The human brain has the inherent ability to extract temporal regularities from sensory input and to synchronize with them. Language production and comprehension rely heavily on this fundamental ability. Rhythm-based training programs designed to boost language functions, especially across childhood, aim to facilitate the brain's capacity to capture regular patterns in verbal streams. This systematic review critically evaluates the evidence on the efficacy of rhythmic training in improving linguistic skills in typically developing children as well as in children with language or reading difficulties. Following PRISMA guidelines, 21 studies published between 2009 and 2024 were selected, which assessed performance in linguistic tasks after training, in comparison with a control group or condition. Twenty studies reported improved linguistic performance, mainly in phonological awareness and reading fluency (speed and accuracy). In particular, music-based rhythmic programs, which included activities such as producing movements synchronized to instruments, yielded effects comparable to validated phonological or reading training, with some studies also reporting gains in language-related cognitive and perceptual domains. Similarly, language-based rhythmic protocols, which provided verbal materials synchronized with instruments and primarily focused on children with dyslexia, reported improved reading skills. Furthermore, rhythmic priming studies demonstrated that even brief (17-second) exposures to regular rhythms enhanced subsequent syntactic processing compared to irregular rhythms. Interestingly, the effects emerged even in the absence of melodic or motor components. Overall, the findings of the reviewed studies highlight the potential of rhythmic training as a versatile tool for supporting language and reading development in children, including those with developmental language disorder or dyslexia. However, several methodological issues limit their interpretability. Before well-founded conclusions can be drawn, there is a substantial need to improve methodological rigor. Future studies should refine control conditions, standardize the range and types of outcome measures, and examine long-term effects.
This paper explores the culinary and cultural significance of cooked leafy vegetables among Afro-descendant communities in French Guiana and Suriname, including French Guianese and Surinamese Creoles, Maroons, and Haitian migrants. While leafy greens play a major dietary role across sub-Saharan Africa, their consumption in the Americas remains understudied. This ethnobotanical study of edible leafy plants is based on surveys of local markets, gardens and residents. Drawing on 26 informal interviews conducted in four local languages (French, French Guianese Creole, Haitian Creole, and Nengee Tongo), we describe 36 species of edible leaves from 20 plant families consumed in the region. Our findings show that although the practice of eating leafy greens is widely shared, the species selected, their names, and their perceived properties vary noticeably across cultural groups. Some plants are eaten exclusively by Maroons (e.g., Cestrum latifolium, Capsicum spp.), others by Haitians (e.g., Corchorus olitorius, Rivina humilis), and some have fallen into disuse among younger generations. These differences are shaped by ecological availability, cultural memory, food-medicine beliefs, and interethnic influences. We suggest that the term callaloo (referring to both dishes and leafy vegetables), which circulates in multiple linguistic and culinary forms throughout the African diaspora, can serve as a metaphor for the interculturalization of foodways. More than ingredients, these leafy vegetables act as dynamic cultural markers-symbols of resilience, transmission, and transformation. In a context of rapid globalization, where unseen foods risk sinking further into obscurity, these plant-based traditions highlight both the adaptability and fragility of Afro-descendant culinary heritage in the Guiana Shield.
This study examined whether the relationship between a Japanese poem and its title is associated with the aesthetic experience of poetry. We used Word2Vec to calculate title-poem relevance scores and construct high-relevance, low-relevance, and control (untitled) conditions. In an online experiment, 220 participants were recruited, of whom 194 were included in the final analysis after exclusions. The participants read tanka poems under these three conditions and rated each poem on Liking, Beauty, Understanding, and Imagery. The results partially supported our hypothesis. Ratings for Liking, Understanding, and Imagery were significantly lower in the low-relevance condition than in both the high-relevance and control conditions. However, no significant differences were found between the high-relevance and control conditions for any dimension. Additionally, for negative poems, the high-relevance condition was associated with higher Imagery ratings than the low-relevance condition, whereas no such difference emerged for positive poems. These findings do not indicate a general advantage of high-relevance titles over the absence of a title. Rather, they suggest that low-relevance titles may be associated with lower aesthetic ratings, whereas high-relevance titles and untitled poems may support appreciation to a similar degree. Given the small effect sizes, these findings should be interpreted as modest associations. This study extends research on title effects in paintings to literature and highlights the potential usefulness of computational linguistic methods for quantifying title-poem relatedness. By providing an objective and reproducible approach to stimulus construction, it offers a methodological basis for future research on title effects in literary appreciation.
Language exemplifies Singh's super-attractor concept while testing the explanatory limits of subjective selection, which is just one of the processes of cultural evolution. Subjective selection explains many linguistic features through speakers' instrumental goals. However, other types of processes also shape language evolution: some, related to learning and perception, for instance, will not involve intentions or conscious selection. Others involve intentionally creating and transforming linguistic constructions rather than merely selecting them from random mutations.
Morphological knowledge (MK), or awareness of word structure and morphemic relationships, is a critical component of literacy for students who are D/HH. However, it has been explored to a lesser extent than other literacy components, such as phonological awareness and vocabulary. This case study examined the responsiveness of an 11-year-old bilingual student who is deaf to a computer-delivered supplemental morphology intervention, the Morphological Analysis Pathway to Reading (MAP-R). Over 22 weeks, the student completed 22 online modules targeting derivational affixes and root-word relationships using explicit, multimodal instruction. Pre- and post-test comparisons of embedded proximal MK tasks and the standardized Morphological Awareness Test for Reading and Spelling (MATRS) (Apel et al., 2021) were used to evaluate outcomes. The participant demonstrated gains in affix identification, suffix spelling, and word transformation tasks, suggesting growth in morphological analysis skills throughout the academic year. The findings provide preliminary support for the feasibility and potential promise of computer-based morphology instruction for students who are D/HH. This study extends existing research by documenting responsiveness to a self-paced, technology-mediated format that may reduce instructional burden and increase accessibility. The implications for future controlled studies and for integrating MK instruction within speech-language and educational interventions are discussed.
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Automatic sign language generation has the potential to support information accessibility for deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. Generating sign language pose sequences from natural language text can serve as an intermediate representation for avatar-based sign language expression and sign language video synthesis. However, text-to-sign pose generation is challenging because sign language conveys meaning through both manual movements and non-manual signals, while requiring temporally coherent motion over local and sentence-level contexts. In addition, text length does not directly correspond to the number of pose frames required for sign language expression. To address these issues, this study proposes a text-to-Korean Sign Language (KSL) pose generation model based on non-manual signal conditioning and multi-scale temporal refinement. The proposed framework integrates a text encoder, pose decoder, non-manual signal conditioning, multi-scale temporal refinement, and length prediction/blending. The model generates normalized 58-joint KSL keypoint sequences from morpheme-level text inputs and jointly optimizes pose reconstruction, motion continuity, bone consistency, PCK-aware precision, non-manual signal prediction, and length consistency. Experimental results on a KSL text-pose dataset show that the proposed model outperforms text-only and Transformer-based baselines. Compared with the Transformer text-to-pose baseline, the proposed model reduced MPJPE from 0.408236 to 0.316366 and Pose MAE from 0.165473 to 0.128570. It also improved PCK@0.05 from 0.136090 to 0.163928 and reduced the length relative error from 0.221455 to 0.127152. In particular, the best-threshold non-manual F1 substantially increased from 0.010859 to 0.494566. These results suggest that text-based KSL pose generation should jointly consider non-manual expressions, length consistency, and long-term temporal motion structure rather than relying only on frame-wise keypoint prediction. However, the reported improvements should be interpreted as coordinate- and label-level evidence, not as a complete validation of linguistic meaningfulness or real-world accessibility.
Background/Objectives: Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a persistent neurodevelopmental condition with an estimated prevalence of 7% in preschoolers. It is characterized by significant impairments in language acquisition and use, in the absence of an identified biomedical cause. The potential link between DLD and central auditory processing has encouraged the investigation of auditory evoked potentials as research tools; however, the existing literature remains notably dispersed and heterogeneous. To systematically synthesize evidence concerning auditory electrophysiological findings in children with DLD. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published between January 2016 and March 2026. Keywords were combined using AND/OR operators. Two independent reviewers performed screening and data extraction, with discrepancies resolved through consensus. Risk of bias was assessed using the JBI tool for analytical cross-sectional studies. A structured narrative synthesis (SWiM) was applied to the findings. Results: Seven studies were included, with a combined total of 480 participants across all enrolled samples (including DLD, control, and other clinical subgroups), aged 2 years and 11 months to 10 years. The Frequency Following Response (FFR) appeared to show greater sensitivity, with alterations in both temporal components (waves C and D) and spectral components (F0 and F2), particularly under noise conditions. Findings for click-ABR were inconsistent across studies, suggesting limited sensitivity in cases of isolated DLD. Long-latency auditory evoked potentials (N2 and P300) exhibited prolonged latencies, potentially reflecting cortical immaturity and impaired attentional discrimination. The N400 potential suggested delayed or atypical semantic processing in a single investigation. Conclusions: The available evidence points toward a pattern of impairment in individuals with DLD that requires cautious interpretation, potentially encompassing subcortical, cortical, and linguistic encoding. Methodological heterogeneity across studies, combined with the absence of adolescent samples, highlights significant gaps in the current research regarding electrophysiology and DLD. FFR and Long-Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (LLAEP/P300) assessments may warrant further investigation as auxiliary electrophysiological measures for the characterization of DLD, pending replication in larger and more homogeneous samples.
This study investigates the ethnobiology of wild food plants in Arbëreshë (Albanian-speaking) and neighbouring Calabrian communities in north-eastern Calabria, inland southern Italy. It examines how traditional ecological knowledge, plant use patterns, and cultural perceptions are represented across two datasets, contributing to the understanding of biocultural dynamics in Mediterranean rural contexts. Fieldwork was conducted through forty-six semi-structured interviews in five villages in north-eastern Calabria, Southern Italy. Data were compared with an ethnobotanical dataset collected in the Vulture area (northern Lucania, southern Italy) during 2000-2001. The comparison is treated as cross-spatial and diachronic at the level of observed ethnobotanical records. Because the study areas differ in ecological and socio-economic conditions, comparisons are presented as descriptive contrasts rather than as direct temporal change. Taxa were classified by citation frequency, and comparisons were conducted at genus level to describe patterns of presence and variation in reported wild plant use. A total of 82 wild food taxa were documented. The dataset was dominated by vascular plants, with frequent representation of the families Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, and Lamiaceae. Arbëreshë participants reported 60 genera, including seven genera not recorded in the comparative dataset (Asphodeline, Pimpinella, Hirschfeldia, Silene, Bellevalia, Leontodon, and Crocus). Calabrian participants reported 28 genera, including three not recorded among Arbëreshë participants (Clinopodium, Suillus, and Urospermum). Twenty-one genera were present in both datasets. Differences in citation frequency and genus composition are observed between datasets, with variation across groups and contexts. The results show a shared set of commonly reported wild food taxa across datasets, alongside variation in less frequently reported genera. The findings describe differences in ethnobotanical records across communities and time-separated datasets, reflecting combined influences of ecological context, sampling conditions, and local knowledge practices.
Food irradiation is a well-established technology endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to enhance food safety. However, consumer awareness of irradiated foods remains remarkably low across diverse cultural contexts. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and validate the Turkish form of the Awareness Scale for Consumption of Irradiated Foods (ASCIF). The ASCIF, originally developed and validated in Brazil, encompasses 31 items distributed across four factors: safety of irradiated foods (S), concepts (C), labeling (L), and awareness (A). The cross-cultural adaptation process adhered to the International Test Commission (ITC) guidelines, involving forward-backward translation and expert panel review. A total of 346 university-affiliated individuals (82.9% female; mean age 21.3 ± 4.8 years) from Gazi University, Ankara, completed an online survey with the adapted Turkish version of the ASCIF. Although the internal consistency results indicated a high level of reliability (α = 0.963), other indicators, such as ESEM analysis (RMSEA (90% CI) = 0.143 (0.139-0.148), CFI = 0.880, and TLI = 0.870), suggest that the cross-cultural adaptation of the ASCIF scale into Turkish encountered significant challenges, particularly regarding its psychometric validation. These complications indicate that the original construct may not have translated seamlessly across the cultural and linguistic nuances of the Turkish context in this study.
Immigrants comprise a substantial and growing proportion of the US population, yet they face profound barriers to timely, affordable, and high-quality cancer care. These barriers are shaped not only by language, culture, and health literacy but also by federal and state policies that restrict insurance coverage, deter care-seeking, and heighten fear of immigration enforcement. Undocumented immigrants, in particular, remain largely excluded from Medicaid, Medicare, and other public benefits, while many lawfully present immigrants face eligibility restrictions, including the 5-year waiting period for Medicaid coverage. Although mechanisms such as Emergency Medicaid, state-funded Medicaid-equivalent programs, disease-specific safety-net programs, and Affordable Care Act waivers can help bridge gaps in access, these protections vary widely by state and remain vulnerable to policy change. Recent immigration enforcement actions and state-level requirements to collect citizenship or immigration status information in health care settings may further discourage patients from seeking care, including for cancer symptoms or treatment-related complications. For oncology professionals, these realities create urgent ethical, clinical, and practical responsibilities. Clinicians must understand how immigration and health policy affect access to care, seek institutional guidance on responding to immigration enforcement in clinical settings, and protect patient confidentiality whenever possible. At the same time, cancer programs must strengthen culturally competent care through professional interpretation, linguistically appropriate materials, community partnerships, culturally responsive care coordination, and workforce training. Ensuring equitable cancer care for immigrant populations requires both individual clinician awareness and systems-level commitment to access, trust, dignity, and high-quality care for all patients, regardless of national origin or immigration status.
With the need to promote diversity, equity and inclusion in research, extensive qualitative research is conducted with culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) populations. Bilingual researchers can add value when conducting research with CALD populations. To initiate a call for greater involvement of bicultural bilingual researchers when conducting research with CALD populations. Bicultural bilingual researchers can be more sensitive to the contextualised values of CALD populations, can better apply an intersectionality lens in research, and are able to offer a more emic narrative than bilingual-only researchers. Bicultural bilingual researchers who are well-versed in multiple languages and the sociocultural heritage of CALD populations can help ensure the conduct of rigorous inquiry by using their unique linguistic and cultural expertise to build community trust, interpret data accurately, and eliminate hidden biases that others might miss in research. Bicultural bilingual researchers can better understand the cultural and implied meaning of participants' experiences. By providing unique narratives in specific contexts, they can offer more meaningful insights compared with bilingual-only researchers.
This study investigated whether spontaneous level-2 perspective taking would emerge in 8-year-old Balinese children and whether it would be similarly modulated by the social group membership of the social partner as reported in previous studies conducted in Western countries. Children (N = 49) participated in a number verification task with a partner in which they had to make simple judgments about numbers displayed on a screen that either appeared the same or different from the perspective of the other person. Conditions varied in terms of the social group membership of the partner. Some children performed the task with a linguistic in-group adult (In-group condition), while others were paired with an adult that spoke Indonesian with an accent (Out-group condition). In the Peer-Baseline condition, children were partnered with a peer. The results indicate that Balinese children spontaneously represent the level-2 perspectives of others; however, this process appears to be suspended when interacting with adult partners. These findings support the universality of such cognitive mechanisms, while simultaneously highlighting cultural differences in their application.
To assess gender-related differences in patient-reported experiences across the cancer care pathway in Switzerland among patients with non-sex-specific cancers. Multicentre cross-sectional survey study. Secondary and tertiary oncology care across 21 public and private hospitals in Switzerland, covering all linguistic regions. Adult patients (≥18 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of cancer who received oncological care in participating centres and completed a standardised patient experience questionnaire. Of 4408 respondents included in the analysis, both men and women with non-sex-specific cancers were analysed. Patients with sex-specific cancers were excluded. None PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the overall rating of cancer care (0-10 scale). The secondary outcomes were specific patient experiences in the pretreatment phase (consultations before the diagnosis, diagnosis and decision-making), during treatment (inpatient and outpatient care, specific treatments and nurse consultations) and in the post-treatment phase (follow-up, home care and psychosocial support). Women rated their overall care lower than men (8.9 vs 9.1 on a 0-10 scale, p<0.001). After adjustment, women had lower odds of reporting a high rating (9 or 10) of their care (OR=0.74, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.87, p<0.001), of having received a written care plan (0.69, 0.59 to 0.82, p=0.001) and of receiving adequate information before surgery (0.42, 0.27 to 0.67, p=0.006) compared with men. Across the pathway, women consistently reported poorer experiences regarding communication, information and support compared with men. Conversely, men more often perceived unnecessary repetition of tests (1.42, 1.14 to 1.77, p=0.017). Persistent gender inequities in cancer care experiences were identified, pointing to systemic gaps in communication, information and support. Addressing these disparities through gender-sensitive care is crucial to ensuring equitable, patient-centred oncological care for all.
To map the available evidence on the assessment of migrant nurse and midwife workplace integration in global healthcare settings. Globally, migrant nurses and midwives are important resources in mitigating workforce shortages. Existing evidence focuses on the orientation stages of migrant nurse and midwife transition into the healthcare setting rather than their long-term workplace integration. The nine databases searched were CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, ASSIA, SicELO, Maternity & Infant Care and Global Index Medicus. An initial search was performed in December 2021 and updated in December 2025. A total of 91 articles were included, comprising qualitative (n = 48), quantitative (n = 13), mixed-methods (n = 6), others (n = 23) and one book chapter. Multiple definitions of workplace integration were found, and 23 tools were identified. Workplace integration, a multidimensional, time-dependent process, requires collaboration among stakeholders. A standard definition will help to clarify their responsibilities. Key factors ensuring successful integration include promoting effective communication, supporting knowledge advancement, facilitating career development and skill utilisation. The development of standardised interventions with flexibility for local adaptation will support successful workplace integration. Findings highlight the need for policy developers to support migrant nurses and midwives with interventions focused on linguistic challenges, cultural competence and differing care models, that are key to successful integration. Future research must include host stakeholders' perspectives to fully understand the dynamics of workplace integration.
Sjögren syndrome (SS), traditionally regarded as a sicca-predominant condition, is now recognized as a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by type I interferon activation, B-cell hyperactivity, and periepithelial lymphocytic infiltration. This conceptual shift has prompted changes in terminology, with "SS" increasingly replaced by "Sjögren disease (SjD)" and "secondary SS" by "associated SjD," reflecting the concept of polyautoimmunity and ensuring equal clinical standing. In this review, we trace the historical evolution of SS classification criteria and examine their limitations in real-world clinical practice. Current classification criteria employ a weighted scoring system incorporating objective measures, including anti-Ro antibodies, salivary gland histopathology, and exocrine function tests. However, their diagnostic application in routine care is constrained by spectrum bias, clinical heterogeneity, the presence of mimickers, and shared clinical features with other autoimmune diseases. Over-reliance on serological markers, driven by their accessibility, may further contribute to misdiagnosis. We highlight that accurate diagnosis requires flexible clinical reasoning and contextual interpretation beyond rigid adherence to classification criteria. Individualized diagnostic strategies should integrate demographics, laboratory findings, salivary ultrasonography, and histopathology. Practical challenges in diagnosing and evaluating disease activity in associated SjD are also discussed.
We examined how Telugu conventional and high-frequency word lists captured aided speech-perception benefit under conventional amplification and nonlinear frequency compression in older adults with high-frequency hearing loss. Thirteen elderly patients with acquired bilateral symmetrical sloping HFHL with postlingual onset served as participants. Speech perception was indexed through SIS (%) obtained with CWLs and HFWLs under quiet listening and +5 dB SNR conditions. The patients obtained comparable SIS (%) ( P > 0.05) for CWLs in the conventional and NLFC strategies. However, they received significantly lower SIS (%) ( P < 0.05) in the conventional strategy for HFWLs than for CWLs. Likewise, they obtained comparable SIS (%) ( P > 0.05) for CWLs and HFWLs in the NLFC strategy. However, they received significantly greater SIS (%) ( P < 0.05) with the NLFC compared to the conventional strategy. Across hearing-aid strategies and word-list types, noise consistently reduced SIS (%) relative to quiet listening. The CWLs overestimated patients' speech perception abilities and their performance with the conventional strategy. Conversely, the HFWLs identified genuine speech perception challenges, in addition to recognizing some of the benefits of the NLFC strategy. However, tests explicitly designed to evaluate speech-in-noise perception abilities, along with cognitive function assessments, need to be employed to provide evidence-based hearing validation.
Large language models (LLMs) have developed rapidly since the release of ChatGPT by OpenAI on November 30, 2022. This vogue comes to mind us "Can we distinguish LLMs-generated texts each other?" "What stylometric features are effective for differentiating LLMs such as fingerprints?" The purpose of this study was to distinguish the 300 Japanese texts (e.g., public comments) generated by six LLMs [ChatGPT (GPT5), Claude 3.5, Gemini, Microsoft Copilot, Llama 3.1, and Perplexity]. To this end, we explored the effective stylometric features [e.g., function-word unigrams, part of speech (POS) bigrams, and phrase patterns] using the following analyses: (1) UMAP (Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection) to visually explore distributional differences among LLMs, (2) Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost with leave-one-out cross-validation to differentiate LLMs, and (3) SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) based on Random Forest to identify effective stylometric features. First, UMAP demonstrated the separation of texts among the five LLMs except for Llama 3.1, which displayed substantial overlap with the other five LLMs. Second, RF achieved the highest performance across all stylometric features, with macro F1 scores exceeding 0.95 and reaching 1.00 for several LLMs. The detection performance of XGBoost was lower than that of RF, with the macro F1 scores ranging from 0.88 to 0.94. Finally, SHAP revealed LLM-specific patterns in function-word unigrams, POS bigrams, and phrase patterns. These findings indicate that Japanese public comments generated by the six LLMs can be accurately distinguished by focusing on the combination or patterns of stylometric features, suggesting LLM-specific linguistic fingerprints regardless of similarities in the underlying transformer architectures.
Language acquisition is a complex process already influenced by prenatal neural development and auditory experiences. From the onset of the third trimester, fetuses perceive sounds already influencing the fetal brain. The study investigates how the length of intrauterine language exposure, indexed by gestational age (GA), and overall maturation, indexed by birth weight (BW), affect full-term newborns' brain responses to linguistic stimuli. Data from 14 near-infrared spectroscopy studies testing responses to different auditory sound patterns in 192 0- to 7-day-old newborns were pooled together and analyzed to assess the impact of GA and BW on changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR). Results showed that, for HbO, activations in both considered conditions were larger in the temporal than in the frontal areas, irrespective of BW or GA. A similar spatial pattern was observed for HbR, with stronger responses in the temporal compared with frontal regions across conditions. In contrast, when considering effect sizes and reflecting discrimination abilities, these were more strongly associated with BW in the bilateral frontal regions, whereas in the bilateral temporal regions, they were more strongly associated with GA. The findings suggest a differential impact of BW and GA on neural measures of linguistic sensitivity in newborns, reflecting their roles in biological maturation and auditory experience, respectively. Overall, the study suggests that both the length of prenatal experience and maturation play significant roles in shaping newborns' hemodynamic responses.
Task-based functional MRI (fMRI) can identify spatial and temporal brain configurations of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activity for dissociable cognitive functions. Evidence for the discriminability of spatial/temporal/functional combinations (i.e., cognitive modes) can be achieved through the dissociation of task-based BOLD signal changes following whole-brain dimension reduction. A double dissociation can be achieved by task-induced BOLD-change activation of mode A in condition A but not B, and vice versa for activation in mode B. In this study, we analyzed the Coherence-Semantic task from the Midnight Scan Club dataset to test for a double dissociation of Focus on Visual Features (FoVF) from Language (LAN) modes. The Coherence-Semantic task involved 10 healthy participants scanned over 10 sessions on a 3-Tesla MRI scanner. The task included (1) identifying coherent or random movements of dots (Coherence condition) and (2) identifying a noun versus a verb (Semantic condition). fMRI data were analyzed by combining finite impulse response multivariate multiple regression with whole-brain dimensionality reduction. The dissociations were evaluated at the level of subject-specific task-induced BOLD changes using repeated-measures ANOVAs comparing the Coherence and Semantic conditions. A double dissociation was observed: FoVF showed task-induced increases in BOLD activation during the Coherence condition, with no significant task-related activation during the Semantic condition, and vice versa for LAN. The default mode (DM) also showed task-related deactivation in both conditions. This double dissociation provides evidence for the temporal and functional discriminability of FoVF and LAN, contributing to evidence supporting the discriminability of cognitive modes detectable by fMRI.