Nanotechnology has introduced transformative advancements in the food industry, significantly improving food safety, quality, and sustainability. This review provides a comprehensive review of the role of nanotechnology in various aspects of food development, including packaging, processing, storage, and safety protocols. It highlights the innovative applications of nanomaterials in enhancing food bioavailability, optimizing texture, and refining taste. The synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and encapsulation technologies are explored for their role in preserving and delivering bioactive ingredients and flavours. Additionally, the integration of nano sensors into smart and active packaging systems offers new opportunities for real-time monitoring of food quality and safety. The review also discusses the toxicological impacts of nanomaterials and emphasizes the need for continued research in this rapidly evolving field. Overall, nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize food production, ensuring improved safety and sustainability while meeting the growing global demand for quality food products.
The convergence of nanotechnology and genome editing in plant sciences is redefining modern precision breeding through efficient, transgene free, tissue culture independent pathways for genetic improvement in crops. Conventional breeding and transgenic tools are limited to genotype dependency, inefficient gene delivery, unpredictable transgene insertions, thereby restricting their application in elite germplasm. Nanoparticles-mediated gene delivery systems have revolutionized the genetic transformation in plants through targeted and transgene free delivery of CRISPR/Cas ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), DNA, and RNA into plant cells, while minimizing genome interference. Nanocarriers are the engineered delivery systems wherein the material component is a nanoparticle. DNA-free delivery refers to the absence of exogenous DNA during editing, whereas transgene free plants are those that do not retain integrated foreign DNA after regeneration. Firstly, this review summarizes current progress in designing nanocarriers, including lipid, polymeric, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, layered double hydroxides, and DNA-based nanoparticles; harnessing the function of their physicochemical traits in modulating plant cellular uptake, cargo stability, controlled delivery, and tissue specific targeting in plants. Secondly, the broad-spectrum roles of nano particles in genome editing, crop protection via RNA interference, organelle-targeted modifications are discussed, stressing transgene free approaches to mitigate somaclonal variation and regulatory concerns to foster public acceptance. The integration of nano-mediated delivery with speed breeding, meristem transformation, multiplexed editing in elite germplasm is proposed as an approach for prompt trait stacking and validation. Thirdly, the collaborative roles of experts in the field of nanotechnology, plant breeding, plant physiology, and agronomy are mentioned for mitigating multifaceted climatic effects and glitches. Moreover, current challenges including nanotoxicity, scalability and field translation, regulatory concerns, and public perception are also discussed. While nanocarrier mediated delivery shows strong potential for improving plant genome engineering, current evidence is largely confined to controlled experimental systems, and significant challenges remain before routine integration into breeding pipelines becomes feasible.
Bleeding, a critical complication in trauma, surgery, and conditions such as hemophilia, liver cirrhosis, and thrombocytopenia, often leads to shock or death. The limitations of traditional hemostatic methods-such as compression, suturing, and electrocautery-have prompted the development of advanced biomaterials. In modern research, intelligent, multi-mechanism systems have supplanted basic physical or chemical approaches. Biomimetic designs, such as platelet- and fibrin-inspired materials, alongside nanotechnology (e.g. nanoparticle carriers and electrospun fibers) and stimuli-responsive polymers (e.g. light- or temperature-triggered), enable targeted clotting, controlled drug release, and enhanced wound adhesion. Additionally, 3D printing and microfluidics allow precise material modification, further boosting hemostatic efficiency. Despite these advances, clinical translation faces challenges related to biocompatibility, mass production, and patient-specific customization. Future progress is likely to integrate multidisciplinary technologies, such as artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, smart regulation, and personalized therapies, to improve hemorrhage management. These innovations aim to bridge the gap between laboratory research and clinical application, offering safer, more effective solutions for trauma and surgical interventions.
Kidney stone disease is one of the most common urologic disorders worldwide and imposes a growing clinical and socioeconomic burden because of its rising prevalence, high recurrence rate, and association with chronic kidney injury and systemic metabolic abnormalities. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones remain the predominant stone type, and their formation is now recognized as a multistep process involving urinary supersaturation, crystal nucleation and growth, tubular epithelial injury, oxidative stress, inflammation, and crystal retention. Although current management strategies, including dietary modification, pharmacologic prevention, and endourologic interventions, have substantially improved stone clearance, important limitations remain. These include inadequate early detection, suboptimal prevention of recurrence, insufficient targeting of the local renal microenvironment, and procedure-related complications. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer new opportunities to address these unmet needs. Owing to their large specific surface area, tunable physicochemical properties, versatile surface functionalization, and capacity for multimodal integration, nanomaterials have shown considerable promise in metabolic sensing, urinary biomarker detection, targeted drug delivery, modulation of crystal growth, biomimetic renal targeting, and photothermal or photoresponsive lithotripsy. In parallel, the convergence of nanotechnology with artificial intelligence, smart diagnostic devices, and personalized metabolic profiling is reshaping kidney stone management. This shift is moving the field from passive stone removal toward active risk prediction, dynamic monitoring, and precision prevention. In this review, we summarize recent advances in nanomaterial-based strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of kidney stones, with particular emphasis on CaOx disease. We also discuss the major translational barriers, including biocompatibility, long-term safety, regulatory complexity, scalable manufacturing, and cost-effectiveness, and outline future directions for clinically integrated, intelligent, and individualized stone care.
Major neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are pathologically driven by mitochondrial failure and persistent neuroinflammation. Defects in oxidative phosphorylation, excess Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and impaired mitophagy cause an imbalance in neuronal energy and promote the release of mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) that activate microglial inflammasomes and enhance inflammatory signalling. Current therapeutic strategies have largely targeted individual pathways and have been unable to effectively modulate this interrelated mitochondrial immune axis or achieve efficient delivery to the Central Nervous System (CNS). This review addresses the dual promise of berberine therapy, a biologically active plant alkaloid that enhances mitochondrial production via AMPK/PGC-1α and SIRT1, restores membrane potential, promotes mitophagy, and inhibits NF-κB and NLRP3-mediated inflammation. Nevertheless, this compound's weak solubility, limited bioavailability, and extremely poor Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) penetration limit its therapeutic application. Encapsulation of berberine in polymeric nanoparticles, including Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based polymeric nanoparticle systems, offers improved stability, bioavailability, and targeted mitochondrial delivery. An effective method for reducing neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction is this comprehensive phytochemical nanotechnology technique.
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), particularly monolayer MoS2, have received increased attention in materials science and have been exploited in diverse applications, from photonics to catalysis. Defects in TMDs play a crucial role in modulating their properties, and understanding defect-induced dynamics is of great importance. This study investigates the dynamics of sulfur depletion in defective monolayer MoS2, which yields stable MoS monolayers. Various defect sizes, temperature regimes (300-1000 K), and substrate effects were investigated. Through comprehensive classical molecular dynamics (CMD) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, we elucidate the dynamics of sulfur vacancy formation in MoS2 lattices. After removal of all sulfur atoms from the top layer, several sulfur atoms from the bottom layer spontaneously migrate to the top layer as a response to increase structural stability, thus creating a MoS x alloy. These findings deepen our understanding of defect dynamics in TMDs, offering valuable insights into the controlled engineering of their properties for nanotechnology applications.
Introduction  Nanorobotic technology may represent a promising advancement in precision-based surgical interventions for head and neck tumors. This study aimed to evaluate clinicians' decision-making preferences regarding hypothetical nanorobotic applications in the management of head and neck tumors using a vignette-based approach. Materials and methods  This cross-sectional, vignette-based survey was conducted among oral and maxillofacial surgeons and anesthesiologists. A validated, self-administered questionnaire comprising demographic details and six clinical scenarios was used. Each vignette offered three treatment options: conventional, robot-assisted, and nanorobotic approaches, and assessed preference, confidence, perceived safety, willingness to adopt, and primary concerns. The data were then analyzed. Descriptive statistics were computed, and associations were evaluated using the chi-square test. Ordinal variables were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc correction. Results  A total of 120 clinicians participated in the study. Nanorobotic approaches were significantly preferred in lymph node metastasis, deep-seated tumors, and medically compromised patients compared to conventional and robot-assisted approaches (p < 0.001), whereas conventional surgery was favored in facial nerve tumors (p = 0.012) and microvascular reconstruction (p = 0.008). No significant difference in treatment preference among conventional, robot-assisted, and nanorobotic approaches was observed in recurrent tumor scenarios (p = 0.843). The mean confidence and perceived safety scores for the nanorobotic approach were highest in deep-seated tumors (3.9 ± 0.8 and 3.8 ± 0.7, respectively) and lowest in reconstructive scenarios (3.1 ± 1.0 and 2.9 ± 1.1, respectively). Across all vignette responses, 49.7% indicated willingness to adopt nanorobotic interventions. Prior robotic surgery experience showed a significant association with preference for nanorobotics (p = 0.039). Cost, lack of evidence, training, and safety-related concerns were commonly reported barriers to nanorobotic adoption, and nanotechnology familiarity significantly influenced confidence and perceived safety (p < 0.001). Conclusion  Clinician acceptance of nanorobotic interventions is scenario-dependent and influenced by prior technological exposure, with safety, control, cost, lack of evidence, and training requirements remaining important concerns and barriers to adoption. While nanorobotic approaches show promise in precision-driven and minimally invasive scenarios, their integration into routine clinical practice will require robust evidence, structured training, and technological refinement. Clinically, these findings suggest that early adoption may be most feasible in selected cases requiring high precision and limited access, and that targeted clinician education and simulation-based training could facilitate smoother translation into practice.
It is acknowledged that COVID-19 pandemic triggered by SARS-CoV-2 outbreak demands the development of efficient antiviral modalities independent of traditional vaccines and antiviral reagents. Metallic nanoparticles, such as silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), have attracted considerable attention as promising antiviral agents due to their distinctive physicochemical properties and universal antimicrobial activity. This article examines the progress made between (2021 and 2025) in the green synthesis and the antiviral applications of Ag-NPs and ZnO-NPs against Coronavirus. The environmental friendly synthesis protocols using natural plant juices have been highlighted in this article due to their lower toxicity and greater biocompatibility. Various characterization methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, have been used to examine nanoparticle morphology, stability, and surface characteristics. The findings reveald that Ag-NPs can suppress the viral replication by interacting strongly with S proteins, thereby hindering the cellular entry of the targeted Coronavirus. In contrast, ZnO-NPs showed that they have dual purposes: direct antiviral effects and immunomodulatory effects that involve cytokine regulation. The antiviral properties and the limitations of the individual nanoparticles are significantly modified by hybrid nanocomposites. In closing, the significance of using green-synthesized Ag-NPs and ZnO-NPs as antiviral materials is tremendous and warrants further exploration for antiviral applications. Nonetheless, there are still some unaddressed areas concerning the standardization of synthesis techniques and the validation of prolonged safety. Finally, it has been proven that there is a need for collaboration between nanotechnology and green technology in the development of environmentally benign, and universal antiviral medications against any future coronavirus pandemics.
Mechanical cantilevers are central to nanotechnology, where low bending rigidity makes stability the fundamental challenge. Here, we introduce a wrinkle-induced stiffening approach that enhances the bending rigidity of monolayer graphene by several orders of magnitude, enabling the fabrication of mechanically robust graphene cantilevers. When suspended over microcavities, these wrinkled membranes exhibit significant increases in both in-plane and out-of-plane stiffness, as confirmed by nanoindentation and resonance measurements, which also reveal that enhanced bending rigidity strongly influences their vibrational response. This behavior marks a transition from tension-dominated mechanics to a regime where bending effects become prominent, even in a single atomic layer. By sculpting these structures, we realize graphene cantilevers with measured bending rigidities between 106-107 eV, while maintaining femtogram-scale mass. These findings establish a mechanical stabilization mechanism for realizing ultrathin cantilevers and highlight their potential for applications where high compliance is of importance.
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) strains pose a significant global health threat due to their ability to cause severe, fast-spreading infections, often in healthy individuals. This review explores the virulence factors and mechanisms of hvKp, including capsular polysaccharides, hypermucoviscosity, adherence factors, biofilm formation, iron acquisition systems, siderophores, and toxins. It also examines the global distribution and prevalence of hvKp, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. With rising antibiotic resistance, treatment options for hvKp infections are becoming increasingly challenging. Potential future treatment avenues, such as phage therapy, monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulators, novel antibiotics, vaccines, and nanotechnology-based approaches, are discussed. Infection control and prevention measures, including monitoring, early detection, improved infection control practices, antimicrobial stewardship, education, and vaccination, are crucial in curbing the spread of hvKp infections, especially multidrug-resistant variants. A comprehensive approach encompassing these strategies is essential to combat this formidable pathogen.
The rapid expansion and advancement of nanotechnology have presented potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. In recent years, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) have been extensively studied and applied in biological systems due to their unique physical and chemical properties, such as high antioxidant activity, enzyme-mimicking activity and good biocompatibility. This review summarizes the latest research progress of functionalized CeO2 NPs in anti-cancer activity, anti-infection, anti-inflammation, antioxidant activity, wound healing, neuroprotection and imaging applications. It explores their mechanisms of action and potential clinical application prospects, as well as the concerns about toxicity and safety.
Melatonin is a pleiotropic hormone with well-documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory properties, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of diverse diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and sleep disturbances. However, its clinical translation has been hampered by several biopharmaceutical limitations, including poor aqueous solubility, extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism, rapid systemic clearance, and low oral bioavailability. Additionally, physiological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier, stratum corneum, and mucosal epithelia restrict its accumulation at target sites. In recent years, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have emerged as powerful tools to overcome these challenges. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced melatonin nanocarriers with a focus on their design principles, formulation strategies, and therapeutic applications. A central theme of this review is the integration of carrier design with biological barrier circumvention and administration routes-elucidating how specific nanocarrier platforms address the shortcomings of conventional immediate- and prolonged-release melatonin formulations through spatial and temporal control over drug distribution. We summarize recent preclinical progress in melatonin nanocarriers for a wide range of disease models, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, myocardial infarction, retinal degeneration and glaucoma, depression, and various cancers, with emphasis on the relationship between administration routes and therapeutic outcomes. Finally, critical challenges in clinical translation are addressed, including large-scale manufacturing, long-term toxicity evaluation, regulatory considerations, and the development of chronotherapy-compatible delivery systems. By integrating insights from materials science, pharmaceutics, and nanomedicine, this review aims to provide a rational framework for the future design and clinical application of melatonin-based nanotherapeutics.
In the past decade, numerous fields have been revolutionized by nanotechnology, with nanostructures being particularly important for advances in medicine. Manganese-based nanostructures (Mn-NS) with a range of morphologies (cuboids, spheres, rice-grain, and plates) were synthesized, and their potential for theragnostic uses was assessed in this research work. For efficient cancer diagnosis and treatment, Mn3O4 nanostructures exhibit unique MRI contrast enhancement, biocompatibility, and the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). To ascertain the impact of shape on biological interactions, a thorough characterization was conducted, encompassing physicochemical characteristics, MRI contrasting ability, and toxicity profiles. The findings demonstrated that spherical Mn-NS had the highest toxicity, largely due to ROS-induced apoptosis and cellular damage, whereas other shapes showed moderate to low cytotoxicity. Spermidine was also investigated as a potential defense against Mn-NS-induced cytotoxicity, and it was found to significantly reduce ROS and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Plate-shaped Mn-NS showed excellent T1-T2 dual-mode contrast in MRI experiments, confirming their potential as MRI agents. This study contributes to the development of safer nanomaterials for biomedical applications by shedding light on the safety profile and possible therapeutic benefit of Mn3O4 nanostructures.
Allergic disorders, including food allergy, asthma, and atopic dermatitis, affect an estimated 10-30% of the global population, with prevalence continuing to rise in industrialized countries. Allergy is driven by dysregulated type 2 T-helper cells (Th2) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody responses. A range of diagnostic tools is available, but most methods are limited by variable sensitivity and specificity, and the inability to predict clinical reactivity. Although allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) remains the only etiological therapeutic method for allergic disorders, conventional AITs are limited by frequent administration, risk of adverse events, suboptimal patient adherence, and inconsistent long-term efficacy. Advances in nanotechnology offer emerging opportunities for improving allergy diagnosis and treatment through enhanced analytical sensitivity, targeted allergen delivery and controlled immune modulation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research on nanomaterials, including their application in nanomaterials-based diagnostic systems and nano-enabled immunotherapies. We highlight their roles in improving allergen-specific IgE detection, refining functional cellular assays, and enabling next-generation immunotherapies through controlled allergen delivery and immunomodulation. We also critically examine key translational barriers and outline essential future directions required for translating nanotechnologies into clinical practice in allergy medicine.
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is one of the most complex and context-dependent cytokines in the immune system. Its signaling pathway regulates differentiation, functions, and microenvironment-specific adaptations of immune cells through Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways. In normal physiological conditions, TGF-β maintains immune tolerance, regulates T-cell fate determination, and participates in tissue repair. In pathological conditions, aberrant TGF-β signaling drives fibrosis, tumor immune evasion, and chronic inflammatory responses. In recent years, innovative technologies such as single-cell omics and spatial transcriptomics have revealed the dynamic characteristics of TGF-β signaling in different cell lineages and microenvironments. These techniques have deepened the understanding of its molecular circuits and immune regulatory networks. Therapeutic strategies targeting TGF-β, including receptor kinase inhibitors, bispecific antibodies, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems, have shown potential in disease models such as fibrosis and tumors, but still face challenges such as toxicity, side effects, and disease stage dependence. This article reviews the multidimensional mechanism of TGF-β signaling in immune homeostasis, fibrosis, and tumor progression; assesses its prospects and limitations as a therapeutic target; and proposes future directions for clinical translation through patient stratification and disease staging, precise nanodelivery, and combination therapy, providing a theoretical basis for precise intervention in immune-related diseases.
Hypoxia is a characteristic feature of the solid tumor microenvironment and serves as a pivotal factor in tumor progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. It has long been recognized as a significant barrier to advancing cancer therapy. Although traditional oxygen supplementation strategies can partially enhance local oxygen levels, their effectiveness is limited by the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tumor tissues, low delivery efficiency, and biosafety concerns, making them inadequate for the precise oxygen regulation required by the complex tumor microenvironment. In recent years, nanotechnology-based platforms designed to alleviate hypoxia have emerged as innovative approaches for remodeling the tumor microenvironment and enhancing multimodal synergistic therapies. These platforms operate through three primary strategies: exogenous oxygen delivery, endogenous oxygen generation, and metabolic oxygen conservation. This review systematically elucidates the underlying mechanisms of tumor hypoxia, summarizes the design principles and recent advancements of related nanomedicines, and discusses the potential and challenges of these platforms in multimodal combination therapies. The study aims to furnish a comprehensive reference for the design of hypoxia-alleviating nanoplatforms and the optimization of synergistic therapeutic strategies, with the objective of providing novel insights and prospects for the development of nanomaterials in this domain.
The presented study is focused on evaluating the efficiency of repurposing Febuxostat (FBX) as a chemotherapeutic newcomer against the cervical cancer cell line (Hela cells). Exploiting nanotechnology benefits in drug delivery, FBX was incorporated into chitosan-coated niosomes (Chitosomes). Using a 23 factorial design, eight formulations were characterized for their entrapment efficiency percentage, particle size, and zeta potential. The optimum (FBX) loaded chitosomes displayed a mean particle size of 339 ± 14 nm, an entrapment efficiency of 91.07 ± 0.33%, and a Zeta potential of + 26.9 ± 1.2 ± 1.2 mV. In vitro cytotoxicity studies performed on Hela cells indicated a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in IC50 value around 3-fold compared with pure FBX. The cellular uptake showed a 2-fold increase compared to the free drug. Upon studying the cell death cycle, it was revealed that apoptotic cell death was caused by the drug in the G1/S phase. Altogether, these findings revealed that the optimized chitosomal dispersion exhibited superior cytotoxic activity compared to free FBX, indicating it as a promising efficient and biocompatible delivery system for cervical cancer treatment.
Water-soluble polymers are widely used as model crowders, yet their effects on proteins are often interpreted using frameworks developed for rigid spherical depletants. Here we review polymer crowding from the perspective of scaling theory, emphasizing how polymer-specific length scales govern protein-polymer interactions across concentration regimes. In dilute solutions, depletion is set by the polymer radius of gyration and scales linearly with concentration. Above the overlap concentration, c∗, the relevant length becomes the correlation length, ξ(c), which defines the mesh size and controls both the magnitude and range of interactions. Protein association, folding, and intrinsically disordered protein structure follow distinct scaling regimes determined by the ratio of protein size to ξ. Deviations from classical predictions arise from polymer connectivity and soft protein-polymer interactions. The polymer-scaling perspective provides a unified framework linking polymer physics to protein thermodynamics in crowded environments.
Recycled poly-(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) textiles present intrinsic challenges for flame-retardant finishing due to the hydrophobic and chemically inert surface of PET fibers, as well as their pronounced melt-dripping behavior during combustion. Here, we demonstrate that incorporating only 1% owf lignin into a phosphorus-nitrogen coating is sufficient to achieve effective flame retardancy (LOI of 37.5%, UL 94 V-0), while retaining self-extinguishing behavior after five laundering cycles. A sustainable halogen-free coating system was developed by combining a phosphorus-based flame retardant (aluminum diethylphosphinate) with biobased lignin and sericin within a cross-linked poly-(vinyl alcohol)/citric acid matrix. The incorporation of lignin promoted char formation, suppressed melt dripping, and facilitated rapid self-extinguishing behavior. Increasing lignin loading to 3-5% owf did not further improve UL 94 performance and instead reduced wash durability, indicating that low lignin loading is sufficient for effective performance. In addition to enhanced flame retardancy, the treated fabrics maintained mechanical integrity, exhibited hydrophobic surface characteristics, and showed good colorfastness to crocking.
Mosquito-borne diseases continue to pose major public health challenges, necessitating the development of environmentally safe biological control agents. Although several bacterial larvicides are currently used, novel gut-associated bacteria with high specificity and low non-target toxicity remain under-explored. This study (This is the first report demonstrating mosquito larvicidal activity of Alcaligenes faecalis against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae.) reports, for the first time, the mosquito larvicidal potential of Alcaligenes faecalis against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. A bacterial (This is the first report demonstrating mosquito larvicidal activity of Alcaligenes faecalisagainst Culex quinquefasciatus larvae.) isolate, obtained from the midgut of naturally dead and moribund Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, was identified as Alcaligenes faecalis strain BUMCn01 (GenBank accession: PX526002) based on morphological, biochemical, physiological, and 16S rRNA gene analyses. Larvicidal bioassays using A. faecalis strain BUMCn01 formulation were performed against all four larval instars. Bacterial localization and aggregation in the larval midgut following exposure to A. faecalis strain BUMCn01 were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Field efficacy was evaluated in sewage drains of different depths. Laboratory evaluations of the A. faecalis strain BUMCn01 formulation was also conducted on non-target aquatic organisms (Chironomus circumdatus larvae, Daphnia spp., Poecilia reticulata, and tadpoles of Bufo spp.). Furthermore, bacterial proteins were isolated and assessed for larvicidal efficacy against 3rd instar larvae, to identify the bacterial component responsible for the bioactivity. The isolate was identified as Alcaligenes faecalis strain BUMCn01 using a polyphasic approach including morphological, biochemical, physiological and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (GenBank accession: PX526002).The Alcaligenes faecalis BUMCn01 formulation resulted in clear dose-response relationship. 100% mortality was recorded in 1st instar larvae after 24 h and in 2nd and 3rd instars Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae after 48-72 h at 2.0 mg/mL. 24 h LC₅₀ values ranged from 395 µg/mL to 490 µg/mL across all larval instars, with 1st instar larvae being the most susceptible. Scanning electron microscopy revealed bacterial proliferation and dense aggregation witin the treated larval midgut, comparison with control indicating oral ingestion and possible gut mediated toxicity. Field trials demonstrated complete larval elimination within 7-9 days at an application rate of 100 ml/m2, with moderate residual activity. In non-target aquatic organisms, the A. faecalis BUMCn01 formulation exhibited no mortality in tadpoles of Bufo spp. and only mild effects on C. circumdatus, Daphnia spp. and guppy (P. reticulata). The isolated proteins were found to possess potent larvicidal activity (24 h LC50 of 491 µg/mL) against 3rd instar larvae. This study provides the first evidence that (The isolate was identified as Alcaligenes faecalis strain BUMCn01 using a polyphasic approach including morphological, biochemical, physiological, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (GenBank accession: PX526002).) Alcaligenes faecalis strain BUMCn01 exhibits significant larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus. Bacterial proteins appear to be the primary toxic agent. The Alcaligenes faecalis BUMCn01 formulation showed significant efficacy in laboratory and field trials with minimal non-target toxicity, supporting its potential use as a microbial larvicide in integrated mosquito management.