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By starting with Durand's double integral representation for a product of two Jacobi functions of the second kind, we derive an integral representation for a product of two Jacobi functions of the second kind in kernel form. We also derive a Bateman-type sum for a product of two Jacobi functions of the second kind. From this integral representation we derive integral representations for the Jacobi function of the first kind in both the hyperbolic and trigonometric contexts. From the integral representations for Jacobi functions, we also derive integral representations for products of limiting functions such as associated Legendre functions of the first and second kind, Ferrers functions and also Gegenbauer functions of the first and second kind. By examining the behavior of one of these products near singularities of the relevant functions, we also derive integral representations for single functions, including a Laplace-type integral representation for the Jacobi function of the second kind. Finally, we use the product formulas for the functions of the second kind to derive Nicholson-type integral relations for the sums of squares of Jacobi functions of the first and second kinds,

There is an overwhelming abundance of works in AI Ethics. This growth is chaotic because of how sudden it is, its volume, and its multidisciplinary nature. This makes difficult to keep track of debates, and to systematically characterize goals, research questions, methods, and expertise required by AI ethicists. In this article, I show that the relation between AI and ethics can be characterized in at least three ways, which correspond to three well-represented kinds of AI ethics: ethics and AI; ethics in AI; ethics of AI. I elucidate the features of these three kinds of AI Ethics, characterize their research questions, and identify the kind of expertise that each kind needs. I also show how certain criticisms to AI ethics are misplaced, as being done from the point of view of one kind of AI ethics, to another kind with different goals. All in all, this work sheds light on the nature of AI ethics, and sets the groundwork for more informed discussions about the scope, methods, and training of AI ethicists.

We introduce a new sequence of unsigned degenerate Stirling numbers of the first kind. Following the work of Adell-Lekuona, who represented unsigned Stirling numbers of the first kind as multiples of the expectations of specific random variables, we express our new numbers as finite sums of multiples of the expectations of certain random variables. We also provide a representation of these new numbers as finite sums involving the classical unsigned Stirling numbers of the first kind. As an inversion formula, we define a corresponding sequence of new type degenerate Stirling numbers of the second kind. We derive expressions for these numbers as finite sums that involve the Stirling numbers of the second kind.

We present a kind inference algorithm for the FREEST programming language. The input to the algorithm is FREEST source code with (possibly part of) kind annotations replaced by kind variables. The algorithm infers concrete kinds for all kind variables. We ran the algorithm on the FREEST test suite by first replacing kind annotation on all type variables by fresh kind variables, and concluded that the algorithm correctly infers all kinds. Non surprisingly, we found out that programmers do not choose the most general kind in 20% of the cases.

Inspired by the relations between periods of elliptic integrals of the third kind and the periods of the extensions of the corresponding elliptic curves by the multiplicative group, we introduce the notion of the third kind periods for abelian $t$-modules and establish an evaluation for these periods that is parallel to the classical setting. When we specialize our result to the case of Drinfeld modules, an explicit formula for these third kind periods is established. We also prove the algebraic independence of periods of the first, the second, and the third kind for Drinfeld modules of arbitrary rank. This generalizes prior results of Chang for rank $2$ Drinfeld modules.

The multi-Stirling numbers of the second kind, the unsigned multi-Stirling numbers of the first kind, the multi-Lah numbers and the multi-Bernoulli numbers are all defined with the help of the multiple logarithm, and generalize respectively the Stirling numbers of the second kind, the unsigned Stirling numbers of the first kind, the unsigned Lah numbers and the higher-order Bernoulli numbers . The aim of this paper is to introduce the multi-Stirling numbers of the second kind and to find several identities involving those four numbers defined by means of the multiple logarithm and some other special numbers.

This manuscript introduces the idea of GS-exponential kind of convex functions and some of their algebraic features, and we introduce a new class GS-exponential kind of convex sets. In addition, we describe certain fundamental GS-exponential kind of convex function with characteristics in both the general and the differentiable cases. We establish the sufficient conditions of optimality and offer the proof for unconstrained as well as inequality-constrained programming while considering the assumption of GS-exponential kind of convexity.

We define Hochschild cohomology of the second kind for differential graded (dg) or curved algebras as a derived functor in the twisted derived category, and show that it is invariant under suitable Morita equivalences of the second kind. A bimodule version of Koszul duality is constructed and used to show that Hochschild cohomology of the second kind is preserved under (nonconilpotent) Koszul duality. We show that Hochschild cohomology of the second kind of an algebra often computes the ordinary Hochschild cohomology of geometrically meaningful dg categories. Examples include the category of infinity local systems on a topological space, the bounded derived category of a complex algebraic manifold and the category of matrix factorizations.

This article aims to understand the behavior of the curvature operator of the second kind under the Ricci flow in dimension three. First, we express the eigenvalues of the curvature operator of the second kind explicitly in terms of that of the curvature operator (of the first kind). Second, we prove that $\a$-positive/$\a$-nonnegative curvature operator of the second kind is preserved by the Ricci flow in dimension three for all $\a \in [1,5]$.

We prove that a compact Einstein manifold of dimension $n\geq 4$ with nonnegative curvature operator of the second kind is a constant curvature space by Bochner technique. Moreover, we obtain that compact Einstein manifolds of dimension $n\geq 11$ with $\left [ \frac{n+2}{4} \right ]$-nonnegative curvature operator of the second kind, $4\ (\mbox{resp.},8,9,10)$-dimensional compact Einstein manifolds with $2$-nonnegative curvature of the second kind and $5$-dimensional compact Einstein manifolds with $3$-nonnegative curvature of the second kind are constant curvature spaces. Combing with Li's result [10], we have that a compact Einstein manifold of dimension $n\geq 4$ with $\max\{4,\left [ \frac{n+2}{4} \right ]\}$-nonnegative curvature operator of the second kind is a constant curvature space.

The degenerate Stirling numbers of the second kind and of the first kind, which are respectively degenerate versions of the Stirling numbers of the second kind and of the first kind, appear frequently when we study various degenerate versions of some special numbers and polynomials. The aim of this paper is to consider the r-truncated degenerate Stirling numbers of the second kind, which reduce to the degenerate Stirling numbers of the second for r = 1, and to investigate their explicit expressions, some properties and related identities, in connection with several other degenerate special numbers and polynomials.

Let $K$ be a field and $X$ a connected partially ordered set. In the first part of this paper, we show that the finitary incidence algebra $FI(X,K)$ of $X$ over $K$ has an involution of the second kind if and only if $X$ has an involution and $K$ has an automorphism of order $2$. We also give a characterization of the involutions of the second kind on $FI(X,K)$. In the second part, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for two involutions of the second kind on $FI(X,K)$ to be equivalent in the case where $char K eq 2$ and every multiplicative automorphism of $FI(X,K)$ is inner.

We obtain expressions for second kind integrals on non-hyperelliptic $(n,s)$-curves. Such a curve possesses a Weierstrass point at infinity which is a branch point where all sheets of the curve come together. The infinity serves as the basepoint for Abel's map, and the basepoint in the definition of the second kind integrals. We define second kind differentials as having a pole at the infinity, therefore the second kind integrals need to be regularized. We propose the regularization consistent with the structure of the field of Abelian functions on Jacobian of the curve. In this connection we introduce the notion of regularization constant, a uniquely defined free term in the expansion of the second kind integral over a local parameter in the vicinity of the infinity. This is a vector with components depending on parameters of the curve, the number of components is equal to genus of the curve. Presence of the term guarantees consistency of all relations between Abelian functions constructed with the help of the second kind integrals. We propose two methods of calculating the regularization constant, and obtain these constants for $(3,4)$, $(3,5)$, $(3,7)$, and $(4,5)$-curves. By th

This article aims to investigate the curvature operator of the second kind on Kähler manifolds. The first result states that an $m$-dimensional Kähler manifold with $\frac{3}{2}(m^2-1)$-nonnegative (respectively, $\frac{3}{2}(m^2-1)$-nonpositive) curvature operator of the second kind must have constant nonnegative (respectively, nonpositive) holomorphic sectional curvature. The second result asserts that a closed $m$-dimensional Kähler manifold with $\left(\frac{3m^3-m+2}{2m}\right)$-positive curvature operator of the second kind has positive orthogonal bisectional curvature, thus being biholomorphic to $\mathbb{CP}^m$. We also prove that $\left(\frac{3m^3+2m^2-3m-2}{2m}\right)$-positive curvature operator of the second kind implies positive orthogonal Ricci curvature. Our approach is pointwise and algebraic.

For an integer $k$, define poly-Euler numbers of the second kind $\widehat E_n^{(k)}$ ($n=0,1,\dots$) by $$ \frac{{\rm Li}_k(1-e^{-4 t})}{4\sinh t}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\widehat E_n^{(k)}\frac{t^n}{n!}\,. $$ When $k=1$, $\widehat E_n=\widehat E_n^{(1)}$ are {\it Euler numbers of the second kind} or {\it complimentary Euler numbers} defined by $$ \frac{t}{\sinh t}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\widehat E_n\frac{t^n}{n!}\,. $$ Euler numbers of the second kind were introduced as special cases of hypergeometric Euler numbers of the second kind in \cite{KZ}, so that they would supplement hypergeometric Euler numbers. In this paper, we give several properties of Euler numbers of the second kind. In particular, we determine their denominators. We also show several properties of poly-Euler numbers of the second kind, including duality formulae and congruence relations.

In this paper we determine the radius of convexity for three kind of normalized Bessel functions of the first kind. In the mentioned cases the normalized Bessel functions are starlike-univalent and convex-univalent, respectively, on the determined disks. The key tools in the proofs of the main results are some new Mittag-Leffler expansions for quotients of Bessel functions of the first kind, special properties of the zeros of Bessel functions of the first kind and their derivative, and the fact that the smallest positive zeros of some Dini functions are less than the first positive zero of the Bessel function of the first kind. Moreover, we find the optimal parameters for which these normalized Bessel functions are convex in the open unit disk. In addition, we disprove a conjecture of Baricz and Ponnusamy concerning the convexity of the Bessel function of the first kind.

In recent years, languages like Haskell have seen a dramatic surge of new features that significantly extends the expressive power of their type systems. With these features, the challenge of kind inference for datatype declarations has presented itself and become a worthy research problem on its own. This paper studies kind inference for datatypes. Inspired by previous research on type-inference, we offer declarative specifications for what datatype declarations should be accepted, both for Haskell98 and for a more advanced system we call PolyKinds, based on the extensions in modern Haskell, including a limited form of dependent types. We believe these formulations to be novel and without precedent, even for Haskell98. These specifications are complemented with implementable algorithmic versions. We study soundness, completeness and the existence of principal kinds in these systems, proving the properties where they hold. This work can serve as a guide both to language designers who wish to formalize their datatype declarations and also to implementors keen to have principled inference of principal types. This technical supplement to Kind Inference for Datatypes serves to expand u

We show that compact, $n$-dimensional Riemannian manifolds with $\frac{n+2}{2}$-nonnegative curvature operators of the second kind are either rational homology spheres or flat. More generally, we obtain vanishing of the $p$-th Betti number provided that the curvature operator of the second kind is $C(p,n)$-positive. Our curvature conditions become weaker as $p$ increases. For $p=\frac{n}{2}$ we have $C(p,n)= \frac{3n}{2} \frac{n+2}{n+4} $, and for $5 \leq p \leq \frac{n}{2}$ we exhibit a $C(p,n)$-positive algebraic curvature operator of the second kind with negative Ricci curvatures.

In this paper we are interested in understanding the structure of domains of first and second kind, a concept motivated by problems in statistical mechanics. We prove some openness property for domains of first kind with respect to a suitable topology, as well as some sufficient condition for a simply connected domain to be of first kind in terms of the Fourier coefficients of the Riemann map. Finally, we show that the set of simply connected domains of first kind is contractible.