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Multiple psychosocial factors can influence any given health outcome. To establish independent effects, partialing correlated risk or protective factors (e.g., simultaneous inclusion in regressions) is a common strategy. However, partialing can alter construct validity for even well-established measures. The present studies used the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) and elements of the five-factor model as frameworks to evaluate this issue. In Study 1, a representative sample of 1,356 U.S. adults completed measures of social anxiety, social support, and interpersonal problems. In Study 2, 300 middle-aged and older couples (total n = 600) completed measures of martial adjustment, depression, anger/hostility, and optimism, as well as IPC-based measures of the spouses' typical behavior during couple interactions and interpersonal style (i.e., trait social behavior), additional measures of marital support and conflict, and facets of the five-factor-model neuroticism domain. The (dis)similarity of associations of unadjusted and partialed variables with the external variables indicative of construct validity was evaluated in structural summary model analyses of IPC correlates and in comparisons of correlations with the additional measures. The primary effect of partialing was a significant reduction in the magnitude of expected associations with external variables in the nomological network, suggesting weaker representation of intended constructs. In some cases, partialing also produced a shift in the constructs assessed by partialed scores. Partialing can alter the validity of psychosocial measures. Implications for designing, reporting, and interpreting analyses of psychosocial risk and protective factors are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104474.].

Statistical adjustments (i.e., partialing) for between-partner correlations on the same variable and for correlations among multiple predictors within individuals are common in relationship research. Although useful, partialing can alter the construct validity or meaning of measured variables in ways that are typically not considered. In this study of 300 middle-aged and older couples, unadjusted, partner-partialed, partialed warmth and hostility component, and common fate model scores for observer-rated behavior during marital conflict discussions were compared using interpersonal circumplex-based spouse ratings of targets' behavior during those discussions, as well as self-reports of marital quality (i.e., overall marital adjustment, support from spouse, conflict). Unadjusted scores for observer-rated affiliation-and its two components, warmth, and hostility-had expected associations with interpersonal circumplex-based spouse ratings and self-reports of marital quality. Compared to unadjusted scores, partner-partialing, analogous to the actor-partner interdependence model, resulted in significantly weaker associations of behavioral scores with the expected interpersonal content of spouse ratings, and weaker associations with reported marital quality. Partialing of warmth and hostility within individuals also resulted in weaker associations with spouse ratings and marital quality, and some shifts in the theme of spouse ratings. In contrast, common fate model scores had expected associations with these criteria that equaled or exceeded the magnitude for unadjusted scores. Thus, common forms of partialing in relationship research can weaken the construct validity of behavioral observation variables, and common fate model scores represent a viable alternative in some instances. Implications for the design, reporting, and evaluation of couple research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

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Antisemitism, characterized by prejudice, discrimination, and hostility toward Jews, is marked by two enduring paradoxes. First, although people typically defer to powerholders, perceptions of Jews as powerful are associated with disdain rather than deference among antisemites. Second, antisemitism emerges among individuals with opposing ideological worldviews, those who strongly support societal hierarchies and those who vehemently oppose them. To explain these paradoxes, we introduce the dual-threat model of antisemitism, which highlights the central role of perceived Jewish power in fueling antisemitism. The model posits that perceived Jewish power-defined as perceived control over valuable resources-elicits two distinct types of threat. For proponents of hierarchy, perceived Jewish power threatens ingroup dominance, challenging their desire to maintain group superiority. For opponents of hierarchy, perceived Jewish power threatens egalitarian ideals, undermining their vision of a fair and equal society. Evidence from the United States, Mexico, Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Poland lends cross-cultural support to the model. We discuss the implications of the model and the empirical evidence for designing interventions aimed at curbing antisemitism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

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Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in neurology, offering unprecedented potential to enhance diagnostic precision, streamline clinical workflows, and accelerate translational research. However, the integration of AI into routine neurology practice is accompanied by substantial challenges, including inherent biases in training datasets, regulatory ambiguities, and risks associated with over-reliance on algorithmic outputs, which also expose critical gaps in neurology education and research infrastructure. This review synthesizes the current state of AI applications in neurology with a focus on stroke detection and electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis for epilepsy and examines critical pitfalls exemplified by IBM Watson's underperformance in neuro-oncology. Our methodology involved a targeted literature search of studies published between January 2018 and December 2024, prioritizing large multicenter validations, reports on demographic diversity, and implementations in non-Western settings. We further outline actionable recommendations to mitigate these risks, emphasizing the need for multicultural training datasets, standardized regulatory frameworks, structured human-AI collaboration models centered on "AI steward" roles, and strengthened AI education and research infrastructure. By addressing these contemporary issues in practice, education, and research, neurology can harness the full promise of AI while safeguarding patient care equity and quality.

Drug hypersensitivity reactions are a clinically significant and potentially preventable cause of hospital admission, treatment interruption, and drug-related mortality worldwide. Within severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), a group that includes Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), DRESS stands out because of its delayed onset, multi-organ involvement, and frequent diagnostic uncertainty. Allopurinol is a commonly prescribed medication for hyperuricemia, but in rare cases, it can trigger DRESS. This systematic review was conducted to comprehensively summarize the demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, diagnostic features, management strategies, and outcomes of reported cases of allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome. Available case reports and case series were analyzed to consolidate patient characteristics, patterns of organ involvement, treatment approaches, and clinical outcomes. The findings indicate that allopurinol-induced DRESS most often presents with cutaneous manifestations and systemic involvement, most commonly affecting the liver and kidneys, and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality despite treatment. These results emphasize the importance of early recognition, prompt drug discontinuation, and cautious prescribing of allopurinol, particularly in high-risk populations.

Serotonin (5-HT) receptors, classified as 5-HT1-7, are known to mediate a constellation of physiological functions ranging from cognitive performance to regulation of sleep-wake cycle and pain perception. Although these functions have extensively been studied in association with various types of 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs), co-regulation of wakefulness and nociceptive processing by 5-HT2A subtype has remained largely unaddressed. This research gap is further supported by evidence proposing a bidirectional regulatory pathway between sleep quality and pain sensitivity. The present brief review aimed to first gather the existing evidence and then piece relevant findings together to picture how central 5-HT2A receptors may reciprocally regulate the sleep-pain physiological interplay. In depth review of literature indicates that sleep deprivation promotes the activation of these receptors which on one hand increases pain sensitivity and on the other hand reduces the REM sleep period, both of which further exacerbate the sleep quality through establishment of a vicious cycle. Collectively, pharmacological antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors has been found to relieve pain and improve sleep disturbances, however, these beneficial effects might be seriously challenged by respiratory and cognitive side effects. Precise pharmacological assessments are required to reveal the efficacy and address safety concerns in relation with this therapeutic approach.

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Total neoadjuvant therapy has elevated pathological complete response (pCR) rates in locally advanced rectal cancer to unprecedented levels (25-30%), catalyzing interest in organ preservation via the non-surgical 'Watch-and -Wait' (WaW) strategy. Although this approach offers a paradigm shift, its rapid clinical adoption necessitates a critical appraisal of unresolved controversies. The present review synthesizes current evidence to outline the benefits of WaW while critically examining its inherent challenges. A comprehensive analysis interrogates the dualistic nature of WaW. It can provide favorable survival (5-year overall survival of 85% and cancer-specific survival of 94% in the International WaW Database) and meaningful quality-of-life improvements by avoiding radical surgery; concurrently, it embodies substantial risks due to the inherent imprecision of clinical complete response (cCR) assessment (a 10-25% discordance with pCR), a marked local regrowth rate (~25%) and unresolved long-term oncological uncertainties. In the present review it is argued that successful implementation of WaW depends on transcending current limitations through technological integration. Circulating tumor DNA is a promising but still investigational biomarker that may enable dynamic risk stratification; however, its clinical utility requires prospective validation. In conclusion, WaW has evolved from a radical concept to a reasonable, evidence-supported option within a precision oncology framework for a meticulously selected patient cohort, contingent upon rigorous multidisciplinary team assessment and an unwavering, structured surveillance protocol. Its future safety and efficacy will be defined by advances in response assessment, personalized monitoring and long-term outcome data.

This article examines the historical canon on Carl Ransom Rogers (1902–1987) as a case study in the epistemological and methodological shortcomings of ‘insider’ psycho-biographical narratives in the historiography of psychology. Most accounts of Rogers, written by Rogerian practitioners, rely heavily on a limited cluster of biographies and autobiographical recollections treated as transparent self-reports confirming the personal, developmental origins of his theories. I suggest such dependence has produced an ‘echo-chamber’ historiography: a closed system of citation, repetition, and uncritical reverence for inherited narratives privileging Rogers’ first-person accounts. Through methodological criticism of published historical scholarship and archival reconstruction of Rogers’ mid-century writings and professional context, I show that his autobiographical texts emerged from specific institutional, rhetorical, and personal circumstances rather than spontaneous self-disclosure. By situating these materials within broader debates on the historiography of the human sciences, I argue that the Rogerian canon exemplifies how disciplinary self-legitimation can distort historical explanation by collapsing history, memory, and celebration. I conclude by calling for a reflexive historiography grounded in archival evidence, methodological pluralism, and epistemic caution.

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A substantial proportion of the labor force in low- and middle-wage jobs is prone to pay variability, or variance in earnings from paycheck to paycheck. Emerging research suggests that pay variability can be detrimental to workers' well-being and enhance their likelihood of exiting their job. Using several iterations of qualitative and quantitative data, we identify and evidence critical determinants of workers' experience of pay variability and their likelihood of voluntary turnover. Combining insights from exploratory interviews and surveys with ride-hailing drivers (N = 63) and cognitive appraisal theory, we predicted that pay variability is most likely to result in voluntary turnover when (a) workers were more frequently earning lower-than-average paychecks, (b) felt limited control over their earnings, and (c) their household was dependent upon their paycheck. Using matched survey and archival data from a sample of truck drivers (N = 711) from a national transportation company, we subsequently found that pay variability is positively associated with the likelihood of turnover, but this relationship significantly varied with the predicted contextual moderators. Additional quantitative analyses demonstrated that this relationship was observed even among the highest performing drivers and, surprisingly, likely resulted in less annual pay for those who left. Supplemental qualitative data provided further support for the predicted moderators. Taken together, our findings explain why and when variable compensation represents a source of precarity for low-and middle-wage workers that can motivate turnover. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Newborn screening for phenylketonuria began in the United States in the early 1960s, and it expanded one disease at a time until the development of tandem mass spectrometry. This technology allowed for screening many conditions simultaneously, but its uneven adoption led to wide disparities. A collaboration between the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the US Health Resources and Services Administration resulted in a recommended uniform screening panel. Newborn sequencing (NBSeq) identifies many monogenic disorders, although to date it cannot identify all cases identified by tandem mass spectrometry. NBSeq has the potential to reduce diagnostic odysseys and increase health equity, but it could also exacerbate disparities and cause psychosocial and clinical harms due to overdiagnosis, oversurveillance, and/or overtreatment. By expanding beyond previously established public health screening principles, NBSeq also challenges the mandatory nature of current screening. In this review, we examine the promise and perils of NBSeq.