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Purpose The paper attempts to gain a better understanding of the reasons for advertisers to use nudity in European advertising campaigns and, more precisely, whether a print ad that uses nudity is more or less effective than an ad without nudity in the Czech Republic, Spain, and France. Design/methodology/approach An experiment carried out in three European countries (Czech Republic, Spain, France) exposes young consumers to an experimental magazine containing an advertisement that shows either a woman's face or her topless body. Findings Nationality does not appear to influence preferences for advertisements with or without nudity. Although differences emerge among the three countries in attitudes toward the ad (Aad), they are independent of the ad type and consistently reflect the same trends within each country. Gender influences Aad, and women adopt more negative Aad when they see nudity compared with when they do not, in contrast with men, regardless of their country. Research limitations/implications Attitudes toward advertising in general vary significantly among European countries, even for seemingly homogeneous targets. Specific adaptations likely are needed not just with regard to nudity but more generally in terms of the content of ads. Practical implications Advertisers that question the relevance of nudity in their advertising campaigns should take great care to define their target market by gender – even more so than in terms of the European country in which the advertising will appear. Originality/value Women adopt more negative attitudes toward advertisements that use sexy female models than do men, and this effect is independent of nationality in a European context.

W5TT 'rhen people speak of nudity in theatrical performance, they tend to refer to actions in which actors expose their genital organs to the audience. Even to an entirely female audience, female performers who expose their breasts will appear more than male performers who expose their bare chests. Nudity in performance refers to the exposure of the most erotically exciting and excitable sexual identifiers of the body, with exposed genitals being the most complete proof of the body's vulnerability to desire and the appropriating gaze of the Other. However, this view of nudity entails some difficulties in relation to theatrical practice. For instance, some performers have used flesh-colored bodystockings to simulate nudity, while others have used prosthetic genitals or breasts as part of a costume which in fact conceals the body of the performer. Consider also those theatrical scenes in which the spectator knows the actor is really nude but cannot see this nudity sufficiently, because clever light and shadow veil the body. Another device for suggesting nudity is to have the actor stand behind a screen upon which he projects his silhouette while he takes off his costume; when he finishes stripping, he appears naked to the spectator when he actually is not.

This study partially replicates and extends previous research on nudity by examining TV advertising across multiple countries (Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, South Korea, Thailand and the United States) and by incorporating multiple factors (cultural values, advertising regulation and product type). Results show that female (but not male) nudity differed substantially across countries, and females were portrayed in greater states of undress than males. US and Chinese commercials showed the lowest level of nudity, whereas German and Thai ads showed the highest level. Cultural values (masculinity/ femininity) and advertising regulation (pre-clearance policy) explain only minimally the degree of model nudity in ads across the countries. Although each of the three factors offers some value for predicting degrees of male and female nudity, congruent product category appears to be the most significant predictor, supporting a match-up hypothesis and congruency theory. Results are discussed in terms of global advertising strategy.

The Greeks saw their custom of athletic male nudity as something that set them apart from the barbarians, as well as from their own past. A survey of male nudity as a costume in Greece attempts to trace its origin in eighth-century ritual, its gradual transformation from initiation rites to the "civic" nudity of the Classical period, and its significance in various religious, magic, and social contexts. The character of this institution can be seen more clearly by comparing it with earlier Near Eastern attitudes to nakedness, and to the later contemporary "barbarian" attitudes of the Hebrews, Etruscans, and Gauls, as well as to the contemporary views of female nudity, before its acceptance in the Hellenistic period.

Female nudity in advertising varies greatly across Europe and the world. However, in studying extant literature regarding female nudity in advertising a number of limitations emerge. In particular, existing research into consumer attitudes fails to recognize sexuality and cultural differences. The aim of this research is to explore and describe consumer attitudes to the depiction of female nudity in advertising in the UK; a previously overlooked context. In addition, in order to overcome omissions in existing empirical research, a secondary aim is to explore such issues from a variety of perspectives by noting and incorporating into the analysis participant sexuality. The literature review concentrates on the key areas of sex roles in advertising, sex appeal and arousal in advertising, female nudity in advertising and the application of literary, feminist and art theory to advertising research. Thereafter follows a discussion and justification of focus groups as the chosen method that incorporates a detailed description of the informants (including details of informant sexuality and sex) as well as a breakdown of the choice of advertising material. Following from this are the results and discussion that focus on six key themes: sex and sex approval; the gaze; sexual and non-sexual use of nudity; femininity and androgyny; congruence; and authorial intent and reader response. The article concludes with a discussion of the main implications of the study and with the forwarding of suggestions for further research.

Abstract While a body of research has examined the effects of nudity appeals in advertising, previous studies examining the question of product/nudity congruency have failed to consider product categories of equivalent levels of involvement and towards which respondents had similar purchase intention. In this experimental study, we examine the role which product/nudity congruency and levels of nudity have on several measures of advertising effectiveness. We also examine the effect of the usa between these two variables. Our findings suggest that product type and the interaction between degree of nudity and product both influence significantly certain measures of advertising effectiveness. Implications for marketing professionals and researchers are outlined, along with directions for future research.

Explores gender specific attitudes toward the ad and attitudes toward the brand under varying degrees of female nudity in ad treatment conditions. Shows that while female nudity is extremely common in women′s magazines, men are not only far more positive than women in their attitude toward an ad using explicit female nudity, but also stronger in their positive feelings toward the product and the brand. Finds that women are far more tense than men when exposed to overt female nudity in ads. Discusses implications for advertising strategy.

SUMMARY This study examines to what extent degrees of nudity presented in advertising differ across five countries (Brazil, China, South Korea, Thailand, and the U.S.). Content is examined by media type (TV vs. magazine) and product category (congruent vs. others). Results show that Thai and U.S. ads employ the highest degrees of nudity, whereas Chinese ads present the lowest degrees. Across all the countries, magazine ads and congruent-product ads employ higher degrees of nudity than TV ads and non-congruent product ads. The effect of product type on degrees of nudity is stronger in TV ads than in magazine ads and the interaction effect between media type and product type also varies across the countries. Our study provides richer and more specific implications for global advertising strategy with respect to representation of models and use of sex appeals.

<JATS1:p>Far beyond mere physical protection, clothing functions as a fundamental cultural symbol system: it indicates group identity, gender differentiation, specific occasions, and social status. Clothing is indisputably linked to how humans perceive and have perceived nudity, and customs of clothing and their relationship to concepts of nudity provide valuable insights into the norms and values of societies and religions. These aspects are all addressed across the volumes three parts. Part one places nudity and clothing in ancient Israel in context, with discussions of methodology, the ancient Near Eastern evidence (archaeology, material culture and iconography) and an assessment of central aspects of the biblical material (fabrication and use of textiles, lexicography, theological and anthropological implications). Part two looks at key themes such as mourning, death, encounter with the divine and issues of power and status. Finally, part three presents close studies of key passages from narrative, prophetic and wisdom texts where clothing and nudity play an important role.</JATS1:p>

Abstract Abstract The present study uses a causal-modeling approach to evaluate an experimental manipulation of female nudity in print advertising. A hypothetical model which includes a multi-dimensional structure of arousal acting as an intervening factor between the ad nudity stimulus and resulting cognitive impressions of the ad is proposed. The results lend particular insight into the complex underpinnings of the psychophysiological response to female nudity in advertising. Important theoretical implications and future research directions are discussed.

This article uses photographs to explore the meanings of nudity in a district of Bangladesh. Throughout the colonial and postcolonial periods, photography was a major tool here in the framing of a confrontation between local and external cultural styles. In this confrontation, nudity was used as a visual marker of specific, but contradictory, local characteristics. It stood variously for primitivity, underdevelopment, indecency and indigeneity. In the dominant discourses, one group in particular, the Mru, was singled out to represent these characteristics. Photographs of the Mru reveal a politics of nudity which is illustrated here by exploring three themes: enforced authenticity, enforced decency, and folklorization. The article links these photographs with wider discussions about romantic views of the exotic, about Orientalist representations—not just by Northerners but also by Southern nationalist elites and post-colonial intellectuals—, about development, and about minority rights. It is argued that the case of this district, the Chittagong Hill Tracts, is particularly instructive because here a politics of nudity can be seen to have underpinned deeply intrusive policies of development, oppression, expulsion and war.

A field experiment was conducted in order to test the assumptions by the Supreme Court in Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc. (1991) and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in Colacurcio v. City of Kent (1999) that government restrictions on dancer nudity and dancer-patron proximity do not affect the content of messages conveyed by erotic dancers. A field experiment was conducted in which dancer nudity (nude vs. partial clothing) and dancer-patron proximity (4 feet; 6 in.; 6 in. plus touch) were manipulated under controlled conditions in an adult night club. After male patrons viewed the dances, they completed questionnaires assessing affective states and reception of erotic, relational intimacy, and social messages. Contrary to the assumptions of the courts, the results showed that the content of messages conveyed by the dancers was significantly altered by restrictions placed on dancer nudity and dancer-patron proximity. These findings are interpreted in terms of social psychological responses to nudity and communication theories of nonverbal behavior. The legal implications of rejecting the assumptions made by the courts in light of the findings of this study are discussed. Finally, suggestions are made for future research.

Many societal changes have occurred since earlier studies on sex in advertising. This study investigated attitudes oftoday’s young consumers, 386 junior and senior marketing students, toward the use of nudity in advertising suntan lotion. Four test ads were developed featuring the product only, a model wearing a one-piece swimsuit, a topless model, and a nude model.Although some perceptions were negative, nudity resulted in a more attention-getting, interesting, appealing ad, and a more distinctive brand. The nude model was generally more favorably rated than the topless model. Those firms willing to risk the adverse effects of nudity in their advertising, should consider “going all the way” with nude models rather than merely “adding a little spice” with topless models.

Contents: The meanings of nudity in medieval art: an introduction, Sherry C.M. Lindquist The survival and reception of the classical nude: Venus in the Middle Ages, Jane C. Long Male nudes and embodied spirituality in Romanesque sculpture, Kirk Ambrose The naked jongleur in the margins: manuscript contexts for social meanings, Elizabeth Moore Hunt A son's gaze on Noah: case or cause of viriliphobia?, Madeleine H. Caviness Uncovering the meanings of nudity in the Belles Heures of Jean, Duke of Berry, Martha Easton Pubics and privates: body hair in late medieval art, Penny Howell Jolly Nudity as natural garment: seeing through Adam and Eve's skin, Linda Seidel Integritas, proportio and claritas: the body in Tuscan representations of Baptism 1300a 1450, VA(c)ronique Dalmasso Christ bared: problems of viewing and powers of exposing, Corine Schleif Sin or sexual pleasure? A little-known nude bather in a Flemish Book of Hours, Diane Wolfthal Reconsidering the nude: Northern tradition and Venetian innovation, Paula Nuttall Epilogue, Madeline H. Caviness Indexes.

The combination of multimedia technology and Internet provides an amiss channel for pornographic contents accessible by certain sensitive groups of people. Furthermore, the same channel provides the easiest medium to distribute illicit images and videos without an autonomous content supervision process. In this study, an application was developed grounded from a pixel-based approach and a skin tone detection filter to identify images and videos with a large skin color count and considered as pornographic in nature. With nudity detection algorithm as the foundation of the system, all multimedia files were preprocessed, segmented, and filtered to analyze skin-colored pixels by processing in YCbCr space and then classifying it as skin or non-skin pixels. Afterwards, the percentage of skin pixels relative to the size of the frames is calculated to be part of the mean baseline for nudity and non-nudity materials. Lastly, the application classifies the files as nude or not, and then filter it. The application was evaluated by supplying a dataset of 1,239 multimedia files (Images = 986; Videos = 253) collected from the Web. On the final testing set, the application obtained a precision of 90.33% and accuracy of 80.23% using the supplied dataset.

Automatic nudity detection strategies play an important role in solutions focusing on controlling access to inappropriate content. These strategies usually apply filter or similar approaches in order to detect nudity in digital images. In this paper we propose a strategy for nudity detection based on applying image zoning. Moreover, we perform feature extraction using color and texture information, as well as feature selection, focusing on pointing out the most relevant features. SVM is used for image classification. Experimental results demonstrate that an effective improvement in terms of accuracy is attained by using the zoning strategy. In addition, the highest classification rates are obtained by combining two color-based and two texture-based features, which shows that it is possible to reduce the number of features while keeping high classification rates.

In mice, rats, and humans, loss of function of Foxn1, a member of the winged helix/forkhead family of transcription factors, leads to macroscopic nudity and an inborn dysgenesis of the thymus. Nude (Foxn1(nu)/Foxn1(nu)) mice develop largely normal hair follicles and produce hair shafts. However, presumably because of a lack of certain hair keratins, the hair shafts that are generated twist and coil in the hair follicle infundibulum, which becomes dilated. Since hair shafts fail to penetrate the epidermis, macroscopic nudity results and generates the - grossly misleading - impression that nude mice are hairless. Here, we provide an overview of what is known on the role of Foxn1 in mammalian skin biology, its expression patterns in the hair follicle, its influence on hair follicle function, and onychocyte differentiation. We focus on the mechanisms and signaling pathways by which Foxn1 modulates keratinocyte differentiation in the hair follicle and nail apparatus and summarize the current knowledge on the molecular and functional consequences of a loss of function of the Foxn1 protein in skin. Foxn1 target genes, gene regulation of Foxn, and pharmacological manipulation of the nude phenotype (e.g. by cyclosporine A, KGF, and vitamin D3) are discussed, and important open questions as well as promising research strategies in Foxn1 biology are defined. Taken together, this review aims at delineating why enhanced research efforts in this comparatively neglected field of investigative dermatology promise important new insights into the controls of epithelial differentiation in mammalian skin.

The controversy concerning the nudity of the male protagonists in David's Intervention of the Sabines (1799) can be understood only by interrogating the wider gender politics of nudity a la grecque in Directory France. At stake in the scandal of nudity was not only classicism but the Republic. By the late 1790s, neither could be disengaged from anxieties about fashion, women's sexuality, and women's viewing.