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To assess the dynamics of Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG) parameters following glaucoma surgery in individuals with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. The is a single center retrospective study. Preoperative PERG were conducted on moderate and advanced glaucoma patients scheduled for glaucoma surgery. Subsequently, the patients underwent an additional PERG a few months after the procedure. Comparative analysis focused on the PERG parameters (Mag, MagD and MagD/Mag ratio) before and after the glaucoma surgery in eyes achieving successful intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction post-operatively. The study enrolled 23 eyes from 21 consecutive patients who underwent successful glaucoma surgery between January 2021 and December 2023, each with both pre and post-operative PERG assessments. Postoperatively, there was a significant improvement of all the PERG parameters (0.97 ± 0.29 to 1.36 ± 0.29 μV, 0.55 ± 0.3 to 0.84 ± 0.42 μV, 0.52 ± 0.2 to 0.68 ± 0.25 for Mag, MagD and MagD/Mag ratio respectively, all p < 0.05). Three patients who had no IOP reduction postoperatively showed no improvement of all PERG parameters following the surgery. Glaucoma surgery, leading to effective IOP reduction, may demonstrate a positive impact on the functional activity of the retinal ganglion cells, as evidenced by the enhancement in PERG parameters post-operatively.
First-principles calculations of the structural parameters, elastic constants, mechanical moduli, Debye temperature, and density of states (DOS) of cubic CsCl-type (B2) XAu (X = Er, Tm) rare-earth intermetallic compounds under hydrostatic compression up to 20 GPa have been performed. The calculations were carried out within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) using the pseudopotential plane-wave (PP-PW) method and the local density approximation (LDA). The calculated elastic constants indicate that both ErAu and TmAu with the CsCl-type (B2) phase satisfy the Born mechanical stability criteria at equilibrium and under pressure up to 20 GPa for ErAu and up to about 19 GPa for TmAu. The zero-pressure structural parameters, elastic constants, and mechanical moduli are generally in good agreement with previously reported theoretical data. The calculated zero-pressure Young's modulus values are 96.61 GPa for ErAu and 73.94 GPa for TmAu, while the corresponding Debye temperatures are 193 K and 167 K, respectively. The obtained results reveal that hydrostatic pressure enhances the stiffness of both compounds, as reflected by the general increase in the elastic constants, acoustic wave velocities, and Debye temperature. Both ErAu and TmAu exhibit ductile behavior according to Pugh's ratio and show noticeable elastic anisotropy. The electronic-structure analysis confirms the metallic character of both compounds, while additional GGA + U calculations indicate that the localized 4f states are sensitive to the Hubbard correction without changing their metallic nature. The pressure-dependent elastic constants and related mechanical and thermodynamic properties of XAu (X = Er, Tm) intermetallic compounds have not been previously reported; therefore, the present results provide useful predictions and reference data for future theoretical and experimental studies.
Biosensors play a crucial role in modern diagnostics, where simple, portable systems can enable rapid on-site testing. Here, we introduce a direct imaging-based biosensor capable of reconstructing spectral shifts from transmission images without the need for a spectrometer. By introducing a continuous geometry gradient in a dielectric metasurface, we spatially encode distinct resonance wavelengths across the device, enabling quasi-continuous spectral readout from a single camera image. Our platform achieves a high-quality factor and fine 0.1 nm spectral step size across a broad 30 nm spectral window within a 300 µm footprint, without spectroscopic instrumentation. This direct imaging-based approach exhibits high sensitivity with a figure of merit of 67.2 per refractive index unit and enables label-free detection of both proteins and DNA, reaching a limit of detection down to 388 picomolar. This spectrometer-free biosensor presents a compact sensing platform with a clear pathway toward a potentially more cost-effective implementation than conventional optical refractometric sensors, enabled by a simplified optical architecture facilitating molecular testing beyond specialized laboratory settings.
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As a new global pollutant， microplastics （MPs） are widely distributed in various types of water bodies and significantly interfere with carbon and nitrogen transformations in aquatic ecosystems by altering the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of water bodies. We systematically investigated the mechanisms by which MPs affect carbon and nitrogen cycling in marine and riverine environments： In marine ecosystems， MPs interfered with key processes such as decomposition of organic matter and nitrification and denitrification by altering the optical properties of the water column， adsorbing pollutants， and disrupting the microbial communities and enzyme activities， releasing dissolved organic matter， exacerbating ocean acidification， and contributing to the release of greenhouse gases （e.g.， CO2， CH4， and N2O） emissions. In riverine ecosystems， MPs altered hydrological conditions and adsorbed nutrients mainly through shading effects， affecting photosynthetic efficiency and dissolved oxygen levels and then interfering with carbon and nitrogen transformations， and their impacts showed significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Biodegradable microplastics rapidly degraded and released small-molecule organic matter in the short term， significantly promoted microbial activity， accelerated organic carbon mineralization and CO2 and CH4 emissions， and enhanced N2O generation. Non-biodegradable microplastics， on the other hand， mainly accumulated over time by physically damaging the organisms， hindering nutrient uptake， and acting as a pollutant carrier， and NBMPs indirectly interfered with the carbon and nitrogen cycle by aggregating with microorganisms to accelerate sedimentation and altering the vertical fluxes of carbon and nitrogen and benthic habitats. Future research could focus on the transport and transformation patterns of MPs， microbial regulation mechanisms， bioconcentration effects， and their coupling with multiple environmental pressures such as climate change and acidification and develop effective prevention， control， and remediation strategies.
Caregiver underrecognition of ocular conditions represents a modifiable barrier to ophthalmologic care in people with intellectual disabilities. To determine whether non-clinically verified caregiver-reported ocular conditions are associated with a reduction in ophthalmologic care utilization among individuals with intellectual disabilities. A stratified random sample of 657 primary caregivers of individuals with intellectual disabilities was recruited from urban and rural regions in Taiwan. Data were collected through structured, in-person interviews. Logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between non-clinically verified caregiver-reported ocular conditions, concerns regarding vision health, and the likelihood of never seeking ophthalmologic care. Marginal effects by age for individuals with intellectual disabilities were estimated to assess interaction effects. Among caregivers who acknowledged the presence of ocular conditions in individuals with intellectual disabilities, a substantial proportion reported low concern. Among those who never sought ophthalmologic care, 51.7% were "not concerned" about their care recipient's vision health, compared with 29.0% among those who made regular ophthalmologic visits; overall, caregiver concern differed significantly by ophthalmologic care utilization (P < .001). Caregiver reports of non-clinically verified ocular conditions were associated with a significant increase in the probability of never seeking ophthalmologic care (15.1 and 23.7 percentage points at the ages of 30 and 50, respectively, for individuals with intellectual disabilities; P = .009 and P < .001). Compared with caregivers who expressed concern, those who did not express concern were significantly less likely to seek ophthalmologic care (a difference of 20.3-22.3 percentage points, P < .05). Non-clinically verified caregiver-reported ocular conditions and low caregiver concern are associated with a significant reduction in ophthalmologic care utilization among individuals with intellectual disabilities. These findings underscore the importance of increasing caregiver awareness of the value of routine eye care, even when the nature or severity of an ocular condition is uncertain, and of addressing barriers to timely ophthalmologic assessments in this underserved population.
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Spaceborne optical sensors provide continuous Earth observation, but atmospheric interference still limits their practical reliability. On average, clouds cover 67% of the Earth's surface. This constant coverage degrades the data continuity needed for precision agriculture, disaster monitoring, and proactive Internet of Things (IoT) systems. Recent deep generative networks produce visually appealing cloud-free images. However, when faced with thick clouds ([Formula: see text] opacity), these models often hallucinate topologies. They synthesize statistical guesses instead of recovering the actual ground reflectance. For high-stakes telemetry, predictable failure is safer than an undetected hallucination. This paper introduces Thermo-Cloud Removal (Thermo-CR), a real-time cloud removal framework. It integrates Radiative Transfer inversion, weather-driven transmission estimates, geographic priors, and multi-scale fusion to restore optical imagery without requiring Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Thermo-CR treats the cloudy atmosphere as a thermodynamic medium. By pulling live meteorological telemetry (Relative Humidity (RH) and Temperature (T)) through the Open-Meteo REST API, the system calculates optical depth and performs a deterministic inversion of the Radiative Transfer Model. Pure inverse models amplify noise under extreme occlusion ([Formula: see text]). To prevent this, we apply a Global Positioning System (GPS)-anchored multi-scale fusion with clear-sky temporal priors. We evaluated Thermo-CR on a synthetically occluded paired dataset covering varied topologies (Amazon, London, Seattle). The system degrades predictably under 90% cloud cover and avoids structural hallucination. It achieves an average Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) of 0.9925 and a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 55.94 dB in under 13 milliseconds per frame, outperforming standard Dark Channel baselines.
In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a critical ophthalmic examination that provides in vivo cytological and neurological information essential for diagnosing corneal and certain systemic diseases, but its clinical utility is limited by time-consuming interpretation and the need for subspecialty expertise. We developed IVCM-Insight, an artificial intelligence (AI) system integrating image-text contrastive learning with large language models (LLMs) for automated report generation and interactive question answering (QA). Based on 30,368 IVCM images and 4155 paired clinical reports, the model was trained with contrastive alignment, image-conditioned language modeling, and multi-image consistency loss to produce structured diagnostic reports while a domain-adapted LLM supported patient-centered QA. Automated evaluation showed strong agreement with the reference reports: Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU)-1 to BLEU-4 scores were 0.69, 0.58, 0.47, and 0.41, Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation (ROUGE-L) was 0.67, Consensus-based Image Description Evaluation (CIDEr) was 1.85, and Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit Ordering (METEOR) was 0.66. In addition, the multi-label classification achieved an accuracy of 0.96 and an F1 score of 0.80. Manual assessment by corneal specialists rated report accuracy (4.17), completeness (4.19), coherence (4.70), and diagnostic support (4.06), with excellent inter-rater reliability; QA outputs achieved high accuracy (4.33), relevance (4.54), and non-harmfulness (4.81). Representative cases, including cytomegalovirus, fungal, and Acanthamoeba keratitis, demonstrated accurate detection of key findings and clinically safe explanations. To our knowledge, IVCM-Insight is the first dedicated AI system for comprehensive IVCM interpretation, with potential to enhance diagnostic efficiency, strengthen physician-patient communication, and broaden access to advanced corneal imaging across care settings.
We provide updated pooled estimates of the incidence of major postoperative complications after congenital or pediatric cataract surgery (visual axis opacification- VAO, VAO requiring reintervention, and secondary glaucoma) and identify clinical and surgical prognostic factors associated with these outcomes. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted. Studies reporting postoperative outcomes after pediatric cataract surgery were included. Pooled incidence rates were calculated using fixed- and random-effects models. Univariable and multivariable meta-regression analyses evaluated associations between outcomes and covariates including age at surgery, sex, anterior vitrectomy, primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, preoperative axial length (AL), and intraocular pressure. Eighty-seven studies (mean sample: 60.8 patients; 94.9 analysed eyes) met inclusion criteria. Under the random-effects model, pooled incidences (95% CI) were 12% (8%-16%) for VAO, 9.2% (6.0%-13.8%) for VAO requiring surgical reintervention, and 2.3% (1.3%-3.9%) for secondary glaucoma. Shorter preoperative axial length was significantly associated with higher risk of all three outcomes. Primary IOL implantation was independently associated with increased risk of VAO and reintervention, while anterior vitrectomy showed a significant association with secondary glaucoma in univariable analysis. Long-term postoperative visual acuity could not be meta-analyzed due to inconsistent reporting. We found that shorter AL and primary IOL implantation are predictors of postoperative complications following pediatric cataract surgery. These findings support careful surgical planning and highlight the need for standardized reporting and long-term follow-up, particularly for glaucoma surveillance.
Adenosine, acting through A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs), exerts anti-adrenergic effects by inhibiting β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR)-mediated cAMP production and contractility in the heart. While the functional interaction between A1ARs and β1ARs is well established in both atrial and ventricular myocytes, the subcellular compartmentalisation of this crosstalk and how it is disrupted in heart failure (HF) remains incompletely understood. This study investigates the spatial confinement of A1AR-β1AR signalling within atrial microdomains and assesses how structural remodelling in HF alters this regulatory axis. qPCR analysis revealed that A1AR is the predominant adenosine receptor subtype in both rat and human atrial tissues. In healthy rat and mouse atrial myocytes, A1AR activation reduced β1AR-induced cAMP production and sarcomere shortening, with suppression of cAMP signals at sarcolemmal microdomains enriched in PKA type II. This was further supported by Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM)-guided scanning patch-clamp showed that A1AR suppressed β1AR-driven L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) activity at both T-tubule and crest membrane domains. In atrial myocytes isolated from failing rat and human hearts, A1AR-mediated inhibition of β1AR-induced cAMP production and contractility was impaired. Caveolar disruption by methyl-β-cyclodextrin in rat atrial myocytes or via cardiac-specific caveolin-3 knockout in mice abolished this A1AR-mediated inhibition. Notably, cholesterol repletion alone did not restore membrane cAMP regulation, whereas Cav3 over-expression rescued A1AR-dependent suppression, supporting a requirement for Cav3-dependent organisation. In mouse atrial preparations isolated from failing hearts, high-resolution optical mapping showed that A1AR-mediated anti-adrenergic regulation of Ca2+ cycling was selectively lost in the intercaval region, correlating with the regional absence of T-tubule and downregulation of caveolae structures. A1ARs provide anti-adrenergic restraint of β1AR signalling through Cav3-dependent membrane organisation. In HF, regional caveolar disorganisation uncouples this protective pathway, contributing to spatially heterogeneous Ca2+ dysregulation in the atrium. Adenosine acting via A1 receptors provides an endogenous constraint on β-adrenergic signalling in the atria. We show that this protection relies on Cav3-dependent caveolar organisation and is lost in heart failure, particularly in the inter-caval region of the right atrium where caveolae density is downregulated. Diminished A1 anti-adrenergic control permits enhanced β1AR-cAMP-Ca2+ signalling and regional Ca2+ dysregulation, a substrate linked to atrial ectopy and atrial fibrillation in structural heart disease. These findings identify membrane microdomain integrity as a determinant of atrial autonomic balance and suggest that stabilising caveolar organisation may help restore adenosine-mediated restraint in heart failure.
Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) has been recognized as a prodromal stage of Parkinson's disease (PD) - a well-known neurodegenerative brain disorder that is characterized by dysconnectivity. Elucidating how brain network topology evolves across the healthy controls (HCs)-iRBD-PD cohorts is crucial for clarifying disease-stage-related neurophysiological alterations. Using EEG source-space connectivity, we aimed to reveal the stage-specific spatio-spectral alterations of rich-club organization (the network's backbone architecture) across these three cohorts. Resting-state high-density EEG data was recorded from 104 participants (HCs/iRBD/PD = 32/33/39). Functional brain networks were estimated via source reconstructed and quantitatively compared across groups. A robust rich-club architecture was identified in all groups, with hubs primarily residing in parietal and temporal areas and exhibiting leftward dominance in the δ, θ, and β bands. Statistical comparisons revealed a significant graded enhancement of rich-club metrics (specifically local connection strength, global efficiency within feeder subnetwork, rich-club-feeder and feeder-local internetworks), predominantly in the θ band, across the three groups. This graded hyperconnectivity likely underscores a disease-stage-dependent reorganization, manifesting as a complex interplay between early compensatory responses and maladaptive pathological synchronization. These findings highlight EEG-based rich-club metrics as potential non-invasive biomarkers for characterizing the PD continuum and provide nascent insights into the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying PD-related disorders.
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Surgical resection of the pterygoid plate is technically demanding, with risks of inadequate margins and complications. This preclinical study evaluated the accuracy of two novel technologies for improving pterygoid plate osteotomy: a real-time navigated piezo-electric system (RNPS) and a custom surgical guide. An optical navigation system was integrated with a piezo-electric instrument (RNPS), and a patient-specific surgical guide was three-dimensionally printed. The positional and rotational accuracy of both systems was evaluated by performing pterygoid plate resections on 20 phantom models and compared against a conventional freehand technique. Both technologies demonstrated significantly higher accuracy than the conventional approach. The RNPS group showed a mean positional error of 0.92 ± 0.59 mm, significantly lower than the control mean of 2.65 ± 1.07 mm (P < 0.05), and achieved better rotational accuracy. The surgical guide also resulted in a significantly lower mean positional error compared to the control group (1.18 ± 0.95 mm vs 2.75 ± 0.92 mm; P < 0.05). In this preclinical setting, both the RNPS and the custom surgical guide significantly improved the accuracy of pterygoid plate resection. These technologies show strong potential to enhance surgical precision and safety, which may lead to improved oncological outcomes in complex maxillofacial surgery.
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Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry. NO2 detection systems with high precision and low interference have gradually developed into an essential components of measurement instruments for peroxy radical, organic nitrates, and the ozone production rate. Accurate and quantitative evaluations of measurement interference are necessary for field applications. Long-term, multi-scale field comparison experiments were conducted in summer (from August 8 to September 15, 2019) in Chengdu, China, in this study to compare three NO2 measurement techniques: cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), photolytic conversion-chemiluminescence detector (PC-CLD), and cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS). The results obtained from these three instruments were consistent throughout the entire dataset. Various interference factors were quantitatively analyzed that demonstrated the nitrous acid photolysis impact on the PC-CLD fluorescence signal and the influence of aldehyde absorption on the optical cavity technology were negligible under actual field conditions. Under high ozone pollution and high particulate pollution conditions, the results indicated that the three instruments reliably obtained NO2 data under this complex air pollution environment. Some deviations might have occurred during high temperature conditions, the extent of overestimation was dependent on the photochemical age of an air mass defined as -log10(NOx/NOy). PC-CLD tended to exhibit an overestimation of nearly 20 % when the -log10(NOx/NOy) exceeded 0.5, and a portion of this overestimation could be attributed to peroxy nitrates. In the future, further comparisons among various NO2 measurement techniques is meaningful to analyze potential interferences and improve atmospheric chemistry comprehension.
This study conducted comprehensive measurements of key aerosol optical properties alongside concurrent monitoring of atmospheric photochemical pollution in urban Beijing during the summer of 2019. The primary objectives were to investigate aerosol optical properties, classification types, and assess their impacts on ozone photochemical formation in urban Beijing. The results showed that atmospheric aerosols in urban Beijing during the summer exhibited extinction characteristics marked by strong scattering and low absorption, which may indirectly promote ozone formation. Throughout the observation period, aerosol optical properties were identified as the primary factor influencing incremental ozone concentration (ΔO3) under conditions of low precursor concentrations. In both haze and ozone pollution episodes, the single scattering albedo (SSA) was consistently the leading contributor to ΔO3, particularly under haze-ozone co-pollution conditions. Among the four aerosol types, "Small particles low absorption mix" (Small/LA) and "Large particle low absorption mix" (Large/LA) accounted for 55.15 % and 35.17 % of total aerosols, respectively. Notably, Large/LA aerosols, formed by the mixing and aging of air masses affected by sea salt and urban pollution, showed strong scattering properties and contributed most significantly to ΔO3. Regions with high ΔO3 contributions were primarily located in the polluted urban agglomerations of southeastern Beijing and the Bohai region. These findings highlight the critical role of aerosol optical properties in ozone formation, underscoring the necessity of incorporating this factor into future integrated control strategies for aerosols and ozone.
Global developmental delay (GDD) and intellectual disability (ID) are frequently caused by genetic factors, yet many patients remain undiagnosed even after whole exome sequencing (WES). This study aimed to apply Optical Genome Mapping (OGM) and Illumina Complete Long Reads (ICLR) in pediatric patients with unexplained GDD/ID after WES and propose a practical diagnostic strategy for clinical implementation. We conducted OGM and ICLR on 87 pediatric patients with unexplained GDD/ID despite prior WES. Discordant cases underwent further validation using gap-PCR or PacBio long-read sequencing. A minigene assay was also performed to confirm the pathogenicity of an intronic variant. Of the 87 patients, 6 were found to carry pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants, including 4 structural variants (SVs) and 2 single nucleotide variants (SNVs). OGM and ICLR provided additional diagnostic yields of 4.71% and 6.98%. OGM was effective in detecting complex rearrangements, whereas ICLR performed well in cases with overlapping structural variants. For all SV burden, ICLR detected 8 SVs (mean 0.09 ± 0.33 per sample), and OGM identified 8 SVs (mean 0.09 ± 0.29 per sample), showing comparable results. This study demonstrates the complementary utility of ICLR and OGM in detecting diverse classes of pathogenic variants in GDD/ID. ICLR was advantageous for detecting non-coding SNVs, as well as for providing accurate breakpoint resolution in SVs, while OGM was effective for complex rearrangements and repetitive regions. These findings support a stepwise diagnostic strategy in which ICLR may be considered as an early second-tier test for WES-negative GDD/ID cases.
To analyze the effect of intraocular pressure (IOP) characteristics on the 5-year rate of visual field (VF) Mean Deviation (MD) progression in the HORIZON trial. Post-hoc analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial. Patients with glaucoma and visually significant cataract randomized to cataract surgery (CS) with or without the implant of the Hydrus Microstent (HMS). One eye of each participant with at least 3 reliable VFs (false positive errors < 15%) over at least 1 year was included. We used a published Bayesian hierarchical model, designed to minimize the effect of perimetric noise and learning. We compared the mean rate of MD progression between the two arms and measured the effect of post-operative mean IOP (MIOP), peak washed-out and mean washed-out IOP (WO-PIOP and WO-MIOP) and day-1 IOP. These IOP metrics were mean-centered and standardized (divided by their standard deviation, SD), to allow a direct comparison of their effect. Mean rate of MD progression. Data from 517 eyes (352 in the CS-HMS arm) were analyzed. The MD rate was -0.55 [-0.72, -0.39] dB/year (Mean [95%-Credible Intervals]) for the CS only arm and -0.30 [-0.38, -0.22] for the CS-HMS arm (44.6 [18.0, 64.2]% reduction, p = 0.004). Increase in all IOP metrics was significantly associated with a faster MD rate. MIOP, WO-MIOP and WO-PIOP had similar proportional effects. Day-1 IOP had a considerably smaller effect. The difference in rate between the two arms remained significant after adjusting for MIOP (p= 0.002), but was largely eliminated after adjusting for WO-MIOP and WO-PIOP (p= 0.396). The MD rate in the CS arm remained significantly faster than CS-HMS (p = 0.001) after removing eyes with a day-1 IOP spike (IOP > 40 mmHg or 10 mmHg above the washed-out baseline IOP). The MD rate was significantly slower in the CS-HMS arm in the HORIZON trial, compared to CS alone. This difference was not explained by day-1 IOP spikes or MIOP, but was largely accounted for by WO-IOP metrics.