samples were from red jungle fowls, 322 were from village chickens and 150 from broilers. All the samples were subjected to both microscopy and molecular detection of plasmodium and Haemoproteus. The prevalence of Plasmodium was found to be 4.6% and that of Haemoproteus was found to be 1.1% microscopically. Using molecular detection, the PCR screening reveal the prevalence of Plasmodium to be 30.6% and that of Haemoproteus was found to be 10.7%. All the positive samples by PCR screening which target the partial segment of the cytochrome b gene of the parasite with 500 bp (478 bp without primers) were cloned; ten colonies were picked after PCR confirmation of the colonies. Plasmids were extracted from the positive PCR screened colonies and sequence. The sequence results were manually edited, and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis was done to compare with the sequence from the previous studies for molecular characterization. Our result reconfirmed the morphological characterization of Plasmodium gallinaceum, P.parasitese and Haemoproteus sp. in Gallus gallus complex in peninsular, Malaysia by molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of partial 500 bp (478 bp without primers) segment of the cytochrome b gene of the parasites.

Juggling, defined as the repeated and rhythmic throwing and catching of an object, is a rare and complex form of object manipulation among non-human animals. While object play has been described in several taxa, true juggling behavior, intentional, successive aerial manipulation of the same object, has only been formally documented in a few species such as otters, dolphins, corvids, and, more recently, in gibbons and macaques. In this study, we report the first known case of juggling behavior in a wild free-ranging Platyrrhini, a juvenile black-horned capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus cucullatus) inhabiting an urban forest fragment in southern Brazil, with access to human foods. The event was recorded opportunistically during a behavioral study of object manipulations by capuchins. The juvenile, positioned alone on the ground in a green open area, picked up a coconut and performed a sequence of seven successive throws and recoveries, each executed with precision, rhythm, and apparent intentionality. This observation expands the known taxonomic and ecological range of juggling-like behaviors and underscores the cognitive and motor flexibility of Sapajus species. It also raises questions about the influence of urban environments on behavioral innovation in wild primates, where exotic objects are present and predation and competition may be more relaxed, freeing up time for innovations. We propose that this object manipulation represents an innovative play behavior in a juvenile capuchin, which, beyond serving as a ludic activity, may function as a means of cognitive engagement, motor practice, and possibly cultural transmission.

Personal and family mental health histories of youth with functional tic-like behaviours (FTLB) and/or tics (TS) were compared. This is a cross-sectional study with between-group analysis of 127 patients aged 4-17 years referred to a tic service between 2019 and 2022 who were diagnosed with FTLB, TS, or co-occurring FTLB and TS. Co-occurring psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions in the personal and family history of cases collected prospectively were recorded as per standard care. Post-hoc analysis was undertaken to explore findings of interest. Later tic onset (13 years vs. 5 years) and increased comorbid psychiatric disorders (> 78% vs. 51%) in the FTLB versus TS groups, support the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) criteria for clinical diagnosis of FTLBs. Anxiety, depression and autism were more prominent in FTLB groups. 35% of the FTLB group had an ADHD diagnosis. Family history of tics is significantly more likely in the TS groups, while family history of anxiety was most prominent in the TS+FTLB group. Post hoc analysis indicated that in FTLB with co-occurring ADHD, the majority of ADHD (56%) was picked up following FTLB presentation, with missed ADHD diagnoses mainly in girls. Patterns of difference in mental health and family mental health exist between TS and FTLB supporting ESSTS diagnostic criterion for FTLB. FTLB is associated with anxiety, depression and autism. ADHD is present in 35% of FTLB even without TS, and if this is a replicable finding, suggests a treatable vulnerability factor in FTLB.

The natural and organic poultry production industry is growing. This is in response to rising consumer demand for poultry products that are natural and organic. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary inclusion of cinnamon and fennel powder as natural feed additives on growth performance and carcass traits of broilers. A total of 210 day-old chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments. The control group (T1) was provided with a standard diet containing no fennel seed powder (FNSP) and cinnamon bark powder (CNBP), while the other groups received a standard diet plus 0.75% FNSP (T2), standard diet plus 1.75% FNSP (T3), standard diet plus 0.75% CNBP (T4), and standard diet plus 1.75% CNBP (T5). Feed intake data were taken daily, while the body weight change was measured at a weekly interval. At the end of the experiment, three chickens from each treatment were picked and slaughtered for carcass traits measurements. The results revealed that broilers fed a diet containing 1.75% CNBP achieved significantly (p = 0.036) higher final body weight gain of 3243 ± 58.88 g, average daily weight gain of 70.88 ± 1.20 g and the best feed conversion ratio (p = 0.033) of 1.44 ± 0.03 at the end of the experiment when compared to the control group. Additionally, significantly higher dressed (p = 0.039) and eviscerated (p = 0.008) weights were found in 1.75% CNBP compared to the control. Furthermore, broilers in CNBP at 1.75% and 0.75% had significantly higher (p = 0.001) breast, thigh, and whole leg weight over the control and other treatments, except for the 1.75% FNSP group, which had significantly higher breast weight than the control. In general, incorporation of cinnamon powder in broilers' diet, particularly at a level of 1.75%, showed significant improvement in overall growth performance and carcass traits.

Conforming to the global commitment of combating viral hepatitis by 2030, India launched the National Viral Hepatitis Control Program (NVHCP) in 2018. NVHCP is a comprehensive strategy that uses a cascade of care approach to tackle all forms of viral hepatitis. This study was conceptualized to assess the implementation status of NVHCP and to understand the key stakeholders' perspective on prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of viral hepatitis in Uttarakhand. The study commenced in July 2021 and was conducted over a year in six districts of Uttarakhand. The program was evaluated using a sequential explanatory mixed-method approach with a pragmatic stance, incorporating a quantitative component of record-based analysis and a qualitative component of key informant interviews (KIIs) with program managers, physicians, and laboratory technicians. NVHCP integrated effectively with the preexisting healthcare infrastructure and programs to provide primary and secondary levels of prevention. The program picked up pace initially by identifying the service delivery points, training the nominated personnel, and supplying logistics for screening and treatment. However, the developments were halted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which ensued shortly after the first NVHCP budget allocation. From 2019-20 to 2020-21, the pandemic resulted in a 73% decline in hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening and a 76% decline in hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening. The biggest missing link in the cascade of care for HCV was the nonavailability of PCR-based diagnostic viral load testing at treatment centers. A lack of a dedicated data management portal, an inefficient supply chain, and a lack of nomination of pharmacists and peer support were some of the gaps that could be addressed to accelerate the elimination process.

Accurate identification of protein particles in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) micrographs is crucial for high-resolution structure determination, but remains challenging due to the heavy reliance on extensive annotated datasets and the difficulty of ensuring robustness under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. Current approaches require large annotations and exhibit poor generalization to new protein targets. We present CryoFSL (Cryo-EM Few Shot-Learning), a novel few-shot learning framework built on Segment Anything Model 2 with lightweight adapters, enabling robust particle picking with as few as five labeled micrographs and significantly reducing the annotation burden. The framework's hierarchical adapter design supports dynamic feature modulation for low-SNR and heterogeneous conditions, resolving the trade-off between annotation burden and performance. CryoFSL surpasses both traditional template-based methods and state-of-the-art deep learning models across diverse proteins in the few-shot learning setting, achieving superior recall, precision, and 3D reconstruction resolution with minimal supervision. It maintains stability across heterogeneous micrographs and consistently detects high-quality particles with fewer false-positives. Notably, CryoFSL achieves competitive resolution in density map reconstruction with just a fraction of the particles picked by other methods, redefining efficiency and quality in cryo-EM analysis. This work paves the way for scalable, generalizable, and annotation-efficient particle-picking pipelines. The code is available at https://github.com/biplabpoudel25/CryoFSL.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease is defined by hepatic lipid overload resulting in a metabolic shift and subsequent mitochondrial impairment. Diagnosis currently relies on tissue biopsy and non-invasive tests. However, these have drawbacks, including subjective histology scoring and relatively low sensitivity, highlighting the need for more robust and reproducible methodologies. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy visualises the metabolic state of cells by measuring the autofluorescence lifetime of metabolites, effectively avoiding the need for exogenous labelling. This technique was applied to a broad range of models, spanning from a hepatocyte cell line to a human tissue slice model, to investigate metabolic changes across disease conditions. Here, by utilising the metabolic dysfunction associated with steatotic liver disease, we propose a time-efficient method and introduce an index as a quantitative output to assess the metabolic state of human liver biopsies. The index encapsulates features of metabolic dysfunction that directly report on the disease state. These findings using lifetime imaging are substantiated by extensive analysis of structural and functional mitochondrial dysfunction. Measuring fluorescence lifetime can capture features of metabolic change that standard histological methods do not. Correlating the results to established techniques of histological evaluation highlights the potential of this method to enhance characterisation and speed of biopsy results in metabolically implicated diseases. Metabolic liver disease, caused by a build-up of fat in the liver, affects millions of people worldwide and can progress to serious liver damage if not detected early. Current tests are flawed and can miss early changes or take a long time to deliver results. This study aimed to explore a faster, more reliable way to assess liver disease by measuring liver cell metabolism. A microscopy technique was used that detects natural signals from cells, without adding dyes, to measure their metabolic state. By applying this method to human liver samples, we identified clear changes linked to liver damage that are not picked up by current standard tests. This approach has the potential to improve diagnosis, speed up clinical decisions, and help track treatment responses in the future.

Autistic adults self-harm more often than non-autistic adults, but there are no tools to assess patterns of self-harm in autistic people. This study aimed to (1) review the accessibility of a novel visual task - the Card Sort Task for Self-Harm (CaTS) - to explore self-harm with autistic adults and (2) to pilot the CaTS to identify proximal and distal contributing factors leading to self-harm and experiences following self-harm. First, autistic adults (n = 5) with lived experience of self-harm reviewed the CaTS for clarity and accessibility. Second, we undertook a pilot administration of the CaTS and used sequence analysis to explore significant transitions between factors before and after self-harm. Participants (n = 29, autistic or possibly autistic, female = 82%, mean age = 41.62) selected, on average, 42 cards to describe self-harm. Most frequently selected cards described agitation (n = 25), mental pain (n = 22) and depression (n = 22), while most infrequently collected cards included being in a gang and talking to a teacher (n = 0). Agitation and acting on impulse preceded self-harm. Feeling better, worse, exhausted and hopeless followed self-harm. Improving emotion regulation and meeting autistic communication needs could reduce the transition to self-harm. The CaTS offers a systematic approach to explore self-harm in autistic adults.Lay AbstractWhy did we do this study?Autistic adults self-harm more often than people who are not autistic. This is particularly worrying because self-harm is something that can contribute to suicide. We know that autistic people feel that their experience of self-harm is not well understood by other people, such as doctors.What did we want to know?We wanted to know if the card sort task for self-harm (called the CaTS for short) is a useful way to explore self-harm with autistic adults.What did we do?First, we worked with five autistic adults to make sure the CaTS is clear and works for autistic people. Second, we invited autistic and non-autistic adults to do the CaTS. To do the CATS, someone chooses the cards that are relevant to their experience and puts them on a timeline to explain what self-harm is like for them.What did we find?We found that (1) the CaTS is helpful and accessible to explore self-harm with autistic adults and (2) the CaTS uncovered patterns of self-harm. Twenty-nine U.K.-based autistic adults did the CaTS: most were female (82%, average age was around 42). Participants picked, on average, 42 cards to describe self-harm. The cards that were chosen most often described agitation, mental pain and depression. The cards that were chosen least described being in a gang and talking to a teacher. The order of the cards suggested that people felt agitated and acted impulsively before self-harm. After self-harm, they felt better, worse and hopeless. We found that it is safe and feasible to do the CaTS with autistic people. Support could consider how best to support people who are impulsive and how to prevent people accessing the means to hurt themselves.

Excoriation Disorder, or Skin Picking Disorder (SPD), is characterized by repetitive self-inflicted skin damage, significant distress, and functional impairment. Despite its prevalence and clinical relevance, SPD remains under-researched, and findings from existing studies are difficult to integrate, limiting their usefulness for intervention development. One contributing factor is the absence of an overarching theoretical framework. Existing explanatory accounts offer important insights but each has limitations when considered in isolation. This article introduces the STEER model (Sensory processing, Temperament, Emotion dysregulation, Events, Reinforcement) as a framework for understanding the development and maintenance of SPD. We reviewed existing explanatory models of SPD and conducted a narrative synthesis of research findings on sensory-processing abnormalities, temperament and personality vulnerabilities, emotion dysregulation, internal and external triggers and reinforcement mechanisms responsible for development and maintenance of SPD. We also considered how these components may relate to neurobiological systems implicated in SPD. The STEER model proposes that atypical interoceptive and exteroceptive processing may interact with dispositional traits to increase vulnerability to SPD. These factors can contribute to emotion dysregulation and heighten responses to internal and external triggers, fostering maladaptive self-grooming behaviors. Once initiated, these behaviors are maintained through negative and positive reinforcement, while subsequent distress or skin damage may create new triggers and sustain a self-perpetuating cycle. The STEER model integrates existing theoretical and empirical work into a testable account of mechanisms underlying SPD. It underscores the importance of sensory-processing mechanisms, identifies research directions, and provides a structure for developing more targeted, mechanism-based interventions.

The optimal management of pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) remains controversial, with multiple treatment approaches available. Pit-picking is a minimally invasive technique, often enhanced with laser treatment (LT), but the long-term benefits of LT remain uncertain. The objective of this study is to compare pit-picking alone versus pit-picking combined with LT. This is a multicenter retrospective cohort study including seven centers across Turkey. Patients who underwent pit-picking surgery for PSD between June 2017 and March 2025 were included. Patients receiving adjunctive treatments beyond LT, undergoing excisional procedures, or with incomplete follow-up data were excluded. Pit-picking surgeries performed with or without LT were compared. The primary measure was the recurrence rate at 5 years. Secondary outcomes were postoperative pain, time to complete healing, complications, return to work, and costs. Of 306 patients, 109 (35.6%) underwent pit-picking alone, and 197 (64.4%) received pit-picking with LT. The complication rate was lower in the LT group (6.1% vs. 14.7%, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.012). Patients treated with LT had shorter times to pain-free sitting (median 5 vs. 7&#xa0;days, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) and return to work (3 vs. 6&#xa0;days, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Complete healing was achieved in 97.4% of patients, with a median time of 14&#xa0;days. Recurrence rates at 5 years were similar (pit-picking: 13.8%, pit-picking&#x2009;+&#x2009;LT: 12.7%, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.460). Costs were higher for the LT group ($1212&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;146 vs. $888&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;148), although complicated pit-picking cases had comparable costs to the LT group ($1198&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;370, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.004). Risk factors for recurrence included high BMI, family history, advanced Tezel stage, and postoperative complications. While LT improves early postoperative outcomes, it does not impact long-term recurrence rates. The increased cost of LT should be weighed against its benefits in reducing complications, pain, and recovery time. Further randomized trials are needed to refine patient selection criteria and assess cost-effectiveness. NCT05569135, Registration date: 05.10.2022.

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Amyloid fibrils are central to many neurodegenerative and systemic diseases, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has become the primary method for determining their structures at near-atomic resolution. At the same time, amyloid fibrils pose specific experimental and computational challenges. In this chapter, we describe a practical cryo-EM workflow for amyloid fibrils, covering sample preparation, grid vitrification, filament picking, separation of polymorphs, helical reconstruction, and model building. We focus on practical choices, common problems, and solutions that have worked well in our own experience. The aim is to provide a hands-on guide for researchers working on amyloid fibrils and to support further method development in amyloid cryo-EM.

Cabarkapa, D, Cabarkapa, DV, Comfort, P, and Fry, AC. NBA-drafted vs. non-drafted basketball players: A comparative analysis of neuromuscular performance characteristics. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): 689-694, 2026-The purpose of this investigation was to examine differences in lower-body neuromuscular performance characteristics between National Basketball Association (NBA)-drafted and non-drafted professional male basketball players. Eighty-six athletes volunteered to participate in this study, from which 10 were NBA first or second round draft picks, and the remaining 76 were nondrafted athletes playing at various professional basketball leagues across Europe. Each athlete performed 2 countermovement vertical jumps (CMJs) with no arm swing while standing on a dual uniaxial force plate system sampling at 1,000 Hz. Twenty-four force-time metrics were included in the analysis, within both braking (i.e., eccentric) and propulsive (i.e., concentric) phases of the CMJ. Independent-sample t -tests were used to determine statistically significant between-group differences ( p < 0.05), whereas Cohen's d was used to determine difference magnitudes. Overall, the findings indicate that NBA-drafted athletes displayed considerably greater force and power-producing capabilities when compared with their non-drafted counterparts, when expressed in absolute terms, such as mean braking force (1,016.4 &#xb1; 79.6 vs. 913.8 &#xb1; 93.1 N), peak braking power (2,151.7 &#xb1; 576.1 vs. 1,709.9 &#xb1; 525.9 W), mean propulsive force (2,183.2 &#xb1; 275.7 vs. 1,977.3 &#xb1; 215.5 N), and peak propulsive power (5,719.3 &#xb1; 699.3 vs. 5,139.9 &#xb1; 607.2 W). However, when expressed relative to body mass, no differences were observed in any of the aforementioned metrics, with no difference in jump height (37.3 &#xb1; 5.3 vs. 37.2 &#xb1; 4.8 cm) and reactive strength index-modified (0.554 &#xb1; 0.078 vs. 0.536 &#xb1; 0.099). In addition, time-to-takeoff, countermovement depth, and braking and propulsive phase durations were all similar in magnitude between the groups ( d = 0.019-0.148), suggesting that both used similar jump strategies.

Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments that are typically characterized by a discontinuous helical lattice of &#x3b1;/&#x3b2;-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules can also adopt variable lattice architectures both in vitro and in cellular contexts. Pseudo-helical averaging processing strategies have been developed to generate cryo-EM reconstructions of microtubules with and without decorating protein-binding partners, but these pipelines can be difficult to implement for the average user, especially for undecorated filaments. Here, we describe MiCSPARC, a cryo-EM processing pipeline developed around CryoSPARC [Punjani et al. (2017), Nat. Methods, 14, 290-296], which leverages automated particle picking and fast 3D refinement times in CryoSPARC to determine the structures of both decorated and undecorated microtubules. We generate reconstructions of undecorated GDP microtubules, as well as kinesin-1 motor domain-decorated GMPCPP filaments, at resolutions of up to 2.8&#x2005;&#xc5;, demonstrating the robustness of the pipeline. Based on its convenient implementation and its ability to routinely generate high-resolution, seam-corrected microtubule reconstructions, MiCSPARC should provide a valuable tool for understanding microtubule dynamics, microtubule-associated proteins and microtubule-targeting agents.