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Research Article| March 01, 2012 Climate warming in the latest Permian and the Permian–Triassic mass extinction Michael M. Joachimski; Michael M. Joachimski 1GeoZentrum Nordbayern, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Xulong Lai; Xulong Lai 2Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China3State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Shuzhong Shen; Shuzhong Shen 4State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Haishui Jiang; Haishui Jiang 2Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Genming Luo; Genming Luo 2Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Bo Chen; Bo Chen 1GeoZentrum Nordbayern, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jun Chen; Jun Chen 4State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Yadong Sun Yadong Sun 2Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Michael M. Joachimski 1GeoZentrum Nordbayern, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany Xulong Lai 2Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China3State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China Shuzhong Shen 4State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China Haishui Jiang 2Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China Genming Luo 2Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China Bo Chen 1GeoZentrum Nordbayern, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany Jun Chen 4State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China Yadong Sun 2Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 02 Aug 2011 Revision Received: 23 Sep 2011 Accepted: 27 Sep 2011 First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2682 Print ISSN: 0091-7613 © 2012 Geological Society of America Geology (2012) 40 (3): 195–198. https://doi.org/10.1130/G32707.1 Article history Received: 02 Aug 2011 Revision Received: 23 Sep 2011 Accepted: 27 Sep 2011 First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Michael M. Joachimski, Xulong Lai, Shuzhong Shen, Haishui Jiang, Genming Luo, Bo Chen, Jun Chen, Yadong Sun; Climate warming in the latest Permian and the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Geology 2012;; 40 (3): 195–198. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G32707.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract High-resolution oxygen isotope records document the timing and magnitude of global warming across the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) boundary. Oxygen isotope ratios measured on phosphate-bound oxygen in conodont apatite from the Meishan and Shangsi sections (South China) decrease by 2‰ in the latest Permian, translating into low-latitude surface water warming of 8 °C. The oxygen isotope shift coincides with the negative shift in carbon isotope ratios of carbonates, suggesting that the addition of isotopically light carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system by Siberian Traps volcanism and related processes resulted in higher greenhouse gas levels and global warming. The major temperature rise started immediately before the main extinction phase, with maximum and harmful temperatures documented in the latest Permian (Meishan: bed 27). The coincidence of climate warming and the main pulse of extinction suggest that global warming was one of the causes of the collapse of the marine and terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, very warm climate conditions in the Early Triassic may have played a major role in the delayed recovery in the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic crisis. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Cells are continually exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during cellular metabolism. Apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy are biological processes involving a feedback cycle that causes ROS molecules to induce oxidative stress. To adapt to ROS exposure, living cells develop various defense mechanisms to neutralize and use ROS as a signaling molecule. The cellular redox networks combine signaling pathways that regulate cell metabolism, energy, cell survival, and cell death. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are essential antioxidant enzymes that are required for scavenging ROS in various cell compartments and response to stressful situations. Among the non-enzymatic defenses, vitamin C, glutathione (GSH), polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamin E, etc., are also essential. This review article describes how ROS are produced as byproducts of oxidation/reduction (redox) processes and how the antioxidants defense system is directly or indirectly engaged in scavenging ROS. In addition, we used computational methods to determine the comparative profile of binding energies of several antioxidants with antioxidant enzymes. The computational analysis demonstrates that antioxidants with a high affinity for antioxidant enzymes regulate their structures.

footprint. The viability of water electrolysis still hinges on the availability of durable earth-abundant electrocatalyst materials and the overall process efficiency. This review spans from the fundamentals of electrocatalytically initiated water splitting to the very latest scientific findings from university and institutional research, also covering specifications and special features of the current industrial processes and those processes currently being tested in large-scale applications. Recently developed strategies are described for the optimisation and discovery of active and durable materials for electrodes that ever-increasingly harness first-principles calculations and machine learning. In addition, a technoeconomic analysis of water electrolysis is included that allows an assessment of the extent to which a large-scale implementation of water splitting can help to combat climate change. This review article is intended to cross-pollinate and strengthen efforts from fundamental understanding to technical implementation and to improve the 'junctions' between the field's physical chemists, materials scientists and engineers, as well as stimulate much-needed exchange among these groups on challenges encountered in the different domains.

Research Article| January 01, 2012 Latest Permian mercury anomalies Hamed Sanei; Hamed Sanei * 1Geological Survey of Canada, 3303-33rd Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L2A7, Canada2Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada *E-mail: hsanei@nrcan.gc.ca. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Stephen E. Grasby; Stephen E. Grasby 1Geological Survey of Canada, 3303-33rd Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L2A7, Canada2Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Benoit Beauchamp Benoit Beauchamp 2Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Geology (2012) 40 (1): 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1130/G32596.1 Article history received: 27 Jun 2011 rev-recd: 22 Aug 2011 accepted: 24 Aug 2011 first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Hamed Sanei, Stephen E. Grasby, Benoit Beauchamp; Latest Permian mercury anomalies. Geology 2012;; 40 (1): 63–66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G32596.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract A sedimentary record from the Buchanan Lake section, Canadian High Arctic, shows anomalous high levels of mercury (Hg) during the latest Permian extinction (LPE) on northwest Pangea. Significant influx of Hg progressively overwhelmed the marine system. Major disruption of the organic matter–mediated Hg drawdown process resulted in accumulation of dissolved Hg to maximum levels at the LPE boundary, affecting an already stressed global ecosystem. A switch to euxinic marine conditions at the LPE boundary led to chemical drawdown of Hg sulfides, as marked by progressive Hg mitigation. This allowed self-recovery from toxic Hg conditions, and ultimately led to reestablishment of the internal Hg–organic matter drawdown process. We hypothesize that anomalous Hg levels may be attributed to the significant natural atmospheric emissions caused by catastrophic Siberian Traps volcanic eruptions. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

This synthesis explores the state-of-the-knowledge and state-of-the-practice regarding the latest updates on polymer-modified bitumens (PmBs). The information in this study was gathered from a thorough review of the latest papers in the literatures related to modified bituminous materials, technologies, and advances. For this purpose, the paper is presented in two principle sections. In the first part, the bitumen itself is investigated in terms of chemical structure and microstructural systems. In the second part, the paper focuses on bitumen modification from different aspects for assessing the effectiveness of the introduced additives and polymers for enhancing the engineering properties of bitumen in both paving and industrial applications. In conclusion, the knowledge obtained in this study has revealed the importance of the chemical composition of base bitumen for its modification. It can be declared that while some polymers/additives can improve one or some aspects of neat bitumen properties, they can lead to compatibility problems in storage and production. In this respect, several studies showed the effectiveness of waxes for improving the compatibility of polymers with bitumen in addition to some benefits regarding warm mix asphalt (WMA) production.

In the past two years, significant progresses have been achieved in high-performance cast and wrought magnesium and magnesium alloys, magnesium-based composites, advanced cast technologies, advanced processing technologies, and functional magnesium materials, such as Mg ion batteries, hydrogen storage Mg materials, bio-magnesium alloys, etc. Great contributions to the development of new magnesium alloys and their processing technologies have been made by Chongqing University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Queensland University, Brunel University, etc. This review paper is aimed to summarize the latest important advances in cast magnesium alloys, wrought magnesium alloys and functional magnesium materials worldwide in 2018–2019, including both the development of new materials and the innovation of their processing technologies. Based on the issues and challenges identified here, some future research directions are suggested, including further development of high-performance magnesium alloys having high strength and superior plasticity together with high corrosion resistance and low cost, and fundamental research on the phase diagram, diffusion, precipitation, etc., as well as the development of advanced welding and joining technology.

Abstract High‐resolution raster hydrography maps are a fundamental data source for many geoscience applications. Here we introduce MERIT Hydro, a new global flow direction map at 3‐arc sec resolution (~90 m at the equator) derived from the latest elevation data (MERIT DEM) and water body data sets (G1WBM, Global Surface Water Occurrence, and OpenStreetMap). We developed a new algorithm to extract river networks near automatically by separating actual inland basins from dummy depressions caused by the errors in input elevation data. After a minimum amount of hand editing, the constructed hydrography map shows good agreement with existing quality‐controlled river network data sets in terms of flow accumulation area and river basin shape. The location of river streamlines was realistically aligned with existing satellite‐based global river channel data. Relative error in the drainage area was <0.05 for 90% of Global Runoff Data Center (GRDC) gauges, confirming the accuracy of the delineated global river networks. Discrepancies in flow accumulation area were found mostly in arid river basins containing depressions that are occasionally connected at high water levels and thus resulting in uncertain watershed boundaries. MERIT Hydro improves on existing global hydrography data sets in terms of spatial coverage (between N90 and S60) and representation of small streams, mainly due to increased availability of high‐quality baseline geospatial data sets. The new flow direction and flow accumulation maps, along with accompanying supplementary layers on hydrologically adjusted elevation and channel width, will advance geoscience studies related to river hydrology at both global and local scales.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTMicro Total Analysis Systems. Latest Advancements and TrendsPetra S. Dittrich, Kaoru Tachikawa, and Andreas ManzView Author Information Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 12, 3887–3908Publication Date (Web):April 28, 2006Publication History Published online28 April 2006Published inissue 1 June 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac0605602https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0605602review-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views8931Altmetric-Citations820LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Biotechnology,Fluid dynamics,Genetics,Liquids,Microchips Get e-Alerts

Carbonate and organic matter deposited during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum is characterized by a remarkable -2.5% excursion in delta 13C that occurred over approximately 10(4) yr and returned to near initial values in an exponential pattern over approximately 2 x 10(5) yr. It has been hypothesized that this excursion signifies transfer of 1.4 to 2.8 x 10(18) g of CH4 from oceanic hydrates to the combined ocean-atmosphere inorganic carbon reservoir. A scenario with 1.12 x 10(18) g of CH4 is numerically simulated here within the framework of the present-day global carbon cycle to test the plausibility of the hypothesis. We find that (1) the delta 13C of the deep ocean, shallow ocean, and atmosphere decreases by -2.3% over 10(4) yr and returns to initial values in an exponential pattern over approximately 2 x 10(5) yr; (2) the depth of the lysocline shoals by up to 400 m over 10(4) yr, and this rise is most pronounced in one ocean region; and (3) global surface temperature increases by approximately 2 degrees C over 10(4) yr and returns to initial values over approximately 2 x 10(6) yr. The first effect is quantitatively consistent with the geologic record; the latter two effects are qualitatively consistent with observations. Thus, significant CH4 release from oceanic hydrates is a plausible explanation for observed carbon cycle perturbations during the thermal maximum. This conclusion is of broad interest because the flux of CH4 invoked during the maximum is of similar magnitude to that released to the atmosphere from present-day anthropogenic CH4 sources.

The city of Wuhan in China is the focus of global attention due to an outbreak of a febrile respiratory illness due to a coronavirus 2019-nCoV. In December 2019, there was an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, Hubei province in China, with an epidemiological link to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market where there was also sale of live animals. Notification of the WHO on 31 Dec 2019 by the Chinese Health Authorities has prompted health authorities in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan to step up border surveillance, and generated concern and fears that it could mark the emergence of a novel and serious threat to public health (WHO, 2020a; Parr, 2020).

Diverse forms of environmental problems pose a serious threat to the natural environment. Environmental sustainability is the foremost topic in the contemporary tourism and hospitality industry. Environmentally-sustainable consumer behavior is an important aspect of environmental protection, which eventually benefits the society. In order to better understand environmentally-sustainable consumption and promote environmentally responsible consumer behavior, this research provides a sound conceptualization of environmentally-sustainable consumer behavior, and presents a systematic review and perspective on theories (theory of reasoned action, norm activation theory, theory of planned behavior, model of goal-directed behavior, and value-belief-norm theory) established in tourism and environmental psychology. In addition, this study introduces the essential drivers of environmentally-sustainable consumer behavior (green image, pro-environmental behavior in everyday life, environmental knowledge, green product attachment, descriptive social norm, anticipated pride and guilt, environmental corporate social responsibility, perceived effectiveness, connectedness to nature, and green value). Lastly, this paper provides the values of the latest studies on the special issue of environmental sustainability and consumer behavior in tourism and hospitality. This study as an introductory paper along with other articles in this special section help enable a collaboration platform across tourism and hospitality fields in pursuit of universal goals for promoting pro-environmental consumption and environmental sustainability.

Rudolph Hilferding. Finance Capital. A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development. Edited with an Introduction by Tom Bottomore. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981. $60.

Preeclampsia is a relatively common pregnancy disorder that originates in the placenta and causes variable maternal and fetal problems. In the worst cases, it may threaten the survival of both mother and baby. We summarize recent work on the causes of preeclampsia, which reveals a new mode of maternal immune recognition of the fetus, relevant to the condition. The circulating factors derived from the placenta, which contributes to the clinical syndrome, are now better understood. This brief review on preeclampsia does not cover all aspects of this intriguing condition but focuses on some new and interesting findings.

After the discovery, in the early 1990s, of specific G-protein-coupled receptors for marijuana's psychoactive principle Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the cannabinoid receptors, and of their endogenous agonists, the endocannabinoids, a decade of investigations has greatly enlarged our understanding of this altogether new signalling system. Yet, while the finding of the endocannabinoids resulted in a new effort to reveal the mechanisms regulating their levels in the brain and peripheral organs under physiological and pathological conditions, more endogenous substances with a similar action, and more molecular targets for the previously discovered endogenous ligands, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, or for some of their metabolites, were being proposed. As the scenario becomes subsequently more complicated, and the experimental tasks to be accomplished correspondingly more numerous, we briefly review in this article the latest 'additions' to the endocannabinoid system together with earlier breakthroughs that have contributed to our present knowledge of the biochemistry and pharmacology of the endocannabinoids.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTLatest Developments in Micro Total Analysis SystemsArun Arora†, Giuseppina Simone†, Georgette B. Salieb-Beugelaar†∥, Jung Tae Kim†, and Andreas Manz*†‡§View Author Information KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]†KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology.‡Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.§University of Freiburg.∥Twente University.Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 12, 4830–4847Publication Date (Web):May 12, 2010Publication History Published online12 May 2010Published inissue 15 June 2010https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac100969khttps://doi.org/10.1021/ac100969kreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2010 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views10352Altmetric-Citations386LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Biotechnology,Fluid dynamics,Liquids,Microfluidic devices,Nanoparticles Get e-Alerts

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTMicro Total Analysis Systems: Latest AchievementsJonathan West, Marco Becker, Sven Tombrink, and Andreas ManzView Author Information ISAS, Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, GermanyCite this: Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 12, 4403–4419Publication Date (Web):May 23, 2008Publication History Published online23 May 2008Published inissue 1 June 2008https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac800680jhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ac800680jreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2008 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7987Altmetric-Citations361LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Biotechnology,Electrochemical cells,Fluid dynamics,Genetics,Liquids Get e-Alerts

Multiple sequence alignment is one of the cornerstones of modern molecular biology. It is used to identify conserved motifs, to determine protein domains, in 2D/3D structure prediction by homology and in evolutionary studies. Recently, high-throughput technologies such as genome sequencing and structural proteomics have lead to an explosion in the amount of sequence and structure information available. In response, several new multiple alignment methods have been developed that improve both the efficiency and the quality of protein alignments. Consequently, the benchmarks used to evaluate and compare these methods must also evolve. We present here the latest release of the most widely used multiple alignment benchmark, BAliBASE, which provides high quality, manually refined, reference alignments based on 3D structural superpositions. Version 3.0 of BAliBASE includes new, more challenging test cases, representing the real problems encountered when aligning large sets of complex sequences. Using a novel, semiautomatic update protocol, the number of protein families in the benchmark has been increased and representative test cases are now available that cover most of the protein fold space. The total number of proteins in BAliBASE has also been significantly increased from 1444 to 6255 sequences. In addition, full-length sequences are now provided for all test cases, which represent difficult cases for both global and local alignment programs. Finally, the BAliBASE Web site (http://www-bio3d-igbmc.u-strasbg.fr/balibase) has been completely redesigned to provide a more user-friendly, interactive interface for the visualization of the BAliBASE reference alignments and the associated annotations.

Electrospinning is a versatile technique used to create native tissue-like fibrous scaffolds. Recently, it has gained a large amount of attention for generation of bioactive dressing materials suitable for treatment of both chronic and acute wounds. In this Review, we focus on the latest advances made in the application of electrospun scaffolds for bioactive wound healing. We first provide a brief overview of the wound healing process and electrospinning approaches. We then discuss fabrication of scaffolds made from natural and synthetic polymers via electrospinning for effective wound treatment and management. Natural polymers used for wound healing included in our Review cover protein based polymers such as collagen, gelatin, and silk and polysaccharide based polymers such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and alginate. In addition, we discuss aliphatic polyesters, super hydrophilic polymers, and polyurethanes as some of the most commonly used synthetic polymers for wound healing and wound dressing applications. Next, we review multifunctional and "smart" scaffolds developed by electrospinning based approaches. We place an emphasis on how flexibility of the electrospinning process enables production of advanced scaffolds such as core-shell fibrous scaffolds, multilayer scaffolds, and surface modified scaffolds. Taken together, it is clear that electrospinning is an emerging technology that provides a unique opportunity for engineering more effective wound dressing, management, and care products.

The random laser represents a non-conventional laser whose feedback is mediated by random fluctuation of the dielectric constant in space. Depending on whether the feedback is intensity or field feedback, random lasers are classified into two categories: a random laser with incoherent and non-resonant feedback, and a random laser with coherent and resonant feedback. This paper reviews some of the latest developments in the latter, including experiments and theories on the 'classical' and 'quantum' type of random lasers with coherent feedback, the photon localization lasers. The quantum theories of random lasers are briefly introduced, followed by a discussion of the recent studies on the interplay between light localization and coherent amplification.