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This paper aims to develop an on-board shock absorber detection method for general aviation aircraft. The effects of common gas and oleo leakage are analyzed in this paper. Based on the principle of landing gear dynamics, it is found that gas leakage and oleo leakage would mainly affect air spring force of shock absorbers in various ways. A rigid-flexible coupled landing gear multi-body system (MBS) model is developed by considering strut flexibility, aiming to offer more accurate simulated responses. A database is developed that considers common leakage faults and typical landing conditions using the developed landing gear model. A deep learning model is proposed in this paper. The proposed model is trained and tested using the database simulated from the rigid-flexible coupling landing gear model. The proposed method demonstrates robust detection performance, achieving over 95% precision for most fault types. This work provides a practical, sensor-efficient solution for real-time health monitoring of landing gear shock absorbers, contributing to improved maintenance strategies and operational safety for general aviation aircraft. As this is a preliminary feasibility study, full validation requires future drop tests or instrumented flight tests.

Most triacylglycerols (TAGs) in edible oils and fats are composed of long-chain fatty acids with 16 to 18 carbon atoms. In this study, we report the first identification of dioleoylacetylglycerol (OOAc), a TAG containing an acetyl group (AcTAG) in canola oil. AcTAG has been reported to exist in plants of the Akebia genus. In the process of analyzing minor components in canola oil using liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry (LC/MS), we found that OOAc was present in canola oil. Furthermore, when considering other edible oils (soybean oil, rice bran oil, olive oil, corn oil, palm oil, and lard), they contained OOAc at levels ranging from 9 to 210 mg/kg. Canola oil was found to contain a relatively high amount of OOAc. Although OOAc was initially detected in refined canola oil, a similar amount of OOAc was confirmed in unrefined oil extracted from canola seeds, suggesting that OOAc is naturally present in canola seeds and is not generated by refining processes such as neutralization, bleaching, and deodorization. The OOAc content varied depending on the origin of edible oils and fats. Subsequent LC/MS analysis of the edible oils and fats suggested the presence of other AcTAGs in addition to OOAc. This suggests that acetic acid could be generated from AcTAGs by hydrolyzing the oils and fats above. Therefore, measurement of acetic acid in edible oils was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with an electrical conductivity detector, revealing the presence of acetic acid in commonly used edible oils. The results showed that acetic acid was present in the abovementioned edible oils and fats at levels ranging from approximately 40 to 110 mg/kg. In particular, canola oil and soybean oil were found to contain higher amounts of acetic acid compared to other oils.

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The increasing cost and sustainability concerns associated with soybean meal (SBM) necessitate alternative protein sources for aquaculture feeds. This study evaluated graded replacement of SBM with silkworm pupae meal (SWPM; 0, 25, 50, and 75 %) combined with probiotics in Pangasius pangasius. Among ten screened probiotic strains, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum showed strong antimicrobial activity against major fish pathogens. A 90-day feeding trial demonstrated that diets containing 25 % and 50 % SWPM significantly improved growth performance compared to the control, increasing final body weight from 19.83 g to 27.39 g and 28.54 g, respectively, with a concurrent reduction in feed conversion ratio from 1.29 to 1.22 (p ≤ 0.001). Antioxidant capacity was markedly enhanced, as evidenced by reduced lipid peroxidation and elevated activities of superoxide dismutase (upto 236.9U/mg) and catalase (43.9U/mg) in the liver, kidney, and intestine (p ≤ 0.001). Gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, alongside strong upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (2.1-fold) at 25-50 % SWPM, whereas 75 % inclusion induced pro-inflammatory signaling. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 25-50 % SWPM combined with probiotics is optimal for enhancing growth, antioxidant defense, digestive efficiency, and immune homeostasis in P. pangasius, supporting its use in sustainable functional aquafeeds.

Structural colors observed in nature have attracted considerable scientific interest and inspired the development of artificial coloring materials based on periodic nanostructures. Although numerous structural color materials have been proposed, reports on all-liquid systems, which can be incorporated into devices of arbitrary shapes, remain limited. We previously demonstrated that all-liquid emulsions composed of a long-chain amidoamine derivative (C18AA) and tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB) exhibit structural coloration within two temperature regions. For the formation of such coloring emulsions, the development of a stable interfacial layer of C18AA adsorbed at the toluene-water interface is crucial. However, it remains unclear whether other amphiphilic compounds can contribute to the formation of this interfacial layer. In this study, the effects of adding different amphiphilic compounds on the coloring behavior of C18AA emulsions was investigated, and their incorporation into the interfacial layer of C18AA was explored. Stearic acid, octadecylamine, and octadecanol did not considerably affect the coloring behavior. In contrast, C18AOH, in which the terminal amine group of C18AA is replaced by a hydroxyl group, could be incorporated into the C18AA interfacial layer. This insertion increased the toluene-water interfacial area, resulting in a blue shift of the observed color. Similar incorporation effects were observed for C16AOH and C14AOH, which have shorter alkyl chains. These findings can facilitate the color and thermal response tuning of all-liquid structural color emulsions based on interfacial engineering.

Myrsine linearis (Lour.) is a medicinal plant in Vietnam that was used to treat various diseases. However, the phytochemical and biological activities of this plant have not been extensively investigated. Therefore, this study extracted the essential oil from Myrsine linearis leaves (MLEO), followed by the identification of phytochemical components and the evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities in vitro and in silico. The results showed that major constituents in MLEO were β-caryophyllene (11.3 %), α-humulene (10.3 %), caryophyllene oxide (4.6 %), and spathulenol (4.3 %). MLEO inhibited the protein denaturation (IC50 =34.01±5.64 µg/mL) and inhibited nitric oxide release in LPS-induced macrophage with the value of 33.19±1.78 %. The main compounds in MLEO bound to cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase, with binding energy values ranging from -6.1 to -7.5 kcal/mol, similar to those of positive controls. Additionally, MLEO demonstrated cytotoxicity against different cancer cells, with IC50 values ranging from 20.26±1.1 µg/mL to 21.11±1.41 µg/mL. Therefore, MLEO is a promising candidate for supporting the treatment of diseases relating to inflammation and cancer.

Biotic diversification in ancient lakes is shaped by complex geological histories and genetic exchange among populations. The Malili Lake system on Sulawesi Island represents a classic natural laboratory for studying freshwater fish evolution and harbors multiple endemic Oryzias species that diversified under repeated hydrological reorganizations. Previous genomic analyses inferred that two sympatric species in Lake Towuti (O. profundicola and O. loxolepis) experienced a single ancient introgression event from a "ghost lineage" derived from O. marmoratus inhabiting another lake. However, recent taxonomic re-evaluation has revealed the presence of an extant O. marmoratus population within Lake Towuti itself. This finding suggests that the putative ghost lineage may in fact represent a living population co-occurring in the lake, calling for a re-examination of the introgression history and speciation mode in Lake Towuti. By incorporating newly generated ddRAD-seq data from the true O. marmoratus in Lake Towuti, we reanalyzed phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structure among Malili Lake Oryzias. Previously reported major phylogenetic relationships and inter-lake introgression patterns were largely reproduced. In contrast, TreeMix and f4-statistic analyses revealed that introgression signals previously attributed to a "ghost lineage" into O. profundicola and O. loxolepis instead originated from the extant O. marmoratus population coexisting within Lake Towuti. Demographic model comparisons explicitly incorporating within-lake gene flow further supported a scenario in which O. profundicola and O. loxolepis diverged in allopatry, subsequently came into secondary contact within Lake Towuti, and later experienced additional gene flow following secondary contact with O. marmoratus that entered the lake. Our results demonstrate that introgression from the O. marmoratus lineage into O. profundicola and O. loxolepis was not a single ancient event, but rather a more sustained process. This finding highlights the critical importance of taxonomic resolution for accurately inferring introgression and divergence history. Comparative studies across other ancient lakes on Sulawesi will be valuable for understanding how the timing and nature of gene flow from third lineages influence patterns of population divergence and the strength of reproductive isolation.

The Zingiberaceae family has long been used in traditional medicine due to its rich array of secondary metabolites. However, its low bioavailability, limited stability in its native form, degradation during digestion, and poor solubility in water all restrict its absorption in the human body. Fermentation represents an effective biotechnological method for modifying the phytochemical composition and potentially enhancing its pharmacological effects. This study aims to explore the impact of fermentation on Zingiberaceae, focusing on the alteration of phytochemical profiles and the enhancement of pharmacological activities. Articles were sourced from the Scopus and PubMed databases and filtered for publications between 2015 and 2025; there were 2 articles that were electronically removed before screening due to duplication, yielding 62 articles. These articles were then further screened based on titles, abstracts, and full texts, resulting in five relevant studies. Fermentation was found to improve the phytochemical profile, influenced by the microbial strains used and the physicochemical properties of the phytochemicals. The fermentation process enhanced the stability of compounds, such as converting 6-gingerol to 6-shogaol and transforming glycosides into aglycones, which are more easily absorbed by the body. Additionally, fermentation increased phenolic and flavonoid content, accompanied by enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Pharmacologically, in vitro studies showed that fermented extracts modulate cytokine signaling pathways in immune cells while enhancing anti-aging properties and skin barrier protection. Meanwhile, in vivo studies demonstrated improvements in metabolic regulation and neuroprotective effects in cognitive disorders. Further mechanistic investigations are needed to clarify the pathways through which fermentation influences the behavior of phytoconstituents and their pharmacological performance. This review provides an overview of preclinical fermentation studies on Zingiberaceae plants, both in vitro and in vivo, with a focus on their phytochemical composition and effectiveness in enhancing pharmacological activity.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibit overlapping molecular pathways characterized by oxidative imbalance and enzyme dysfunction. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the multifunctional potential of Folliculi sennae (F. sennae) ethanol extract as a natural therapeutic agent targeting these disorders. Phenolic profiling using LC-MS/MS revealed abundant bioactive compounds, including quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and gallic acid, with high linearity and reproducibility. The extract exhibited moderate antioxidant activity across DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays, highlighting its redox-modulating capacity. Importantly, enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated notable inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, IC50 = 10.34 µg/mL), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, IC50 = 7.72 µg/mL), and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 6.66 µg/mL), indicating potential neuroprotective and antidiabetic effects. These findings suggest that F. sennae orchestrates a synergistic interplay between antioxidant defense and targeted enzymatic inhibition, positioning it as a promising multitarget natural candidate for managing oxidative stress-linked neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders. The study lays the biochemical groundwork for future translational research exploring F. sennae as a safe, plant-based therapeutic intervention.

Biomass is a sustainable carbon source to produce porous carbon materials. Due to the high surface area, tunable porosity, surface functionalities and high chemical stability, biomass carbons have extensively explored in sensing, separation, and energy storage and conversion applications. Here, we report on the fabrication of nanoporous activated carbon materials from a novel biomass precursor Achyranthus bidentata (Datiwan), using a low-energy method (carbonized at 500 °C). The effects of chemical activators (phosphoric acid (H3PO4), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) on surface textural properties and energy storage capacity were systematically studied. The H3PO4 and ZnCl2 activated samples (DAC-H500, DAC-Z500) exhibited the specific surface area of 724 and 758 m2 g-1, respectively, and retained abundant surface oxygen functionalities, thereby leveraging decent specific capacitance of 201 F g-1 and 140 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 with 51 % and 61.3 % retention of their initial capacitance values at 10 A g-1. The symmetric cell assembled with the DAC-Z500 delivered 3.5 Wh kg-1 energy density at a power density of 590 W kg-1 with good cycle life of 76 % and 98 % coulombic efficiency after 10,000 consecutive charge/discharge cycles. Datiwan, a self-grown, abundant biomass that is indirectly contributing to carbon emissions, is being utilized to prepare nanoporous carbon at a lower temperature, and it shows significant potential as an electrode material in energy storage applications.

Rice bran oil has attracted increasing attention not only for its nutritional ingredients, such as triacylglycerol with a well-balanced essential fatty acid composition, but also for its functional ingredients such as plant sterol, vitamin E, and γ-oryzanol. However, their accurate evaluation remains challenging because these ingredients exist as mixtures of structurally similar molecular species. This review introduces (1) the total measurement of triacylglycerol molecular species using near-infrared spectroscopy, (2) detailed individual measurement of γ-oryzanol molecular species using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and (3) insights into the absorption and metabolism of γ-oryzanol molecular species using LC/MS. These technologies and insights are expected to ensure the health functionality of rice bran oil and to contribute to more efficient, high-quality rice bran oil production.

The bioavailability of highly lipophilic, poorly soluble drugs can be improved effectively, when formulated in lipid-based systems. Solid lipids generally offer greater physical robustness than liquid lipids but slower release. Hot-melt extrusion (HME) and additive manufacturing (AM) enable personalized release by tailoring composition and geometry. However, the limited availability of suitable solid lipid-based materials, particularly for processing thermolabile and lipophilic drugs, restricts their application. Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (PGFAs) represent a promising class of lipids due to their stable α-form, tunable hydrophilicity, and printability. Nevertheless, the interplay between lipid processing, solid state, and rheological behavior remains insufficiently understood for HME and AM. In this study, felodipine (Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II drug) was incorporated into a PGFA matrix to obtain a fully dissolved system at the minimum processing temperature. Drug loading induced melting point depression, delayed crystallization, and introduced disorder in crystal packing, thereby weakening the crystal network and enhancing filament flexibility, enabling printability. Printable filaments were achieved at 95 °C, while an undetectable crystalline drug was observed at 120 °C. This work demonstrates that drug-lipid interactions can be employed to enhance processability: while low-temperature processing of PGFA was feasible, drug modifications into the lipid solid state impacted the rheological and mechanical properties essential for additive manufacturing. Beyond this specific system, this study provides a rational proof of concept for processing solid and liquid lipids via continuous melt-based technologies.

The multifunctional β-carotene synthase, CrtIBY, derived from Aurantiochytrium sp. KH105 catalyzes to produce β-carotene from geranylgeranyl diphosphate through three serial enzymatic reactions with a trace amount of intermediates such as phytoene and lycopene. In this research, the functions of domains of CrtIBY were studied and the product specificity was modified by protein engineering techniques including the removal of functional motif and site-directed mutagenesis. Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformants expressing the functionally modified CrtIBY mutants accumulated phytoene and lycopene. These mutants are expected to be useful to supply raw materials of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and health foods.

The friction characteristics of organogel-type cosmetics play a crucial role in texture improvement. In this study, we evaluated the friction behavior of 32 organogel-type cosmetics when they were applied to artificial skin utilizing a sinusoidal motion friction evaluation system. The principal component analysis on the friction parameters demonstrated that the principal components Z1 and Z2 incorporated the static friction coefficient μs, dynamic friction coefficient μk, delay time δ, and viscosity coefficient C. The cluster analysis on Z1 and Z2 classified these cosmetics into four different categories based on friction dynamics: Group 1 comprised 14 formulations containing hydrogenated polyisobutene (a low-polarity oil) and triethylhexanoin (a medium-polarity oil); Group 2 comprises cosmetics with high pigment content, hardness and friction coefficient; Group 3 comprises cosmetics with high viscosity response. and positive velocity dependence due to the presence of various paste-type oils; and Group 4, in which the friction coefficient decreases with the increasing acceleration at the onset of sliding, demonstrates a negative viscosity coefficient. These cosmetics contain medium- to high-polarity oils exemplified by diisostearyl malate and tri(caprylic/capric)glyceryl. The classification method based on friction parameters proposed in this study is useful for understanding the application texture of organogel-type cosmetics and designing improved formulations.

Ozonated edible oils have garnered increasing attention as potential functional food ingredients for managing metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a condition primarily driven by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. This study aimed to elucidate (i) which fraction of ozonated olive oil mediates its hepatoprotective effects and (ii) whether the degree of fatty acid unsaturation influences the physiological responses to ozonated lipids. In Experiment 1, olive oil was fractionated into saponifiable (SAP) and unsaponifiable (unSAP) components, which were then subjected to ozonation, and subsequently incorporated into the diet of db/db mice. Ozonated SAP significantly reduced the hepatic triglyceride accumulation and suppressed the fatty acid synthesis pathway, as indicated by decreased fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity and downregulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), FAS, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, while attenuating monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1)-driven inflammation. Conversely, ozonated unSAP demonstrated no improvement. In Experiment 2, db/db mice were fed diets containing triolein or a mixed triacylglycerol, in ozonated or non-ozonated forms. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA to evaluate the main effects of fatty acid type and ozonation. Ozonation markedly reduced liver weight and hepatic triglycerides irrespective of fatty acid type. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly lowered by ozonation, with the fatty acid type contributing to an additional independent reduction. Mechanistically, ozonation downregulated lipogenic genes (ACC1 and FAS) and reduced the expression of inflammatory markers (MCP1 and interleukin 1β). Heme oxygenase 1 expression was significantly induced by both fatty acid type and ozonation; these independent effects suggest the additive activation of the antioxidant defense pathway. Ozonation modified hepatic lipid mediators, consistent with reduced inflammation and improved metabolism. These findings demonstrate that triacylglycerol ozonation generates bioactive ozonides that mitigate hepatic steatosis and inflammation, supporting their potential use in MASLD management.

Lipases are biocatalysts of great industrial and agricultural importance. The production of lipase by microbial sources can be optimized by adjusting the physicochemical and nutritional parameters. The aim of the present study was to determine the optimal production of extracellular lipase by Aspergillus flavus in solid-state fermentation and to evaluate its impact on lipid mobilization and seed germination in Brassica napus. A. flavus, a morphologically identified and molecularly confirmed strain, was initially isolated from oil-roasted bread and cultured on malt extract agar for enzyme production under solid-state fermentation. Optimization of fermentation parameters, including incubation time, temperature, pH, inoculum type and size, substrate type and concentration, and supplementation with metal ions, carbon, oil, and nitrogen sources, was performed using the one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) approach as a preliminary optimization method. Lipase activity was determined by a titrimetric method using an olive oil emulsion. The optimized enzyme extract was applied to B. napus seeds to assess its effects on germination, seedling growth, and lipid mobilization. The optimal conditions were 48 h incubation, 40 °C, pH 8, spore inoculum (1 mL), 20 g Nigella meal, 2 % (w/v) CdCl2, 3 % (w/v) fructose, 3 % (v/v) mustard oil, 2 % (w/v) ammonium sulfate, and 1 % (w/v) yeast extract, resulting in maximum extracellular lipase activity (14.99 ± 1.66 U mL-1). Application of the optimized lipase significantly improved germination, radicle length, seedling fresh weight, and free fatty acid content by 12.8 %, 31.4 %, 16.4 %, and 50.4 %, respectively (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the control, indicating enhanced lipid mobilization and seed vigor. These findings demonstrate the potential of fungal lipase in industrial production and agricultural applications, particularly in improving seed germination and early seedling development.

This study investigated the synergistic effect of dispersed microbubble (MB) liquids and siphon-type washing on the removal of starch paste, a model food soil, from five substrate materials with different surface properties: polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylic resin, glass, aluminum, and stainless steel. The cleaning performance was quantitatively evaluated through mass loss measurements and washing rate calculations. The influence of MB size distribution, stability, and surfactant type (anionic, cationic, and nonionic) on the detergency mechanism was systematically investigated. MB dispersions in tap water achieved a maximum washing rate enhancement ratio of 1.56 across all substrates. However, surfactant addition exhibited divergent effects on MB-enhanced cleaning: anionic surfactants [linear alkylbenzene sulfonate] significantly improved detergency, nonionic surfactants [polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether] showed moderate enhancement, whereas cationic surfactants [benzalkonium chloride] resulted in diminished or negligible cleaning performance on specific substrates. Characterization of MB dynamics revealed that surfactant-containing systems generated smaller bubbles with reduced stability and increased susceptibility to collapse, while MBs in tap water exhibited superior size retention and longevity. A positive correlation between washing rate enhancement and static contact angle reduction indicated that interfacial wettability modification is a critical factor in MB-assisted cleaning. The proposed detergency mechanism involves electrostatic interaction between negatively charged MB interfaces and soil particles, modulated by surfactant adsorption behavior at the gas-liquid interface. The vertical upward flow pattern characteristic of siphon-type washing was found to synergistically exploit MB buoyancy, resulting in enhanced soil detachment compared to conventional horizontal flow systems. These findings demonstrate that optimizing MB generation conditions, surfactant selection, and hydrodynamic flow configurations can significantly enhance cleaning efficiency for soil removal applications.