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In recent years, tea leaf spot, caused by the fungus Epicoccum sorghinum, adversely affects both the yield and quality of tea in China. Transient overexpression and antisense oligonucleotide (AsODN) assays revealed that upregulating CsMYB1, a transcription factor located in the nucleus, enhances resistance to E. sorghinum infection in tea leaves. Overexpression of CsMYB1 in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana conferred resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Multi-omics assays of transiently overexpressed CsMYB1 in tea leaves indicated that CsMYB1 induces the expression of numerous disease resistance genes. DNA affinity purification sequencing assay indicated that CsMYB1 can activate the expression of the disease resistance gene pectinesterase/pectinesterase inhibitor 41 (CsPME41). β-glucuronidase and dual-luciferase assays showed that csi-miR858-3p_L-1 targets and cleaves CsMYB1. Moreover, transient overexpression and AsODN assays in tea leaves and transgenic csi-miR858-3p_L-1 N. benthamiana plants indicated that increasing csi-miR858-3p_L-1 levels heightens susceptibility to E. sorghinum in tea leaves. The relative expression levels of CsMYB1, CsPME41, and csi-miR858-3p_L-1 in tea leaves exhibited distinct spatial and temporal patterns in response to E. sorghinum invasion. This study reveals that the csi-miR858-3p_L-1-CsMYB1-CsPME41 module plays a role in the disease resistance response of tea plants to E. sorghinum infection, providing crucial data for resistance breeding.

Seven new endemic genera and ten new species of Tortricidae are described from the Hawaiian Islands; all are assigned to Archipini (Tortricinae). A further eleven new combinations and one restored status are proposed. Iliahia, gen. nov. (type species: Capuaflavopicta Walsingham), is described for six species which feed on the foliage of 'iliahi (Santalum spp.; Santalaceae): Iliahia flavocincta (Walsingham), comb. nov., Iliahia flavopicta (Walsingham), comb. nov., Iliahia lilinoe, sp. nov., Iliahia pahulu, sp. nov., Iliahia santalata (Swezey), comb. nov., reinst. stat., and Iliahia xanthogona (Walsingham), comb. nov.; Nomewaimea, gen. nov. (type species: Epagoge infaustana Walsingham), is described for four species which feed on the leaves, shoots, and stems of ōpuhe (Touchardia sandwicensis; Urticaceae) and māmaki (Pipturus spp.; Urticaceae): Nomewaimea alaea, sp. nov., Nomewaimea kupenuia, sp. nov., Nomewaimea infaustana (Walsingham), comb. nov., and Nomewaimea urerana (Swezey), comb. nov.; Kumakena, gen. nov. (type species: Capua cassia Swezey), is described for Kumakenacassia (Swezey), comb. nov., which feeds on the leaves of kolomona (Senna gaudichaudii; Fabaceae); Limua, gen. nov. (type species: Archips lichenoides Walsingham), is described for four species which feed on the leaves of olopua (Notelaea sandwicensis; Oleaceae) and kōpiko (Psychotria spp.; Rubiaceae): Limua fuscoviridis (Walsingham), comb. nov., Limua lichenoides (Walsingham), comb. nov., Limua pahole, sp. nov., and Limua trochilidanus (Walsingham), comb. nov.; Paalua, gen. nov. (type species: Panaphelix asteliana Swezey), is described for three species which feed on the leaves of pa'iniu (Astelia spp.; Asteliaceae): Paalua asteliana (Swezey), comb. nov., Paalua maunaloa, sp. nov., and Paalua leleole, sp. nov.; Aipoola kaumualii, gen. nov., sp. nov., is described for a new species which feeds on the leaves of po'olā (Claoxylon sandwicense; Euphorbiaceae); and Maneapakele, gen. nov. (type species: Maneapakelehapalua Austin & Rubinoff), is described for two species which feed in the fruits of pāpala kēpau (Ceodes spp.; Nyctaginaceae): Maneapakele hapalua, sp. nov., and Maneapakele kahaha, sp. nov. Lectotypes are designated for four species. With the exception of K. cassia and possibly I. pahulu and I.santalata, all species are believed to be single-island endemics. We assess the conservation status for all species treated. All previously described species transferred to these new genera are provided with a new diagnosis in the context of the new species. A generic key to Tortricidae in Hawai'i and a species checklist is provided.

Developing new therapies and discovering bioactive compounds to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis are critical to improving patients' quality of life. More effective, less toxic, and affordable compounds are needed. Thus, discovering such compounds could significantly enhance the management and control of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Brazil has a biodiversity of flora and microorganisms that remains unexplored, mainly for evaluating extracts and compounds with anti-Leishmania activity. This study aimed to screen the leishmanicidal activity of extracts and fractions from leaves of Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. collected during different seasons (winter and summer) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Extracts from summer-collected leaves showed higher effectiveness against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes. The IC50 values for the extract from leaves collected in summer (Ep1) were significantly lower than those for winter extracts. Extracts showed low toxicity to human macrophages and a high selectivity index (SI > 12). In addition, the Ep1 extract induced G0/G1 phase arrest and necrosis in promastigotes. UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS/MS analysis combined with molecular networking revealed that flavonoids and terpenoids were predominant in active fractions. The study highlights the potential of E. pyriformis Cambess. as a source of leishmanicidal compounds from leaves collected during the summer season.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health concern due to its high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. Although COPD is recognized as a systemic inflammatory disease, the specific circulating inflammatory proteins associated with its development and progression remain poorly understood. We performed a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate the association between circulating inflammatory proteins and COPD risk. Genetic data were obtained from a genome-wide association study of 20,066 COPD cases and 338,303 controls from the FinnGen consortium and circulating inflammatory protein data were derived from a genome-wide association study of 14,824 participants. The inverse-variance weighted method was used as the primary analysis. Depending on the number of available instrumental variables, complementary methods including the Wald ratio, Weighted Median, MR-Egger, Weighted Mode, and Simple Mode were applied to assess robustness. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate heterogeneity and pleiotropy using Cochran's Q test, the MR-Egger intercept, MR-PRESSO, and leave-one-out analysis. In addition, cis-acting protein quantitative trait locus -restricted analyses were performed to further reduce potential pleiotropy. Our findings showed that higher genetically predicted levels of CCL28 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-0.99, P = .0394), CD40 (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89-0.99, P = .0170), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85-0.99, P = .0212) were associated with a lower risk of COPD, whereas higher levels of Flt3L (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.18, P = .0344) and CD6 (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02-1.12, P = .0099) were associated with a higher risk. Sensitivity analyses showed no evidence of heterogeneity or directional pleiotropy, and leave-one-out analyses indicated that the results were not driven by any single nucleotide polymorphism. These findings suggest that circulating inflammatory proteins, including CCL28, CD40, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, Flt3L, and CD6, may be involved in COPD pathogenesis. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and clarify their potential biological relevance.

BBX transcription factors can respond to UV-B signals, promote plant photomorphogenesis, and regulate plant anthocyanin biosynthesis. Based on transcriptome sequencing analysis, this study analyzed the transcription factors of StBBXs under UV-B treatment and identified two differentially expressed genes, StBBX19 and StBBX24. We explored the protein structures, promoters, and phylogenetics of StBBX19 and StBBX24, speculating that they respond to UV-B treatment and regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. We constructed overexpression vectors, YFP, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation vectors for the transient transformation of tobacco. The results suggest that StBBX19 and StBBX24 may not function as direct regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis, but rather enhance anthocyanin accumulation through interaction with StMYB308. Still, after interacting with StMYB308, purple spots appeared on tobacco leaves, suggesting that the interaction between StBBX19, StBBX24, and StMYB308 increases anthocyanin content in tobacco leaves. This study provides significant evidence for the adaptation mechanism of plants under UV-B treatment and offers new insights for molecular plant breeding of pigmented potatoes.

Atmospherically deposited cadmium (Cd) can accumulate in crops through uptake by above-ground parts; however, the key organs, pathways, and mechanisms involved in Cd uptake and accumulation in plants under this mode remain unclear. To clarify these issues, this study carefully designed a pot experiment with wheat, exposing various above-ground organs for different durations (daytime and nighttime) using CdS nanoparticles to simulate atmospherically deposited Cd. Results showed that exposure of above-ground parts to CdS significantly increased Cd content in all tissues of wheat, indicating that Cd in wheat plants from above-ground uptake could be transferred upward to grains and downward to roots. Furthermore, spike and foliar uptake contributed 11-34% and 66-89%, respectively, to the increased Cd levels in wheat grains, while these two uptake modes contributed 1-49% and 51-99%, respectively, to the increased Cd levels in other tissues (including roots, stems, leaves, and husks). These findings suggest that, in addition to leaves, spikes were also important organs responsible for the uptake of simulated atmospherically deposited Cd. Regarding absorption pathways, the contributions of stomatal and cuticular penetration to Cd accumulation in grains were quantified as 42-66% and 34-58%, indicating that both pathways played key roles in the internalization of atmospheric Cd in plants. Subcellular distribution of Cd in above-ground tissues showed that the cell wall, particularly its pectin component, served as the primary barrier to simulated deposited Cd influx into the cytoplasm. This study highlights that controlling foliar and spiked Cd uptake-particularly by regulating stomatal opening and enhancing the cell wall's Cd-binding capacity-could be a promising strategy to prevent Cd accumulation in crops resulting from atmospheric deposition.

FatB acyl-ACP thioesterases play an important role in plant fatty acid metabolism, determining the chain length and saturation of acyl groups that feed both storage oil and membrane lipid biosynthesis. In sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), only one isoform, HaFatB1, has been characterized to date. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of a novel sunflower plastidial thioesterase, HaFatB2, which exhibits low expression in developing seeds but is relatively abundant in leaves, suggesting a metabolic role beyond oil biosynthesis. Structural modelling and molecular docking predicted efficient accommodation of palmitoyl- and oleoyl-ACPs, a preference confirmed by in vitro assays and kinetic studies. When expressed in Escherichia coli, HaFatB2 markedly modified the fatty acid profile, leading to the unexpected accumulation of 4-hydroxymyristic acid (23% of total FAs), a rare fatty acid with potential industrial relevance. In contrast, expression in the photosynthetic cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves did not significantly alter fatty acid composition, likely due to differences in substrate availability and endogenous regulatory mechanisms. Altogether, these findings identify HaFatB2 as a thioesterase with high preference for the export of palmitic and oleic fatty acids and highlight its biotechnological potential for producing uncommon hydroxylated fatty acids in heterologous systems.

Running VMAT plan-complexity surveillance directly inside an oncology information system (OIS) makes it practical to monitor plan quality across a large, multi-linac program. Complexity metrics are increasingly used to anticipate patient-specific QA (PSQA) outcomes, but few studies span multiple years or tie complexity monitoring to the OIS at scale, which leaves published benchmarks hard to generalize and prospective monitoring slow to enter routine practice. To describe an automated Python pipeline integrated with the MOSAIQ OIS for computing eight established VMAT plan complexity metrics from DICOM-RT files at scale, and to characterize the resulting distributions across a three-year institutional VMAT program stratified by treatment planning system (TPS), anatomic site, dosimetrist, and calendar year, with correlation to matched PSQA outcomes. All clinically approved VMAT plans from March 2023 to March 2026 were identified via MOSAIQ OIS (v2.6, Elekta AB) at a multisite comprehensive cancer center. A purpose-built Python tool queried the MOSAIQ SQL Server database and parsed DICOM-RT plan files to compute MU Factor, mean aperture area (MAA), mean leaf gap (MLG), aperture irregularity (AI), small aperture scores (SASs) at 5 and 10&#xa0;mm, modulation complexity score for VMAT (MCSv), and Modulation Index Total (MITotal). Plans were stratified by TPS (Pinnacle3 vs. Monaco), anatomic site group (11 groups), dosimetrist, and year. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied for group comparisons. PSQA pass rates (3%/2&#xa0;mm global gamma, &#x2265;95% threshold) were extracted from MOSAIQ and matched to complexity data for 3402 of 3751 plans (90.7%); Spearman rank correlations quantified complexity-pass-rate associations. The institutional median (IQR) MU Factor was 2.96 (2.26-4.00) MU/cGy and MCSv was 0.966 (0.955-0.978). Monaco plans showed significantly higher MU Factors (+32%, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001), narrower apertures (MLG -16%), and higher MCSv (+1.0%) than Pinnacle3 plans. Pelvis and head and neck plans had the highest median MU Factors (3.77 and 3.40 MU/cGy); Breast plans were most efficient (2.10 MU/cGy). Institutional MU Factor rose 20% over three years. Of 3402 PSQA-matched plans, the mean gamma pass rate was 98.7% (median 99.6%); 115 (3.4%) fell below 95%. All complexity metrics correlated significantly with pass rate (all p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001); AI (&#x3c1;&#xa0;=&#xa0;-0.358) and MCSv (&#x3c1;&#xa0;=&#xa0;+0.336) were the strongest predictors. Monaco plans achieved a higher mean PSQA pass rate than Pinnacle3 (99.0%&#xa0;vs. 98.5-98.6%) despite greater modulation. Significant linac-level variation in pass rates was observed (97.3%-99.2%), not fully explained by plan complexity. OIS-integrated VMAT complexity and PSQA surveillance is feasible at scale and yields clinically useful information. AI and MCSv were the strongest complexity-based predictors of PSQA outcome. The TPS-, site-, and linac-specific complexity profiles we observed argue for risk-stratified PSQA design. The pipeline is readily transferable to other MOSAIQ-based programs for prospective plan-quality monitoring.

Excessive iron availability (EIA) in marine ecosystems often occurs as a result of anthropogenic activities and represents a stressful and damaging condition for many marine organisms. The gray mangrove Avicennia marina, the dominant vegetation along the Red Sea shoreline, is frequently exposed to such conditions; however, its physiological responses remain unknown. The current results indicate that, under controlled conditions, EIA had contrasting effects on the growth of A. marina seedlings, depending on the salinity of the medium. Under saline conditions (600&#x2009;mM NaCl), excessive iron reduced total dry weight (by 35%), photosynthetic assimilation rate (by 20.6%), stomatal conductance (by 40%), transpiration rate (by 46%), iron accumulation in leaves (by 42%), stems (by 18.4%), and roots (by 36.1%), as well as iron absorption efficiency (FeAE) (by 39.4%). In contrast, under nonsaline conditions, EIA enhanced total dry weight (by 39.8%), net photosynthetic assimilation rate (by 19%), and photosynthetic pigment content, while having no significant effect on iron accumulation in different plant organs or on iron use efficiency. Salt excretion occurred only under saline conditions, and EIA had no effect on the rate or composition of the excreted salt crystals. In conclusion, A. marina seedlings appear to cope with excessive iron by sequestering excess Fe in the roots and enhancing root growth and photosynthetic activity under nonsaline conditions. Under saline treatment, however, the plants adopt a restrictive Fe uptake strategy, and despite that, the detrimental effects of EIA were noted only under saline conditions.

Coastal blue-carbon burial is vulnerable to climate change, yet marine hydrodynamic effects remain poorly quantified. Here we estimate hydrodynamic effects on carbon accumulation rate (CAR), by integrating global observations across mangroves, marshes and seagrasses with multiple drivers. Across all ecosystems, hydrodynamics explains 11.8-16.2% of CAR variability, whereas within individual ecosystems it explains 14.5-31.4%, 13.2-13.9% and 14.7-17.7% in mangroves, marshes and seagrasses, respectively. Limited tidal ranges leave low-CAR, inundation-tolerant seagrasses more common, whereas larger tidal ranges support broader intertidal habitats for high-CAR mangroves and marshes. Wave forcing shows contrasting relationships with CAR: positive in mangroves and seagrasses, potentially linked to organic matter inputs, but negative in marshes, likely reflecting lateral export. As sea-level rise accelerates and storms intensify, carbon-release risks may become heterogeneous, with marshes most vulnerable and mangroves and seagrasses more conditional and regionally uncertain. These findings provide a hydrodynamic framework for predicting future carbon dynamics.

Accurately estimating treatment effects is crucial for designing optimal treatment plans in personalized medicine, especially in the presence of right-censored survival data. We propose a parameter transfer learning method for estimating treatment effects on right-censored survival data, which leverages multi-source auxiliary data to enhance the prediction accuracy and robustness of the target model. This method constructs multiple source models by extracting shared parameters from other datasets and uses a smoothed concordance index function specifically designed for right-censored survival data to estimate candidate model parameters. To enhance performance, a leave-one-out cross-validation criterion is applied to optimize model averaging weights. Theoretically, we have demonstrated that under mild conditions, the proposed method asymptotically achieves the highest smoothed concordance index when the target model is misspecified, and ensures model weight consistency when the target model is correctly specified. Simulation studies confirm the advantages of our proposed method in reducing bias and enhancing prediction accuracy, particularly with right-censored and heterogeneous data. Its application to the SUPPORT (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments) extension dataset, support2, further demonstrates its strong potential in personalized clinical decision-making.

While antibiotic use is recognized to contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the magnitude of its impact on AMR-related harms is not well understood. This study quantifies the association between antibiotic consumption and AMR-related mortality and costs. Antibiotic consumption expressed in defined daily dose per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID) was sourced from pharmaceutical sales data from 30 European countries. Linear regression models were fitted to assess the association between antibiotic consumption and (a) AMR-related mortality in 2023 and (b) AMR-related healthcare costs in 2021. Estimates were adjusted for key confounders, including median age, gross domestic product (GDP) and hospital bed density. Leave-one-out and time-lag sensitivity analysis were performed to test robustness. Each unit increase in DID of average antibiotic consumption was associated with 0.3 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]:0.2-0.5) additional AMR-related deaths per 100,000, and an increase in AMR-related costs of 5.6% (95% CI: 1.8%-9.3%), holding all other variables constant. Mortality estimates were robust across sensitivity analyses, while cost-estimates were sensitive to excluding outliers. Using antibiotic consumption from earlier years did not significantly affect the results. This ecological study demonstrated that antibiotic consumption is positively associated with AMR-related mortality and costs across European countries. Despite the ecological nature of this study, the presented quantitative estimates can be used to inform health policy analyses of antibiotic interventions. Although missing data and context-specific factors may have limited the robustness of the cost association, these findings suggest that reducing unnecessary antibiotic consumption could help lower AMR-related mortality and healthcare costs.

A new species of oak gall wasp, Neuroterus paradecrescens Garc&#xed;a-Marti&#xf1;&#xf3;n & Pujade-Villar sp. nov. is described. The description is based on the asexual female generation, that induces galls on the leaves of different endemic oak species of section Quercus. Galls are very similar to Neuroterus saltatorius var. decrescens from Arizona (USA). Diagnosis, distribution and data on the biology of the new species are given. This species represents one of the smallest species of gall wasps.

Slope position, as an important topographic factor, profoundly influences the productivity and carbon allocation strategies of Ochroma lagopus Sw. plantations. In this study, three-year-old O. lagopus trees were subjected to one control (no water-soluble fertilizer, Control) and four fertilization treatments (secondary macronutrients water-soluble fertilizer applied at 600&#xa0;g/plant, F1; 800&#xa0;g/plant, F2; 1000&#xa0;g/plant, F3; and 1200&#xa0;g/plant, F4) at both upper and lower slope positions to investigate the effects of secondary macronutrients t fertilization on growth and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) accumulation and allocation. Results showed that: (1) Fertilization significantly promoted tree height growth, whereas diameter at breast height (DBH) exhibited an initial increase followed by a decline, and further increases in the fertilization rate did not yield additional gains. (2) At the upper slope position, carbon was preferentially allocated to leaves and roots during early to middle stages, followed by accelerated translocation to branches for storage during later stages. At the lower slope position, low to moderate fertilization promoted carbon accumulation across organs, whereas excessive fertilization reduced leaf and root carbon pools. (3) Allometric growth and principal component analysis further revealed that carbon allocation tended to be integrated at the upper slope, with a relatively strong correlation between growth and branch carbon storage; in contrast, carbon allocation was relatively dispersed at the lower slope, and the association between growth and carbon storage was weakened. Integrating the variation trends of growth and physiological indices, a relatively high fertilization rate at the upper slope and a moderate fertilization rate at the lower slope may be more beneficial for the growth of O. lagopus. This study reveals a dynamic pattern in which slope position and secondary macronutrients fertilization jointly regulate carbon allocation in O. lagopus, providing a theoretical basis and practical reference for implementing topography-based differentiated precision fertilization in mountain plantations.

Despite the extensive use of Ziziphus species in South African traditional medicine to treat various ailments, they remain poorly studied. Therefore, this study aimed to scientifically validate the ethnomedicinal use of Z. mucronata Willd., Z. rivularis Codd, and Z. zeyheriana Sond. in the treatment of gonorrhea. Their roots, stem bark, and leaves were sequentially extracted using five different solvents. The extracts were evaluated against Neisseria gonorrhoeae using the broth microdilution assay and cytotoxicity in rat skeletal (L6) myoblast cell lines. Of the 48 successive extracts evaluated, 12.5% exhibited high antigonococcal activity (MIC < 1&#xa0;mg/mL), 33.3% showed moderate activity (MIC 1-6.25&#xa0;mg/mL), and 54.1% were inactive (MIC > 6.25&#xa0;mg/mL). Furthermore, the extracts displayed low cytotoxicity profiles, with 81% exhibiting no cytotoxicity (CC50 > 0.05&#xa0;mg/mL) and the remaining 19% cytotoxic (CC50 < 0.05&#xa0;mg/mL). Phytoconstituents tentatively identified and putatively attributed to the observed antigonococcal activity were n-hexadecanoic acid, phytol, and betulin. These have not been previously studied against N. gonorrhoeae; further bioactivity screening in both in vivo and in vitro models is still needed to confirm their antigonococcal activity. Future research should focus on isolating phytoconstituents and testing the antigonococcal activity in vitro and in vivo.

This study aimed to assess the accuracy of intraoral scanning (IOS) for postoperative implant position evaluation in comparison with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) across different partially edentulous patterns. We retrospectively analysed 172 patients who underwent implant placement between January 2020 and January 2025. Patients were classified into six clinical subgroups according to edentulous configuration. Nonfree-end patterns were defined as tooth-bounded edentulous spaces with remaining teeth on both sides, whereas free-end patterns lacked a distal tooth-supported reference. IOS- and CBCT-derived postoperative implant positions were compared using shoulder and apical deviations, buccolingual, mesiodistal, and vertical components, and angular deviations. A total of 172 patients with 278 implants were included. The within-group analysis indicated no statistically significant difference between IOS and CBCT measurements in the single tooth and nonfree-end subgroup (Group A). Conversely, the free-end subgroups (Groups B, C, and F) exhibited greater deviations, particularly the unilateral multiple-tooth free-end subgroup (Group C), which demonstrated a significantly different buccal-lingual angular deviation (P < .05). Between-group comparisons confirmed greater discrepancies in free-end than in nonfree-end patterns. Vertical and apical deviations contributed most prominently to subgroup differentiation. The findings from linear discriminant analysis and leave-one-out cross-validation indicated that there was overlap in the deviation performance across edentulous patterns. Nevertheless, vertical displacement, particularly apical deviation, emerged as the most significant indicator for differentiating the characteristic deviations associated with each group. IOS showed better concordance with CBCT in nonfree-end edentulous patterns than in free-end patterns. However, greater variability in free-end cases, particularly in apical and angular measurements, indicates that IOS-based postoperative assessment should be interpreted according to the clinical edentulous pattern. These findings suggest a promising but indication-dependent clinical application of IOS for postoperative implant position assessment.