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To establish normative reference ranges for diencephalon diameter, falx cerebri length, and the diencephalon/falx (D/F) ratio between 11 + 6 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation and to evaluate their relationship with crown-rump length (CRL). This prospective observational study included 676 fetuses during routine first-trimester screening; three fetuses were excluded from this study with major cerebral anatomical defects. Using a standardized mid-sagittal plane, the diencephalon (maximum anteroposterior distance) and falx cerebri were measured. The D/F ratio was calculated, and quantile regression was used to generate 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile curves associated with CRL. Diencephalon diameter increased progressively with CRL, while falx cerebri length showed modest growth. The D/F ratio demonstrated a slight inverse relationship with CRL. Two cases of midline defects (agenesis of the corpus callosum) were identified; the D/F ratio was abnormal in one case but remained within normal limits in the second. Diencephalon and falx measurements are reproducible during the first trimester. While the proposed quantile-based nomograms provide a robust normative framework, the isolated use of the D/F ratio may have limitations in detecting certain midline anomalies. These landmarks should be regarded as adjunctive markers and should be interpreted as part of a comprehensive first-trimester fetal neurosonographic assessment.

To investigate the effects of young human red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (Y-RBCEVs) on fracture healing. Associations of RBC-related indicators with bone mineral density and mortality in fracture populations were analyzed using NHANES data (1999-2020). A murine femoral fracture model was established to investigate RBC transfusion effects. Y-RBCEVs and O-RBCEVs were isolated to examine their effects on osteogenic differentiation and BMM polarization in vitro. In vivo distribution was assessed by IVIS, and therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in fracture mice. Proteomic sequencing identified differentially expressed proteins between Y-RBCEVs and O-RBCEVs, and key protein function was investigated by transcriptomic analysis and in vitro validation. The observational study revealed associations between RBC count and bone mineral density with fracture populations mortality. RBC transfusion modulated the expression of osteogenic and M2 macrophage polarization-related genes. In vitro, RBCEVs were efficiently internalized by BMSCs and BMMs, with Y-RBCEVs enhancing osteogenic activity in BMSCs and promoting M2 macrophage polarization, thereby partially restoring osteogenesis impaired by inflammatory conditions. In vivo, Y-RBCEVs accumulated at fracture sites and enhanced bone regeneration without detectable toxicity, accompanied by increased OCN and CD206 expression. Proteomic analysis identified VCAN as one of the potential functional cargos. Mechanistically, Y-RBCEV-derived VCAN interacted with CD44 on macrophages and was associated with activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, contributing to M2 polarization. Y-RBCEVs enhance fracture repair by modulating osteogenesis and macrophage polarization, with VCAN-associated CD44/PI3K/AKT signaling contributing to their osteo-immunomodulatory effects. These findings highlight RBCEVs as a potential therapeutic strategy for bone regeneration.

Recurrence of posterior tibial translation (PTT) is one of the challenges of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction. Several studies have emphasized the importance of protecting the transplanted graft. However, the impact of such protective measures on clinical outcomes has rarely been investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative outcomes between conventional and modified rehabilitation (CR and MR, respectively) protocols after double-bundle PCL reconstruction. It was hypothesized that an MR protocol designed to protect the transplanted graft, combined with a dynamic PCL brace, would improve PTT and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) compared with CR. Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. This study included 25 patients with isolated grade 2 or 3 PCL injuries who underwent double-bundle reconstruction using autogenous hamstring grafts between 2017 and 2022. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: the CR group (n = 14), which received CR without a dynamic PCL brace, and the MR group (n = 11), which received MR with a dynamic PCL brace. PTT was evaluated by gravity sag view radiographs preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery. PROs were assessed using the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) at 2 years. PTT decreased from preoperative to immediate postoperative evaluation in both groups without a significant difference between the 2 groups (CR group: 9.9 &#xb1; 3.0 mm to -1.0 &#xb1; 1.9 mm; MR group: 9.6 &#xb1; 3.5 mm to -1.4 &#xb1; 0.5 mm). At 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery, the CR group demonstrated PTT of 3.7 &#xb1; 1.5, 4.0 &#xb1; 1.7, 4.4 &#xb1; 1.6, and 4.7 &#xb1; 1.7 mm, respectively, whereas the MR group demonstrated significantly smaller values of 0.8 &#xb1; 1.9, 1.9 &#xb1; 1.6, 2.6 &#xb1; 2.1, and 2.6 &#xb1; 2.2 mm, respectively (P < .05). Residual posterior sagging (PTT >5 mm) occurred in 29% of the CR group and 9% of the MR group (P = .34). No major complications were observed. The KOOS Sport and Recreation subscale score tended to be higher in the MR group. MR with a dynamic PCL brace to protect the graft significantly improved tibial position after PCL reconstruction compared with CR, without increasing the risk of complications.

A new diketomorpholine, myromopholine A (1), was isolated from the wetland fungus Myrothecium gramineum (ZLW0801-19). Through extensive spectroscopic analyses, including IR, MS, NMR, and X-ray single crystal diffraction, the planar structure and absolute configuration of the compound were determined, revealing the presence of a rare D-phenyllactic acid moiety. The investigation represents the first reported isolation of a diketomorpholine compound from the genus Myrothecium. Furthermore, it is the first identification of a diketomorpholine bearing a D-phenyllactic acid unit from a natural source, challenging the conventional understanding that such natural products exist exclusively as L-form derivatives.

Perilunate dislocations (PLD) and perilunate fracture-dislocations (PLFD) are uncommon but severe carpal injuries. Although open or arthroscopic-assisted reduction with capsuloligamentous repair is recommended when feasible, access to suture anchors, appropriate nonabsorbable sutures, wrist arthroscopy, and advanced imaging may be inconsistent in resource-limited trauma settings. In such circumstances, temporary K-wire stabilization without formal ligament repair may represent a pragmatic stabilization strategy. We retrospectively reviewed 11 consecutive patients with acute PLD or PLFD treated between July 2019 and June 2024 in a single-center retrospective therapeutic case series (Level IV evidence). All patients underwent attempted fluoroscopic closed reduction followed, when necessary, by open reduction. Stabilization consisted of scapholunate and lunotriquetral pinning using two 1.6-mm&#x2009;K-wires, without formal ligament repair; associated fractures were fixed with K-wires as indicated. Outcomes included pain (VAS), QuickDASH, PRWE, Mayo Wrist Score (MWS), wrist range of motion, and grip strength. Radiographs assessed scapholunate distance (SLD) and scapholunate angle (SLA). Mean age was 36.9 years and 81.8% of patients were male. All injuries resulted from high-energy trauma (nine road-traffic accidents and two sports-related injuries). Five patients had PLD and six had PLFD. Closed reduction was successful in three cases; eight required open reduction (six dorsal and two combined dorsal-volar). Mean follow-up was 50.5 months. Mean VAS was 3. Mean QuickDASH was 30.4, PRWE 37.5, and MWS 78.5. Mean flexion-extension arc was 101.8&#xb0; and mean grip strength was 75.2% of the contralateral side. Mean SLD was 3.0&#x2009;mm and mean SLA was 61.8&#xb0;. No pin-tract infection, K-wire migration, avascular necrosis, or radiographic osteoarthritis was observed at mid-term follow-up. In this small Level IV case series, isolated K-wire stabilization without formal ligament repair was associated with heterogeneous mid-term outcomes after acute PLD and fracture-dislocations. Partial functional recovery was observed in many patients, but residual scapholunate malalignment persisted in some cases. These findings are descriptive and hypothesis-generating and should be interpreted cautiously in the absence of a comparative cohort. They should not be viewed as evidence of equivalence to ligament-repair techniques.

Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes poses a significant clinical challenge due to its antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-forming capacity in chronic wounds and device-associated infections. Bacteriophage therapy offers a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics, though effective delivery systems remain critical for clinical translation. This study reports the isolation, genomic characterization, and alginate hydrogel-based formulation of a lytic bacteriophage, KA_SGEB_01, targeting multidrug-resistant K. aerogenes. The phage was isolated from hospital sewage using multidrug-resistant K. aerogenes as a host. Comprehensive characterizations included plaque morphology and host range determination, multiplicity of infection (MOI) optimization, one-step growth kinetics, antibiofilm activity assays, and environmental stability testing. Complete genome sequencing and annotation were performed. Phage-loaded alginate hydrogels were developed and evaluated for release kinetics, long-term viability, and antibiofilm efficacy. KA_SGEB_01 produced clear plaques (1 &#xb1; 0.1 mm) with halos indicative of depolymerase activity and exhibited strict host specificity. The optimal MOI was 0.01 with a 15-minute latent period and the phage remained stable between -20 &#xb0;C and 50 &#xb0;C; and across a pH range 6-9. Biofilm assays demonstrated around 60% Crystal-Violet-stained biomass reduction as well as significant biofilm disruption visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a 175,095 bp double-stranded DNA genome encoding 289 predicted coding sequences, classified within the family Straboviridae, genus Slopekvirus, and lacking any virulence or AMR genes. Encapsulation in alginate hydrogels preserved viability (>10&#x2079; PFU/mL) for 14 days and enabled sustained release (&#x223c; 67% at 72 h), resulting in significant biofilm biomass inhibition. Collectively, KA_SGEB_01-loaded alginate hydrogels represent a promising platform for treating multidrug-resistant K. aerogenes in wound and device-associated infections caused by the bacterium.

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury refers to secondary damage that occurs following ischemic stroke when reperfusion is achieved using thrombolytic agents. The abrupt restoration of blood flow induces excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines, and infiltration of immune cells, resulting in additional tissue injury. Although the anti-inflammatory effects of LpEVs have been researched, their potential as gene delivery vehicles has not been investigated. LpEV, which possesses anti-inflammatory properties and a lipid membrane structure, has the potential to be utilized as a gene delivery vehicle. Our study focuses on whether LpEVs act as delivery vehicles for anti-miRNA-181a oligonucleotides (AMO181a) and exert therapeutic effects on I/R injury. LpEVs were isolated by PEG precipitation method. Physical characterization of LpEVs was performed by dynamic light scattering. In vitro cytokine assays were performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect. For delivery of AMO181a, cholesterol-conjugated AMO181a (AMO181a-chol) was loaded into the LpEVs by hydrophobic interaction. Delivery efficiency of AMO181a was evaluated in Neuro2A cells by flow cytometry. The therapeutic effects of LpEVs and AMO181a were measured in the ischemia/reperfusion animal models. Anti-inflammatory effects of LpEVs were confirmed in the activated macrophages in vitro, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Also, LpEVs decreased the infarct volume in an I/R animal model. Delivery efficiency of AMO181a-chol by LpEVs was higher than that of naked AMO181a-chol and comparable to the AMO181a-chol/polyethylenimine (25&#x202f;kDa, PEI25k) complex in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, LpEVs did not induce cytotoxicity. As a result, AMO181a-chol-loaded LpEVs had higher therapeutic effects than controls including LpEV alone, naked AMO181a-chol, and AMO181a-chol/PEI25k. LpEVs may be useful for the treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury with dual functions of its own anti-inflammatory effects and for delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides.

In intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), sperm selection has traditionally relied on motility and morphology, often overlooking DNA integrity. This study evaluates the Felix&#x2122; Electrophoretic System, which isolates sperm based on membrane surface electric charge, by assessing its effectiveness in selecting motile sperm with intact DNA and comparing ICSI clinical outcomes between the Felix&#x2122; system and density gradient centrifugation (DGC) in sibling oocytes. In this prospective clinical trial study, semen samples from 25 infertile couples were processed using both DGC and the Felix&#x2122; sperm preparation system. For ICSI, oocytes were fertilized with sperm prepared by each method. Embryo development was monitored using time-lapse imaging, and embryo quality was assessed on day 5 post-ICSI. The highest-quality embryo from each group was selected for transfer. Fertilization rates and blastocyst quality were comparable between the two groups. Although the Felix &#x2122; group exhibited a higher proportion of high-quality blastocysts than the DGC group, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.220). The number of embryo transfers per couple varied depending on the availability of transferable embryos. In total, 16 embryo transfers were performed in the Felix&#x2122; group, resulting in a 37% clinical pregnancy rate, whereas 11 transfers were performed in the DGC group, resulting in a 36% clinical pregnancy rate. This pilot study demonstrated that the Felix&#x2122; system provides assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes comparable to those of DGC, while requiring less semen and time and avoiding centrifugal stress. However, larger studies and additional functional and long-term evaluations are needed to confirm its efficacy, safety, and impact on offspring health (registration number: IRCT20110804007223N11).

Rapid urbanization has led to increasingly severe environmental degradation, necessitating the development of intelligent, adaptable, and explainable monitoring systems for sustainable urban management. Existing modeling frameworks are limited by problems related to sensor noise, data inconsistencies, poor adaptability, and a lack of explanation of how models arrive at their predictions. This study proposes a Satin Firefighter Optimization-Reinforcement Learning (SFFO-RL) model within an Intelligent Environmental Monitoring Framework (IEMF) to enable accurate, interpretable environmental assessments. The IEMF employs adaptive filtering for sensor noise, an Isolation Forest outlier-removal method, and Min-Max normalization of the data, followed by Multi-order Neighbor Feature Fusion (MNFF) for comprehensive feature representation. The SFFO-RL contributes to more stable convergence in environmental monitoring, a better exploration-exploitation balance, and improved adaptability in predicting pollutant concentrations when one or more pollutants change over time. Predictions were applied to a novel Environmental Health Index (EHI) to provide early warning alerts, while model visualization explained how data were transformed into predictions. Ultimately, the proposed SFFO-RL achieved 97.1% accuracy, 97.8% F1 score, 97.6% recall, and 98.21% precision.

Cucurbit yellow vine disease (CYVD), caused by the bacterium Serratia ureilytica, is a phloem-associated disease of cucurbits. This study characterized the spatial and temporal distribution of S. ureilytica in Cucurbita pepo cultivar 'Delicata' plants under greenhouse conditions using a GFP-tagged isolate (P01). Seedlings were sampled weekly for four weeks. Transverse sections from the stem, petiole, leaf, shoot apex, and root were imaged by laser scanning confocal and fluorescent dissecting microscopy. In parallel, bacterial abundance in each plant tissue was assessed by quantifying colony-forming units (CFU) via droplet plating over a 4-week time course. Across plant tissues and time points, S. ureilytica fluorescent signal was primarily concentrated in the inner and outer periphery of the bicollateral vascular bundles, with higher magnification images revealing mainly symplastic localization within phloem-associated parenchyma cells. Consistent with the imaging results, bacterial quantification data showed a high abundance of CFUs in the main stem, with an irregular pattern of presence in the distal tissues at later time points. These results suggest that S. ureilytica is predominantly localized within phloem-associated parenchyma and spreads both acropetally and basipetally during infection.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves both primary and secondary pathological processes, including hemorrhage, ischemia, edema, and neuroinflammation. Although tissue-derived exosomes have emerged as important mediators of intercellular communication within local tissue microenvironments, their role in TBI-associated inflammatory responses remains incompletely understood. This study integrated brain tissue-derived exosomal proteomics with publicly available hippocampal transcriptomic data to investigate the potential association between tissue-derived exosomes and chemotaxis-related inflammatory responses after TBI. Brain tissue-derived exosomes were isolated, characterized, and subjected to label-free proteomic analysis. Public hippocampal transcriptomic data from GSE173975 were analyzed, and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and genes (DEGs) were identified from the exosomal proteomic and transcriptomic datasets, respectively. Functional enrichment, co-enrichment, and protein-protein interaction network analyses were performed, followed by quantitative real-time PCR, exosomal western blotting, and Transwell migration assays for validation and functional assessment. In total, 190 DEPs and 465 DEGs were identified. Co-enrichment analyses highlighted immune- and inflammation-related processes, particularly chemotaxis-related processes and chemokine signaling. LGALS3 and ITGB2 were increased at the exosomal protein level in brain tissue-derived exosomes from TBI rats and also showed increased hippocampal mRNA expression, whereas CCL2, CCL3, and CCR5 were upregulated at the hippocampal mRNA level. Functionally, TBI-derived exosomes enhanced BV2 microglial migration in vitro. Overall, these findings suggest that injury-associated brain tissue-derived exosomes may be associated with chemotaxis-related inflammatory and pro-migratory responses after TBI.

Photothermal superhydrophobic textiles represent an emerging paradigm integrating active light-driven functionality with passive liquid repellency. While previous reviews treated superhydrophobicity and photothermal effects in isolation, this work pioneers a systematic analysis of their synergistic interplay-a critical, underexplored mechanism where superhydrophobicity preserves photothermal efficiency by minimizing water-induced heat loss, while photothermal activity prevents surface fouling that compromises non-wetting performance. Through detailed case studies of advanced material systems, this review highlights how this synergy supports significant advancements in adaptive wearable technology, energy-efficient infrastructure, and eco-friendly water treatment. This review presents an original "lab-to-life" roadmap that structurally links material design to durability assessment, environmental impact evaluation, and scalable manufacturing strategies-a holistic framework absent in existing literature. The review emphasizes urgent sustainability priorities including green material substitutions, non-toxic solvent processing methodologies, and circular design principles aligned with global environmental regulations. By connecting fundamental mechanisms to real-world deployment scenarios while outlining transformative future directions such as AI-accelerated material discovery, stimulus-responsive systems, and intelligent manufacturing protocols, this work provides a timely and actionable reference for advancing next-generation textiles toward technological sophistication and practical viability in sustainable development.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are critical biomarkers for cancer prognosis and treatment monitoring, yet their detection remains challenging due to low abundance and phenotypic heterogeneity. Herein, we developed a dual-aptamer-conjugated electrochemical cytosensor using an in situ catalase (CAT)-encapsulated nanozyme CAT@Fe(SS)MOF-EpCAM/MUC1 (CMA) with a core-shell structure (64.8% catalase encapsulation efficiency) and magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4-EpCAM/MUC1 (FA) for highly specific CTC capture. The CMA probe achieved 85.5% aptamer grafting efficiency and exhibited enhanced peroxidase (POD)-like activity through CAT-Fe(SS)MOF synergistic catalysis, significantly amplifying the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) signal. The cytosensor achieved a detection limit of 2 cells/mL in 1 mL of whole blood, taking 95 min, with a wide linear range from 2 to 40 cells/mL. It demonstrated high specificity toward dual-antigen-expressing CTCs and showed promising clinical utility in discriminating lung cancer patients from healthy donors. The system demonstrated good anticoagulant properties, hemolysis rates of <5%, and IC50 values of 558 &#x3bc;g/mL (CMA) and >700 &#x3bc;g/mL (FA) for RAW264.7. This novel electrochemical cytosensor offers a portable and efficient platform for CTCs detection, thereby paving the way for its meaningful integration into clinical practice.