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Achieving fault tolerance with superconducting quantum processors requires qubits to operate within the regime of threshold theorems based on the Born-Markov approximation. This approximation, which models dissipation as constant energy decay into a memoryless environment, breaks down when qubits couple to long-lived two-level systems (TLSs) that become polarized during operation and retain memory of past qubit states. Here, we show that non-Poissonian quantum jump traces carry the information required to distinguish long-lived TLSs from the standard Markovian bath. By fitting the Solomon equations to measured quantum jumps dynamics arising naturally due to thermal fluctuations, we can disentangle the coupling of the qubit to the two environments. Sweeping the qubit frequency reveals distinct peaks, each associated with a TLS that outlives the qubit, providing a handle to understand their microscopic origin.
We present Cloak, a training recipe that endows a Vision-Language-Action (VLA) model with zero-shot cross-embodiment transfer by cloaking the end-effector from its own wrist camera. The end-effector occupies a large and consistent region of the wrist view and masking it allows for embodiment-agnostic visual reasoning. Cloak renders a mask in simulation from the robot's known geometry, accurately and in real time, with no segmentation or generative models. During training, we augment the mask so the model generalizes to embodiments unseen at training time. We demonstrate the recipe with Cloak-VLA, a VLA trained with Cloak on a single parallel-jaw gripper dataset. No data of new embodiments is ever collected. Cloak-VLA transfers zero-shot to various unseen embodiments, including another gripper, another arm, and a five-fingered hand, while preserving the source embodiment's performance. By decoupling the wrist view from its own embodiment, Cloak allows data to outlive the hardware it was collected on.
Long-horizon LLM sessions outlive their context windows, and the standard mitigations - truncation, summarization, retrieval - share a structural flaw: they treat history as flat text, discarding precisely the content that makes a session resumable: decisions and their rationales, task status, and file modification history. We present TokenMizer, an open-source transparent proxy that maintains session history as a typed knowledge graph and, at context boundaries, replaces the raw transcript with a token-budgeted serialization of session state. The schema comprises 14 node types and 7 edge types under an 8-state lifecycle in which decisions can be superseded or explicitly invalidated; bitemporal validity intervals support time-travel queries; and first-class decision-transition records preserve why each decision replaced its predecessor (trigger, reason, evidence). Version 0.3.1 embeds this memory core in a production-shaped serving layer - SSE streaming, security middleware, nine provider adapters, a monitoring dashboard, graph exports (D3 JSON, self-contained interactive HTML, Obsidian Canvas) - and exposes checkpoint/resume to agents as Model Context Protocol tools. The evaluatio
Scientific knowledge on the Web is published as passive assertions and cannot decide when to validate evidence, reconcile contradictions, or update confidence as findings accumulate. Curation depends on centralised middleware and institutional continuity, but when registries close, active stewardship stops even when data remain online. We advance the concept of Autonomous FAIR Digital Objects (aFDOs) from an abstract idea to an operational model, to offer a route from passive scientific publication toward accountable, standards-aligned automation that can outlive its publishing institutions. aFDO augments FDOs with three capabilities anchored in Semantic Web standards, namely 1) a policy layer over RDF-star aligned with PROV-O, SHACL, and ODRL for portable condition-action rules, 2) an announcement layer over ActivityStreams 2.0 that bounds per-announcement evaluation cost, and 3) an agreement layer that resolves multi-source contradictions through reputation and confidence weighted agreement under a bounded adversarial model. We provide a formal definition that distinguishes policy specifications, event handlers, and communication interfaces. We evaluate an open reference implemen
Java remains central to enterprise software, and many applications outlive their original architecture. Migrating them across frameworks is a behavior-preserving refactoring spanning build configuration, dependency injection, persistence, request handling, and deployment. Existing software-engineering benchmarks cover bug fixing, feature implementation, and language or version modernization, but leave cross-framework refactoring largely unmeasured. We introduce ScarfBench, a benchmark for behavior-preserving cross-framework refactoring of enterprise Java applications. It is built from expert-written implementation triples across Spring, Jakarta EE, and Quarkus: 34 applications (29 focused single-layer, 5 whole) yielding 102 variants (~151K lines across 1946 source and test files) and 204 directed refactoring tasks. Each task gives an agent a working source application and a target framework; the agent must synthesize a target implementation preserving the source behavior. Correctness is evaluated by an application-specific executable oracle: the candidate must compile, deploy in a containerized target runtime, and pass behavioral tests over the application's observable interface. W
As Large Language Models (LLMs) transition from standalone chat interfaces to foundational reasoning layers in multi-agent systems and recursive evaluation loops (LLM-as-a-judge), the detection of durable, provider-level behavioral signatures becomes a critical requirement for safety and governance. Traditional benchmarks measure transient task accuracy but fail to capture stable, latent response policies -- the ``prevailing mindsets'' embedded during training and alignment that outlive individual model versions. This paper introduces a novel auditing framework that utilizes psychometric measurement theory -- specifically latent trait estimation under ordinal uncertainty -- to quantify these tendencies without relying on ground-truth labels. Utilizing forced-choice ordinal vignettes masked by semantically orthogonal decoys and governed by cryptographic permutation-invariance, the research audits nine leading models across dimensions including Optimization Bias, Sycophancy, and Status-Quo Legitimization. Using Mixed Linear Models (MixedLM) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) analysis, the research identifies that while item-level framing drives high variance, a persistent `
The extremely rapid evolution of kilonovae results in spectra that change on an hourly basis. These spectra are key to understanding the processes occurring within the event, but this rapid evolution is an unfamiliar domain compared to other explosive transient events, such as supernovae. In particular, the most obvious P Cygni feature in the spectra of AT2017gfo -- commonly attributed to strontium -- possesses an emission component that emerges after, and ultimately outlives, its associated absorption dip. This delay is theorised to arise from reverberation effects, wherein photons emitted earlier in the kilonova's evolution are scattered before reaching the observer, causing them to be detected at later times. We aim to examine how the finite speed of light -- and therefore the light travel time to an observer -- contributes to the shape and evolution of spectral features in kilonovae. Using a simple model, and tracking the length of the journey photons undertake to an observer, we are able to test the necessity of accounting for this time delay effect when modelling kilonovae. In periods where the photospheric temperature is rapidly evolving, we show spectra synthesised using a
Loss of key personnel has always been a risk for research software projects. Key members of the team may have to step away due to illness or burnout, to care for a family member, from a loss of financial support, or because their career is going in a new direction. Today, though, political and financial changes are putting large numbers of researchers out of work simultaneously, potentially leaving large amounts of research software abandoned. This article presents ten tips to help researchers ensure that the software they have built will continue to be usable after they have left their present job -- whether in the course of voluntary career moves or researcher mobility, but particularly in cases of involuntary departure due to political or institutional changes.
Revealing the interactions binding electronic and lattice components of cooperative quantum order is central to sculpting new states of matter. This challenge is epitomized by the charge density wave material 1T-TiSe$_2$, where photoexcitation disrupts its presumed hybrid exciton-phonon order. This exposes a paradox: the electronic component collapses within femtoseconds while the periodic lattice distortion persists. If the lattice distortion outlives the excitonic condensate, were they truly intertwined? Here we resolve this by uncovering a low-frequency mode (approx. 0.13 THz) emerging only in the ordered state, signaling exciton-phonon coupling. This mode is consistent with a locked phason -- a collective excitation arising if coupling between the excitonic condensate and lattice reduces continuous phase symmetry to a discrete one, giving the excitonic Goldstone mode finite mass. This is captured by an effective theory describing a shared potential landscape. At a critical threshold, the collapse of excitonic order flattens the potential, triggering an exciton-phonon catastrophe: selective overheating of the charge density wave phonon, disappearance of the locked phason, and su
Simulation was launched in the 1950s, nicknamed a tool of "last resort." Over the years, this Operations Research (OR) method has made significant progress, and utilizing the accelerated advances in computer science (hardware and software, processing speed, and advanced information visualization capabilities) to improve simulation usability in research and practice. After overcoming the initial obstacles and the scare of outliving its usefulness in the 2000s, computer simulation has remained a popular OR tool applied in diverse industries and sectors, earning its popularity leading to the term "simulation everywhere." This study uses bibliographic data from research and practice literature to evaluate the evolutionary expansion in simulation, focusing on discrete-event simulation (DES). The results show asymmetrical but positive yearly literature out-put, broadened DES adoption in diverse fields, and sustained relevance as a scientific method for tackling old, new, and emerging issues. Also, DES is an essential tool in Industry 4.0 and plays a central role in digital transformation that has swept the industrial space, from manufacturing to healthcare and other sectors. With the eme
We investigate the evolution of spread over three days in a numerical ensemble experiment starting from tiny initial condition uncertainty. We simulate a real event during which three mesoscale convective systems occur in close proximity to the midlatitude jet. The spread evolution is compared with an existing conceptual three-stage model. Each system follows the first stage, characterised by development of convective variability. Nevertheless, we find significant variation among the systems in their propensity to interact with the jet stream, which characterises conceptual stage 2. One exemplary convective system follows the conceptual evolution of Baumgart et al., i.e., convective uncertainty initially projects onto the jet by upper-tropospheric outflow, which further amplifies spread through nonlinear growth as it propagates downstream. Rossby-like dispersion in the downstream spread is strongly associated with the convective variability. In contrast, for another convective system, convective variability projects onto the local anticyclonic flow aloft. Subsequently, this anticyclonic perturbation hardly (if at all) projects convective uncertainty onto the particularly straight j
Identifying bias in LLMs is ongoing. Because they are still in development, what is true today may be false tomorrow. We therefore need general strategies for debiasing that will outlive current models. Strategies developed for debiasing human decision making offer one promising approach as they incorporate an LLM-style prompt intervention designed to bring latent knowledge into awareness during decision making. LLMs trained on vast amounts of information contain information about potential biases, counter-arguments, and contradictory evidence, but that information may only be brought to bear if prompted. Metacognitive prompts developed in the human decision making literature are designed to achieve this, and as I demonstrate here, they show promise with LLMs. The prompt I focus on here is "could you be wrong?" Following an LLM response, this prompt leads LLMs to produce additional information, including why they answered as they did, errors, biases, contradictory evidence, and alternatives, none of which were apparent in their initial response. Indeed, this metaknowledge often reveals that how LLMs and users interpret prompts are not aligned. Here I demonstrate this prompt using a
Local reasoning about programs that combine aliasing and mutable state is a longstanding challenge. Existing approaches -- ownership systems, linear and affine types, uniqueness types, and lexical effect tracking -- impose global restrictions such as uniqueness or linearity, or rely on shallow syntactic analyses. These designs fall short with higher-order functions and shared mutable state. Reachability Types (RT) track aliasing and separation in higher-order programs, ensuring runtime safety and non-interference. However, RT systems face three key limitations: (1) they prohibit cyclic references, ruling out non-terminating computations and fixed-point combinators; (2) they require deep tracking, where a qualifier must include all transitively reachable locations, reducing precision and hindering optimizations like fine-grained parallelism; and (3) referent qualifier invariance prevents referents from escaping their allocation contexts, making reference factories inexpressible. In this work, we address these limitations by extending RT with three mechanisms that enhance expressiveness. First, we introduce cyclic references, enabling recursive patterns to be encoded directly through
Leakage out of the computational subspace is a major limitation of current state-of-the-art neutral-atom quantum computers and a significant challenge for scalable systems. In a quantum processor with cesium atoms, we demonstrate proof-of-principle circuit-based conversion of leakage errors to erasure errors via Leakage Detection Units (LDUs), which non-destructively map information about the presence or absence of the qubit onto the state of an ancilla. With a standard LDU circuit, we successfully convert leakage errors to erasure errors for all major leakage pathways while preserving the quantum information in the case that no leakage occurred. We benchmark the performance of the LDU using a three-outcome low-loss state detection method and also explore the advantages of three-outcome measurements for LDUs. We find that the LDU detects atom-loss errors with ~93.4% accuracy, limited by technical imperfections of our apparatus. We further compile and execute a SWAP LDU, wherein the roles of the original data atom and ancilla atom are exchanged under the action of the LDU, providing 'free refilling' of atoms in the case of leakage errors. This circuit-based leakage-to-erasure error
Smart grid interoperability is the means to achieve the twin green and digital transition but re-mains heterogeneous and fragmented to date. This work presents the first ideas and corner-stones of an Interoperability Roadmap for the Energy Transition that is being developed by the Horizon Europe int:net project. This roadmap builds on four cornerstones that address open interoperability issues. These are a knowledge base to address the lack of convergence among existing initiatives, a maturity model and a network of testing and certification facilities to ad-dress the lack of practical tools for the industry, and a governance process to address the gap between standards-related approaches of Standards Development Organisations and Research and Innovation projects. A community of practice will be set up to ensure the continuity of the ongoing activities related to smart grid interoperability. To outlive the duration of the int:net project, the aim is to formalise the community of practice as a legal entity.
In a previous work, we investigated the evolution of the flow field around sunspots during sunspot decay and compared it with the flow field of supergranular cells. The decay of a sunspot proceeds as it interacts with its surroundings. This is manifested by the changes observed in the flow field surrounding the decaying spot. We now investigate in detail the evolution of the flow field in the direct periphery of the sunspots of the same sample and aim to provide a complete picture of the role of large-scale flows present in sunspot cells. We analyse the horizontal velocity profiles of sunspots obtained from observations by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). We follow their evolution across the solar disc from their stable phase to their decay and their final disappearance. We find two different scenarios for the evolution of the flow region surrounding a spot in the final stage of its decay: (i) either the flow cell implodes and disappears under the action of the surrounding supergranules or (ii) it outlives the spot. In the later case, an inwards flow towards the remaining naked spot develops in the vicinity closest to the spo
A central open problem of quantum physics is to reconcile theory with experience. In this work I present a framework for studying distinct modes of experience in a superposed world. A modes of experience is characterized by how the world, experiences, and options relate to each other by the perceptions, decisions, and actions, as well as by probabilistic rules encoding probabilistic or deterministic correlations among first person experiences. In a toy model, the life expectancies of beings in different candidate modes of experience are compared. It is found that the quantum mode without macroscopic superposition outlives that with macroscopic superposition and that with real amplitudes. These highlight the prospect to explain a mode of experience by its evolutionary advantages.
The issue of reproducibility of computational models and the related FAIR principles (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) are examined in a specific test case. I analyze a computational model of the segment polarity network in Drosophila embryos published in 2000. Despite the high number of citations to this publication, 23 years later the model is barely accessible, and consequently not interoperable. Following the text of the original publication allowed successfully encoding the model for the open source software COPASI. Subsequently saving the model in the SBML format allowed it to be reused in other open source software packages. Submission of this SBML encoding of the model to the BioModels database enables its findability and accessibility. This demonstrates how the FAIR principles can be successfully enabled by using open source software, widely adopted standards, and public repositories, facilitating reproducibility and reuse of computational cell biology models that will outlive the specific software used.
Memory bloat is an important source of inefficiency in complex production software, especially in software written in managed languages such as Java. Prior approaches to this problem have focused on identifying objects that outlive their life span. Few studies have, however, looked into whether and to what extent myriad objects of the same type are identical. A quantitative assessment of identical objects with code-level attribution can assist developers in refactoring code to eliminate object bloat, and favor reuse of existing object(s). The result is reduced memory pressure, reduced allocation and garbage collection, enhanced data locality, and reduced re-computation, all of which result in superior performance. We develop OJXPerf, a lightweight sampling-based profiler, which probabilistically identifies identical objects. OJXPerf employs hardware performance monitoring units (PMU) in conjunction with hardware debug registers to sample and compare field values of different objects of the same type allocated at the same calling context but potentially accessed at different program points. The result is a lightweight measurement, a combination of object allocation contexts and usag
The Cassini state equilibrium associated with the precession of the Moon predicts that the mantle, fluid core and solid inner core precess at different angles. We present estimates of the dissipation from viscous friction associated with the differential precession at the core-mantle boundary (CMB), $Q_{cmb}$, and at the inner core boundary (ICB), $Q_{icb}$, as a function of the evolving lunar orbit. We focus on the latter and show that, provided the inner core was larger than 100 km, $Q_{icb}$ may have been as high as $10^{10}-10^{11}$ W for most of the lunar history for a broad range of core density models. This is larger than the power required to maintain the fluid core in an adiabatic state, therefore the heat released by the differential precession at the ICB can drive a past lunar dynamo by thermal convection. This dynamo can outlive the dynamo from precession at the CMB and may have shutoff only relatively recently. Estimates of the magnetic field strength at the lunar surface are of the order of a few $μ$T, compatible with the lunar paleomagnetic intensities recorded after 3 Ga. We further show that it is possible that a transition of the Cassini state associated with the