Practice procrastination is a commonly observed yet understudied issue in music education, including among piano majors who face sustained demands for daily deliberate practice. Perfectionism, a common personality trait in music students, may be associated with practice procrastination, and MPA may serve as an intermediary in this relationship by translating perfectionistic concerns into avoidance-oriented practice behavior. However, this mechanism remains empirically untested, and how individual differences moderate this process is unclear. This cross-sectional study examined these relationships using a moderated mediation model among 156 Chinese undergraduate piano majors (67.9% female; M age = 20.35 years, SD = 1.42). Participants completed the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory-Revised (K-MPAI-R), General Self-Efficacy Scale, and an adapted Practice Procrastination Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and PROCESS macro (Model 14) with 5,000 bootstrap samples. Perfectionism was positively associated with practice procrastination both directly and indirectly, with MPA serving as an intermediary variable in this relationship. Self-efficacy moderated the association between MPA and procrastination, such that higher self-efficacy attenuated or eliminated the positive link between anxiety and procrastination. The moderated mediation analysis supported the conditional nature of the indirect pathway, with its strength varying as a function of self-efficacy level. These findings suggest a cognitive-emotional-behavioral pathway in which perfectionism is associated with practice procrastination, with MPA appearing to function as an emotional intermediary and self-efficacy serving as a potential protective factor. The results offer empirically informed guidance for music educators seeking to identify at-risk students and develop targeted interventions, and they suggest that enhancing self-efficacy may help disrupt the anxiety-procrastination association.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly applied in music pedagogy, yet reproducible workflows that jointly evaluate knowledge acquisition and anxiety regulation remain limited. This protocol describes a randomized controlled workflow for implementing an AI-driven music education platform within routine studio-class teaching and assessing its effects in undergraduate piano majors. Participants are screened and randomly allocated to an AI-driven platform or traditional instruction for 2 weeks (twelve 30-min sessions). Outcomes include a structured music-theory/analysis test and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S; 20 items, 4-point scale; total 20-80). Heart-rate variability (HRV) is recorded during a 5-min seated rest and a 5-min standardized practice segment; primary indices include the root mean square of successive differences of normal-to-normal intervals (RMSSD; short-term vagal activity), the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN; overall variability), and high-frequency (HF) power (parasympathetic-related spectral component). The protocol enables instructors and researchers to deploy the platform and follow a standardized sequence covering participant screening, randomization execution, platform setup/configuration, HRV sensor placement and recording, artifact handling and HRV computation, administration/scoring of all outcome measures, and final data export, file naming, and secure storage for statistical analysis. Analyses use independent-samples t-tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with baseline as a covariate. Representative results show higher adjusted post-test theory performance in the AI-driven arm (partial η2 = 0.206) and lower post-intervention state anxiety (t(38) = -3.486, p = 0.001; Cohen's d ≈ 1.10) than controls, with HRV patterns providing physiological context and secondary cognitive-load outcomes indicating reduced extraneous load.
The acquisition of piano performance skills relies on continuous practice and precise feedback, yet traditional manual evaluation is constrained by time costs and subjective variations, making it difficult to meet the demands of large-scale music education. This study proposes a self-supervised multimodal Transformer framework whose core contribution is the fusion across audio spectral features, symbolic MIDI representations, and a MIDI-derived spatial/kinematic proxy, demonstrating cross-modal attention’s ability to exploit heterogeneous representations under controlled conditions through adaptive fusion mechanisms. Since the MAESTRO dataset lacks video recordings, hand posture features are synthetically derived from MIDI parameters rather than captured from independent visual sensors, representing a kinematic proxy for validating multimodal fusion concepts under controlled conditions. The two-stage training strategy employs contrastive learning, masked prediction, and temporal reconstruction objectives to learn general-purpose music representations during the pretraining phase, and optimizes fine-grained detection capabilities for five error categories of pitch, timing, dynamics, touch, and pedal during the fine-tuning phase, significantly reducing dependence on large-scale annotated data. Experiments on the public MAESTRO dataset validated the substantial advantages of multimodal fusion over unimodal approaches, with the self-supervised pretraining strategy demonstrating stronger generalization capabilities under limited annotation scenarios. Difficulty-level comparison experiments confirmed the model’s robustness in complex performance contexts. The core contribution lies in demonstrating cross-modal attention’s ability to fuse heterogeneous representations across audio, symbolic MIDI, and a MIDI-derived spatial/kinematic proxy under controlled conditions; these findings do not imply that video-based hand pose observation would necessarily yield similar gains, which remains future work.
Although piano performance is often treated as centered on sound production, it also involves body movements commonly discussed as ancillary, whose observable role extends beyond immediate sound production. These movements have often been discussed through broad embodied-cognition frameworks, yet the empirical basis for specific mechanistic claims remains uneven. This critical narrative review synthesizes research on movements commonly discussed as ancillary from two related but unevenly developed bodies of evidence: their reported relationships with musical organization in performers, and their role as visual cues in audience evaluation. On the performer side, kinematic findings suggest that movements commonly discussed as ancillary are often systematically related to phrasing, meter, and expressive organization, but direct evidence for cognitive-load reduction remains limited. On the audience side, audiovisual studies indicate that visible kinematics can substantially shape judgments of expressivity, emotion, and performance quality, although the strength of these effects varies across tasks and study designs. Across both domains, the literature remains constrained by small samples, limited ecological breadth, and an overreliance on correlational evidence. We therefore argue that current findings support the relevance of movements commonly discussed as ancillary as structural and perceptual cues, but do not yet justify strong claims that they function as cognitive scaffolds. Future work should combine controlled kinematic manipulation with multimodal measurement to clarify how these movements may simultaneously serve overlapping communicative, regulatory, and biomechanical functions.
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Additive manufacturing (3D printing) allows the fabrication of complex 3D geometries, yet the integration of long-range ordered nanostructures within printed materials remains a fundamental challenge. In vat photopolymerization, rapid crosslinking kinetics typically arrest block copolymers in kinetically trapped, disordered morphologies. Here, we introduce Polymerization-Induced Arrangement of Nanostructures with Order-tunability (PIANO), a strategy that overcomes this kinetic mismatch by decoupling nanoscale ordering from network formation. PIANO utilizes a mobility mediator, ethylene glycol, to enhance polymer chain mobility, enabling rapid in situ ordering, while maintaining a hydrogen-bonding network capable of sustaining 3D printing stresses. This approach yields tunable lamellar and hexagonally packed cylindrical morphologies with domain spacings of 20-60 nm. Furthermore, ethylene glycol acts as a latent crosslinker during post-printing annealing, locking the ordered nanostructure while enhancing macroscopic mechanical strength. By reconciling the divergent timescales of molecular self-assembly and additive manufacturing, this strategy provides a robust platform for the hierarchical design of functional systems.
The dehydrogenation of benzyl amines to produce the corresponding nitriles and H2 is an appealing strategy due to their application in hydrogen storage technologies. On the other hand, a wide range of current synthetic strategies to produce nitriles require a stepwise synthesis and severe reaction conditions. Here, we report an efficient visible-light promoted ruthenium(II) catalyzed hydrogen production from benzylic amines to the corresponding nitrile derivatives at room temperature and without additives. Our photocatalytic system comprises a single anionic 2-pyridonate based piano stool ruthenium precatalyst playing a dual role, harvesting visible-light and enabling H2 generation in methanol. Mechanistic studies support pre-dissociation of the p-cymene ligand after light irradiation and formation of a solvato derivative that further enhances the catalytic activity towards nitrile formation.
Soft robotic actuators often require relatively high driving voltages, which limit their portability, safety, and compatibility with compact electronic systems in wearable haptic interfaces. Achieving strong electromechanical coupling at low voltage while maintaining mechanical compliance remains a key challenge for soft actuator design. Here, we present an origami-mediated low-voltage electret soft robotic actuator that integrates mechanical compliance and electrical functionality within a symmetric multilayer architecture. Two double-layer fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) electret films with enclosed micro air-cavity arrays are positioned on both sides of a folded copper origami structure. The origami layer acts as a compliant electrode with a tunable spring-like response, while the air-cavity arrays promote high surface potential and stable charge retention. By jointly optimizing electret charging and origami stiffness, the actuator produces perceptible vibrotactile feedback at driving voltages as low as 20 V and supports reliable tactile digital recognition at 70 V using a 7-segment actuator array. Stable output and durability are maintained over 10 h of high-frequency operation. Application in a virtual reality piano training task further demonstrates statistically significant improvements in motor learning performance and perceived immersion. This approach offers a compelling pathway toward compact, low-voltage human-machine haptic interfaces with robust tactile performance.
The stability of the wrist joint is essential. A simple button-to-button (BtB) fixation technique may provide long-term stability after a chronic distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) disruption and result in a good functional outcome. A 32-year-old female was admitted to the clinic right after having difficulties with wrist rotation movement for 6 months before admission. There was a history of traffic accidents before this complaint. She fell to the ground with her arm holding her body in a wrist rotation position. A tenderness was found during physical examination, specifically on her left wrist joint. Further, a piano key sign was positive. Magnetic Resonance Imaging revealed DRUJ disruption. The patient was diagnosed with chronic DRUJ disruption. We implement a simple, minimally invasive surgical approach with a novel kit of BtB fixation to stabilize wrist function. The length of surgery was measured and showed a short duration of 10 minutes. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Euroqol 5-Dimension (EQ5D) score, and Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) were determined and showed a good patient-reported outcome. The cost of treatment was estimated, resulting in an Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio of $2692/QALY. The minimally invasive approach with the BtB procedure is a simple and cost-effective approach for treating a chronic DRUJ disruption in selected patients. VAS, EQ5D, and DASH scores pointed out a good functional outcome.
Live piano accompaniment for dance poses a "zero-latency paradox": performers achieve near-simultaneous audiovisual alignment despite sensory and integration delays that should make purely reactive control too slow. This review argues that pianist-dancer coordination can be usefully framed as bidirectional inference under cross-modal predictive coding, supported by converging behavioral, kinematic, and neurophysiological evidence. Motion-capture and time-series studies suggest that pianists can use dancers' preparatory kinematics, such as trajectory shifts and acceleration changes, to shorten the prediction window for timing and dynamics, while neuroimaging and EEG findings indicate action-perception coupling consistent with internal simulation of action-sound mappings ("seeing sound"). Sensorimotor synchronization paradigms show that micro-timing perturbations in auditory beats elicit rapid, asymmetric phase correction in stepping and tapping, consistent with predictive control in dancers ("hearing movement"), and autonomic measures further suggest that musical tension can modulate arousal before overt movement changes. Integrating coupled-oscillator modeling and EEG hyperscanning, we highlight quantifiable bidirectional adaptation and converging evidence that coordination is dynamically co-regulated rather than purely reactive or unidirectional. Taken together, the reviewed literature supports a neurally informed account of closed-loop dyadic coordination while also underscoring the need for more direct evidence from pianist-dancer interaction itself.
To evaluate the impact of waiting room media interventions on patient-reported anxiety, satisfaction, and perceived helpfulness in a high-volume tertiary-care ophthalmology clinic. This is a single-center, prospective quasi-experimental quality improvement study performed at a teaching hospital clinic. Three waiting room environments were implemented using a pseudo-randomized day-of-week allocation: (1) No Media, (2) Music Only (instrumental jazz/piano, 40-70 dB), and (3) Multimedia (slow-moving ocean and aquatic nature footage accompanied by background music). Each group was assigned 125 participants. Anxiety, satisfaction, and perceived helpfulness were measured using 0-10 visual analogue scales. Outcomes were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc testing and Welch's t-tests where appropriate. In total there were 375 participants, with no dropouts. Anxiety scores differed significantly across waiting room environments (F(2372)=19.09, P<0.001). Both Music Only (mean 3.59) and Multimedia (mean 3.74) significantly reduced anxiety compared with No Media (mean 5.69; mean difference 2.10, 95% CI 1.34-2.86, P<0.001 and mean difference 1.94, 95% CI 1.18-2.70, P<0.001, respectively). Multimedia yielded significantly higher satisfaction scores than No Media (P=0.023) and Music Only (P=0.041). Multimedia was also rated significantly more helpful than Music Only (mean difference 1.03, 95% CI 0.42-1.65, P=0.001). Low-cost sensory interventions significantly reduce patient anxiety in ophthalmology waiting rooms. While background music alone is sufficient for anxiolysis, multimedia environments provide additional benefits in satisfaction and perceived helpfulness. Benefits were particularly pronounced in emergent-care patients, highlighting the utility of these interventions in high-anxiety clinical scenarios. These findings support the implementation of scalable, low-resource strategies to improve patient experience in busy outpatient ophthalmology settings.
Many users of hearing aids report challenges when listening to music. In the future, it may be possible to develop hearing aids that monitor brain activity in real-time and adapt their output to the volitions of the user. In music, this could mean selectively amplifying the sound of the instrument the listener wants to hear. The objective of this research is to determine whether traditional machine learning can be used to identify which instrument an individual is listening to based only on single-trial EEG. In this work, participants were presented with a series of brief tones that varied in timbre (Trombone, Clarinet, Cello, Piano and Pure Tone) while their ongoing EEG was recorded from 73 electrodes. To distinguish between EEG responses to the five different musical instruments, we investigated the use of four different classifiers - Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Gradient Boosting (GB), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and k-NN, and four different sets of features - raw EEG, ERP-based features, harmonics-based features and regularity-based features. N1 and P2 components of the ERP were analyzed for differences between instruments. All four classifiers performed significantly above chance (i.e., approximately 20% for 5 classes) when trained using the raw EEG features (LDA: 34%, GB: 35%, SVM: 33%, k-NN: 26%). Precision, Recall and F1-scores closely mirrored overall accuracy. It may be possible to improve these results with more advanced classification algorithms or different transformations of features. Statistical analysis found the Cello to have contributed to the largest P2 amplitude and Pure Tone to the smallest, and for Cello to have contributed to the earliest N1 latency and Clarinet the latest.
Music has been explored as a non-invasive adjunctive intervention in drug-resistant epilepsy, yet the structural properties that differentiate musical pieces used in this context remain poorly quantified. Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D major (K. 448) has repeatedly been associated with reductions in interictal epileptiform discharges, but the specific musical organization underlying these reports is still unclear. Here, we provide a descriptive, corpus-limited structural characterization of six compositions previously used as stimuli and/or comparators in epilepsy research, treating them as case studies with heterogeneous reported outcomes rather than as a clinical efficacy trial. Starting from score-derived symbolic data in the Musical Instrument Digital Interface format, we apply an explicit symbolic projection by extracting melodic skylines, defined as the leading contour formed by the highest active pitches. We then map skylines into Horizontal Visibility Graphs and compute graph-theoretical and information-theoretic descriptors on fixed-length, non-overlapping windows (W=100 skyline events), reporting within-piece variability as mean±standard deviation. A reduced-feature principal component analysis reveals a dominant structural axis contrasting global network integration (higher cohesion and shorter characteristic distances) with structural fragmentation (longer path lengths and larger diameters). Within this feature space, K. 448 occupies the integrated extreme, whereas Wagner's Lohengrin Prelude, used as an experimental comparator in the epilepsy literature, lies at the fragmented extreme. These results provide a reproducible framework for mapping symbolic musical organization onto complex-network signatures and generate quantitative hypotheses for future mechanistic work combining score-based analysis with electrophysiological recordings.
For decades, the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC), formerly known as the mitochondrial porin, was considered a simple pore enabling nearly free permeability across the outer mitochondrial membrane. This simplified view has been progressively dismantled through the discovery of three mammalian isoforms (VDAC1, VDAC2, and VDAC3) with the gradual attribution, often serendipitous, of diverse cellular roles beyond passive metabolite exchange. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy have catalyzed a breakthrough in VDAC research. Three converging lines of evidence are reshaping our understanding: (a) high-resolution structures of VDAC within its native protein complexes; (b) discovery of unexpected functions, including phospholipid scrambling and regulation of outer membrane permeabilization through higher-order oligomeric assemblies; and (c) structural determination of VDAC interactions with macromolecules, as well as small-molecule modulators. Collectively, these insights have strengthened the consideration of VDAC as a multifunctional signaling hub and therapeutic target, with emerging small molecules and peptides designed to modulate gating, oligomerization, and interfering with interacting partners. The aim of this review is to summarize current structural, functional, and pharmacological advances in VDAC biology, emphasizing how oligomerization dynamics and isoform specificity orchestrate mitochondrial behavior and offering perspectives on therapeutic strategies for diseases driven by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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In the brain, proNGF, the NGF precursor, is in a homeostatic equilibrium with its processing product, mature NGF. Dysregulation of the NGF/proNGF ratio has been associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), positioning these neurotrophins as promising diagnostic biomarkers. Yet, their clinical validation as biomarkers has been hindered by the lack of analytical methods capable of discriminating and quantifying both isoforms under native conditions. Here, we introduce a dual electrochemical sensor based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) that enables the simultaneous, selective, and label-free quantification of NGF and proNGF. The sensors were fabricated via electropolymerization of o-phenylenediamine on platinum microelectrodes, yielding highly specific recognition sites for each isoform. The MIP-based platform demonstrates remarkable selectivity, reproducibility, and isoform discrimination, achieving picomolar detection limits even for NGF, which is typically present at low concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Validated on clinical CSF samples from AD and control patients, this system successfully quantifies both NGF and proNGF without antibodies or sample denaturation. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first quantitative and simultaneous detection of NGF and proNGF under native conditions. This technology paves the way toward cost-effective, high-throughput, and point-of-care diagnostics for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) is a recommended screening tool for liver fibrosis. We aimed to examine long-term LSM dynamics within three European populations and identify risk factors for clinically significant changes. This longitudinal, multicentre, prospective, population-based cohort study included three cohorts: Barcelona (recruited from primary care settings in Barcelona, Spain), Odense (recruited from a population at risk of alcohol-related liver disease in Odense, Denmark), and Rotterdam (including individuals recruited from the general population as part of the Rotterdam Study in Rotterdam, Netherlands). Participants aged 18 years or older were recruited using random sampling strategies. At baseline and follow-up, we collected participant medical history and medication use, anthropometric measurements, and fasting blood samples, and trained research nurses obtained LSM by vibration-controlled transient elastography. Participants were invited for follow-up after a minimum of 1 year. The two primary outcomes were clinically significant LSM changes, defined as: an LSM increase from a baseline value of less than 8·0 kPa to a follow-up value of 8·0 kPa or more, combined with a 30% or more change (ie, clinically significant LSM increase); or an LSM decrease from a baseline value of 8·0 kPa or more to a follow-up of less than 8·0 kPa, combined with a 30% or more change (ie, clinically significant LSM decrease). Between Feb 2, 2010, and Oct 1, 2021, 8077 participants underwent baseline measurement, of whom 7884 had a reliable LSM. Date of last follow-up was Sept 4, 2024. Of 7884 participants at baseline, 1418 participants were ineligible for follow-up due to death, relocation, or inability to visit the research centre, leaving 6466 participants eligible for long-term follow-up. A total of 1286 declined follow-up, resulting in 5180 participants attending follow-up visits, corresponding to an 80·1% participation rate among those eligible. LSM was not performed in 588 participants due to logistical constraints, and 56 measurements were unreliable. The final longitudinal cohort comprised 4536 participants, with a median follow-up of 4·3 years (IQR 4·1-8·4). At baseline, median age was 62 years (IQR 56-68; range 19-92); 2345 (51·7%) participants were female and 2191 (48·3%) were male. 251 (5·5%) had a LSM of 8·0 kPa or more at baseline, of whom 110 (43·8%) had a clinically significant LSM decrease during follow-up. Among the 4285 (94·5%) participants with a baseline LSM of less than 8·0 kPa, 112 (2·6%) had a clinically significant increase during follow-up. Our findings suggest that repeated LSM screening in community-dwelling European populations is feasible. During long-term follow-up, there was a low incidence of clinically significant LSM increase, suggesting that screening should be targeted towards individuals at high risk, such as those with obesity, harmful alcohol use, type 2 diabetes, and elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. The high incidence of LSM decreases suggests that short-term confirmatory testing could be warranted. EU Horizon 2020 Research Innovation Programme.
Biotic and abiotic factors induce bottom-up effects that can be used to enhance indirect plant defenses in agroecosystems. However, the feasibility of integrating biological control with drought-induced plant defense remains largely unexplored. We tested under laboratory conditions how three water regimes (optimal, moderate and severe drought stress) affect plant traits and the attraction of natural enemies, in infested and uninfested tomato and wheat plants. Plant morphological parameters and expression of defense-related genes were measured. The olfactory responses of Encarsia formosa and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri to tomato volatiles, and Aphidius colemani to wheat volatiles were investigated. Moderate to severe water regimes significantly reduced stem diameter on both systems and overregulated ASR1 and PIN2 on tomato. PR1 was overexpressed only under severe stress on wheat. Multiple olfactory responses among the tested natural enemies were observed. Tomato plants under moderate drought stress significantly attracted E. formosa without infestation. C. montrouzieri significantly preferred moderately water-stressed plants when no pest occurred, but the predators chose optimally watered plants over highly drought-stressed plants under pest infestation. A. colemani showed significant preference towards optimally watered plants without the host presence, except when compared to infested moderately drought-stressed plants. Our results suggest that water stress and pest infestation activate plant defense mechanisms with multiple olfactory consequences on the associated beneficial arthropods. These findings could be used for implementing biocontrol strategies within the IPM context under a changing climate scenario. © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Chloroplasts are the primary sites of photosynthesis, but growing evidence highlights their broader role as central hubs that coordinate plant responses to environmental challenges. They retain a semi-autonomous genetic system and communicate extensively with the nucleus through anterograde and retrograde signalling pathways, enabling coordinated cellular regulation. Beyond energy conversion, chloroplasts host key biosynthetic pathways and dynamically adjust their metabolic and redox states in response to developmental and environmental cues. This review summarizes the current knowledge of chloroplast functions in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, emphasizing their contribution to plant resilience, productivity and sustainability. Under abiotic stress, chloroplasts undergo structural, metabolic and redox reprogramming to maintain photosynthetic efficiency and metabolic homeostasis. During biotic stress, they act as a powerful signalling platform that integrates immune responses with metabolic and redox regulation. These functions rely on overlapping signalling pathways that are differentially tuned to support acclimation or defence. By coordinating stress responses with photosynthetic activity and metabolic efficiency, chloroplasts play a central role in sustaining plant productivity and represent promising targets for enhancing crop resilience and agricultural sustainability under climate change and increasing pathogen pressure.
In the framework of integrated pest management, plant-based insecticides represent a promising tool for the control of insect pests. Indeed, N-alkylamides extracted from Acmella oleracea (L.) RK Jansen (Asteraceae) have been recently studied for their insecticidal properties. The encapsulation of these substances into stable formulations, like nanoemulsions (NEs), could boost their efficacy and stability. Herein, a N-alkylamide-enriched fraction (AEF) encapsulated into a stable NE was tested against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a key tomato pest, able to develop resistance towards chemical insecticides. Acmella oleracea was reported to be effective against many target species, but this is the first time that this extract was tested against T. absoluta in terms of toxicity against eggs, ingestion toxicity on larvae and repellence on adults. The AEF, containing 42.8% of spilanthol, was prepared by combining two eco-friendly techniques, namely supercritical CO2 extraction and wiped-film short path molecular distillation, and then encapsulated into a stable NE. Preliminary tests on the phytotoxicity of the AEF-NEs at 0.25 and 0.5% (w/w) a.i., compared with a control NE solution (i.e., the AEF-free NE) and a negative control (distilled water), showed a negative effect on tomato plants at the highest concentration. On this basis, three concentrations (0.06, 0.125, and 0.25% a.i.) were evaluated against eggs (topical toxicity), larvae of 2nd instar (ingestion and topical toxicity), and adults (ovideterrence) of T. absoluta. The results showed that all adopted AEF-NE concentrations caused a significant inhibition in egg hatching (>20%). The larval survival, at the end of the evaluation (72 h), in ingestion toxicity tests were significantly different in the AEF-NEs at 0.06, 0.12, and 0.25% (56.7, 33.3 and 26.7%, respectively) compared with control NE and distilled water (100% both). Similar results were obtained in the adult emergence in ingestion toxicity comparing AEF-NEs at 0.06, 0.12, and 0.25% (64.7, 50.0 and 75.0%, respectively) with control NE and distilled water (100% both). Finally, a significant ovideterrent effect was shown by the concentrations 0.125 and 0.25% of the AEF-NEs (% of egg laid: 7.5 and 27.4% respectively), compared with distilled water. Overall, the AEF-NE tested showed promising and encouraging effectiveness as ovicidal and larvicidal against T. absoluta. This supports its potential use as an effective alternative to synthetic products for the control of this important pest.