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Artificial intelligence in human-assisted reproduction has attracted intense interest and inflated expectations, with proposed applications ranging from ovarian stimulation to gamete and embryo selection and outcome prediction. Despite the initial enthusiasm, its real-world clinical value remains uncertain. This review critically reassesses the current evidence to clarify where artificial intelligence meaningfully contributes and where expectations exceed demonstrated impact. Most published studies show relevant methodological weaknesses, including limited reproducibility, poor external validation, scarce explainability, and weak comparison with standard clinical practice. Research efforts have disproportionately focused on embryo selection, an area with intrinsically constrained potential to improve treatment efficacy, while other clinically relevant domains remain underexplored. As a result, reported improvements often concern surrogate or intermediate endpoints rather than robust clinical outcomes. Artificial intelligence holds greater promise in domains such as gamete assessment, automated data extraction, and personalized outcome prediction, where it may enhance treatment management, counselling, and decision-making for both clinicians and patients. Realizing this potential requires a strategic shift in research priorities and rigorous adherence to shared standards, including model transparency, uniformity, external validation, and benchmarking against established clinical workflows. Without such recalibration, artificial intelligence risks becoming a hyped technology with limited clinical relevance in assisted reproduction.

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The biotechnology company Grail developed a non-invasive blood test (Galleri test) which is claimed to detect 50 types of cancer at early and potentially curable stages. The initially promising results from prospective studies, and the anticipated financial success of Grail led the sequencing giant Illumina to purchase Grail for $8 billion (2021). Following this event, Grail collaborated with the UK National Health System to further clarify the test's capability, in a 3-year prospective trial, along with the standard of care. The UK-NHS announced that the trial will provide a clearer understanding of the efficacy of the Galleri test within the NHS framework. If the test does not perform as expected, valuable insights will still be gained to guide future research aimed at enhancing cancer screening. We previously expressed concerns about the sensitivity and specificity of the Galleri test. In this opinion paper, we revisit the hyped technology, and we provide new suggestions on the use of this test.

Generative models for the inverse design of molecules with particular properties have been heavily hyped, but have yet to demonstrate significant gains over machine-learning-augmented expert intuition. A major challenge of such models is their limited accuracy in predicting molecules with targeted properties in the data-scarce regime, which is the regime typical of the prized outliers that it is hoped inverse models will discover. For example, activity data for a drug target or stability data for a material may only number in the tens to hundreds of samples, which is insufficient to learn an accurate and reasonably general property-to-structure inverse mapping from scratch. We've hypothesized that the property-to-structure mapping becomes unique when a sufficient number of properties are supplied to the models during training. This hypothesis has several important corollaries if true. It would imply that data-scarce properties can be completely determined using a set of more accessible molecular properties. It would also imply that a generative model trained on multiple properties would exhibit an accuracy phase transition after achieving a sufficient size-a process analogous to what has been observed in the context of large language models. To interrogate these behaviors, we have built the first transformers trained on the property-to-molecular-graph task, which we dub "large property models" (LPMs). A key ingredient is supplementing these models during training with relatively basic but abundant chemical property data. The motivation for the large-property-model paradigm, the model architectures, and case studies are presented here.

Recognition that the most abundant class of genes present in the human genome are those producing long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) has hyped research on this category of transcripts. One such prototypical RNA, Xist, has particularly fueled interest. Initially characterized for its specific expression from the inactive X (Xi), recent studies have uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying its essential role in the initiation of X-chromosome inactivation, from its exquisitely precise transcriptional regulation to the plethora of protein interactors forming the Xist ribonucleoprotein (RNP) that mediate its gene silencing activity. Here, we will discuss the recent advances that have broadened our knowledge of Xist functions, challenging classical models and revealing unsuspected, unconventional actions of its RNP.

Topical hair growth supplements in the form of hair growth serums, oils, and shampoos have flooded the cosmeceutical market. The gullible masses are targeted with sponsored marketing gimmicks through social media platforms. This review article brings to light the most hyped active ingredients or peptides in these products along with their clinical evidence available in the literature. The topical actives include Redensyl, Procapil, Capixyl, Baicapil, AnaGain, onion juice, coffee extract, saw palmetto extract, pumpkin seed oil (PSO), and rosemary oil. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google databases were searched with the keywords: topical, hair growth, hair loss, and the respective active agents. Twenty-four relevant articles and technical files were extracted and reviewed. They have been studied mostly as combined formulations with other agents in randomized controlled trials or prospective cohort studies and have shown promising results. However, most of the studies have limited sample size, lack of comparison with standard therapies, nonuniformity between study groups, nondisclosure of the type of alopecia treated, and conflicts of interest. These topicals with their less significant side effect profile may find their use as an add-on therapy or as an alternative in patients not tolerating standard therapies. In this fast-growing commercialized world, it is imperative that we remain vigilant and understand the pros and cons of these products and ultimately guide our patients to the right track.

Clinical researchers should help respect the autonomy and promote the well-being of prospective study participants by helping them make voluntary, informed decisions about enrollment. However, participants often exhibit poor understanding of important information about clinical research. Bioethicists have given special attention to "misconceptions" about clinical research that can compromise participants' decision-making, most notably the "therapeutic misconception." These misconceptions typically involve false beliefs about a study's purpose, or risks or potential benefits for participants. In this article, we describe a misconception involving false beliefs about a study's potential benefits for non-participants, or its expected social value. This social value misconception can compromise altruistically motivated participants' decision-making, potentially threatening their autonomy and well-being. We show how the social value misconception raises ethical concerns for inherently low-value research, hyped research, and even ordinary research, and advocate for empirical and normative work to help understand and counteract this misconception's potential negative impacts on participants.

Efficient delignification remains a critical technological bottleneck hindering the valorization of plant cell wall resources. Plant cell walls are dynamic, spatially heterogeneous networks characterized by a highly interconnected physical architecture and complex chemical composition. In-situ visualization of delignification dynamics at the cell scale, coupled with a quantitative understanding of cell-specific delignification kinetics, provide a powerful approach for a deeper understanding of the delignification process. In this study, Confocal Raman microscopy mapping was employed to obtain lignin content and visualize the in-situ delignification process in different tissues and cells from rice stem, including parenchyma, sclerenchyma, protoxylem, vascular bundle sheath, epidermis, metaxylem, and external vascular bundle. Results revealed pronounced cell-type-dependent delignification responses, further supporting the concept that recalcitrance is not solely determined by lignin content per se. Furthermore, this study established, for the first time, the delignification kinetic models for these distinct tissues and cells, providing a quantitative framework for describing lignin content dynamics during acidified sodium chlorite delignification process. This study offers a valuable approach for understanding and optimizing cell-type-specific responses during the implementation of delignification strategies.

The turn of the century brought a resurgence of interest in psychedelics as a treatment for addiction and other psychiatric conditions, accompanied by extensive positive media attention and private equity investment. Government regulatory bodies in Australia, Israel, Canada and the United States now permit use of psychedelics for medical purposes. In the United States, citizen action and corporate financing have led to petitions and ballot initiatives to legalize psilocybin and other psychedelics for medical and recreational use. Given this momentum, policymakers must grapple with important questions that define whether and how psychedelics are made available to the public, as well as how companies produce and promote them. The current push to broaden the production, sale, and use of psychedelics bears many parallels to the movement to legalize cannabis in the United States and other nations-most notably, the use of poorly-evidenced therapeutic claims to create a de facto recreational market via the health care system. Experience with cannabis highlights the value of debating the question of legalization for nonmedical use as such rather than misrepresenting it as a medical issue. The lessons of cannabis policy also suggest a need to challenge hyping of psychedelic research findings; to promote rigorous clinical research on dosing and potency; to minimize the influence of for-profit industry in shaping policies to their economic advantage; and to coordinate federal, state, and local governments to regulate the manufacture, sale and distribution of psychedelic drugs (regardless of whether they are legalized for medical and/or recreational use).

In recent decades, the growing competition to publish internationally has made the Discussion section increasingly promotional, as authors interpret and evaluate their findings to highlight research significance. However, this section also risks exaggerating a study's contribution with promotional discourse. The current study examines the diachronic changes of promotional strategies in Communication research articles (RAs) Discussion sections by analyzing two corpora from 1980 to 1981 and 2020-2021. Drawing on analytical frameworks for analyzing promotional steps and stance features, findings revealed a marked increase in the frequency of promotional steps and stance markers. The observed changes indicated a shift toward more implicit, subtle and strategical forms of persuasion. This study contributes to the study of promotional discourse in academic writing and calls for greater recognition of rhetorically modest and transparent writing practices as markers of scholarly credibility, encouraging editorial and review policies that reward integrity alongside visibility.

The purpose of this study was to determine the practicality of using a teleconferencing platform to assess the effect of hype on clinicians' evaluations of reports of clinical trials in spinal care. Twelve chiropractic clinicians were interviewed via a videoconferencing application. Interviews were recorded and timed. Participant behaviour was monitored for compliance with the protocol. Differences between participants numerical ratings of hyped and non-hyped abstracts based on four measures of quality were analysed using pairwise comparisons (Wilcoxon signed rank test for independent samples). In addition, a linear mixed effects model was fitted with condition (i.e. hype vs. no hype) as a fixed effect and participant and abstract as random effects. The interviews and data analysis were conducted without significant technical difficulty. Participant compliance was high, and no harms were reported. There were no statistically significant differences in the quality rankings of hyped versus non-hyped abstracts. The use of a videoconferencing platform to measure the effects of hype on clinicians' evaluations of abstracts of clinical trials is practical and an adequately powered study is justified. Lack of statistically significant results may well be due to low participant numbers. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer s’il était possible d’utiliser une plateforme de téléconférence pour mesurer l’effet du battage médiatique sur les évaluations par les cliniciens des rapports d’essais cliniques dans le domaine des soins de la colonne vertébrale. Douze chiropracticiens ont été interrogés par le biais d’une application de vidéoconférence. Les entretiens ont été enregistrés et chronométrés. Le comportement des participants a été contrôlé pour s’assurer qu’ils respectaient le protocole. Les différences entre les évaluations numériques des participants pour les résumés avec et sans publicité, basées sur quatre mesures de qualité, ont été analysées en utilisant des comparaisons par paire (test de rang signé de Wilcoxon pour les échantillons indépendants). En outre, un modèle linéaire à effets mixtes a été ajusté avec la condition (c’est-à-dire avec ou sans battage publicitaire) comme effet fixe et le participant et le résumé comme effets aléatoires. Les entretiens et l’analyse des données se sont déroulés sans difficulté technique majeure. Les participants se sont montrés très coopératifs et aucun problème n’a été signalé. Il n’y a pas eu de différences statistiquement significatives dans le classement de la qualité des résumés avec ou sans battage médiatique. L’utilisation d’une plate-forme de vidéoconférence pour mesurer les effets du battage médiatique sur les évaluations des résumés d’essais cliniques par les cliniciens est pratique et une étude suffisamment puissante est justifiée. L’absence de résultats statistiquement significatifs pourrait bien être due au faible nombre de participants.

Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, this paper unfolds the past and present uses of pigs that structured the emergence of a pig model of gut-hormone based appetite control, leading to the current scientific breakthrough in treatment of obesity. While the hyping of next generation medications for obesity and type 2 diabetes centers on the efficacy and profits attached to these drugs, I unfold how science embedded in this development had the in-vivo and in-vitro travels of Bettie-an obese Göttingen Minipig pig-at its heart. Tracing how she became embedded in a circuit of vitality connecting industrial agriculture and science on human health, I show how both are governed by a shared valuation of pigs' fat. Bettie's fat, however, was not to be eaten. Instead, Bettie was consumed in knowledge production. For pigs to enter this new trajectory, Bettie emerged as a promissory site for extraction of molecular information made possible by new visualization technologies and representational strategies that allowed for the coupling of human-pig physiology at the cellular level. While her travels were spurred by the hope of discovery of small molecules, Bettie allows us to grasp an important shift in science, as the insights derived from her work emphasized the importance of physiology and the environment for human obesity. In doing so, she served as a visceral model. On a larger scale, Bettie's entering science on human health reflects a recursive structure of knowledge in which the present problems with obesity and type 2 diabetes derive from the solutions to previous problems associated with alleviating hunger.

Researchers often use promotional language ("hyping") in scientific publications to draw attention to their findings. Here we examined whether promotional language is indeed associated with higher academic impact and public attention. A content analysis of over 130,000 abstracts published in three major interdisciplinary outlets (PNAS: 84,603; Science: 25,142; Nature: 26,870) between 1991 and 2023 showed that promotional language predicted more citations and more full-length paper views, more paper mentions in online media and higher Altmetric scores. Further, additional analyses by first and last author gender (first female author n = 15,368, first male author n = 32,873, last female author n = 10,218, last male author n = 46,606) showed that despite women being often advised to engage in more self-promotion, following this advice was not significantly associated with a smaller gender gap in impact indicators. If anything, promotional language predicted a larger gender gap with men (vs. women) receiving even more citations, paper views and mentions in the media. Our findings highlight the role of communication strategies in academic impact and public attention, as well as gender diversity in academia.

Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a revolutionizing human-computer interaction with potential applications in both medical and non-medical fields, emerging as a cutting-edge and trending research direction. Increasing numbers of groups are engaging in BCI research and development. However, in recent years, there has been some confusion regarding BCI, including misleading and hyped propaganda about BCI, and even non-BCI technologies being labeled as BCI. Therefore, a clear definition and a definite scope for BCI are thoroughly considered and discussed in the paper, based on the existing definitions of BCI, including the six key or essential components of BCI. In the review, different from previous definitions of BCI, BCI paradigms and neural coding are explicitly included in the clear definition of BCI provided, and the BCI user (the brain) is clearly identified as a key component of the BCI system. Different people may have different viewpoints on the definition and scope of BCI, as well as some related issues, which are discussed in the article. This review argues that a clear definition and definite scope of BCI will benefit future research and commercial applications. It is hoped that this review will reduce some of the confusion surrounding BCI and promote sustainable development in this field.

Kale (Brassica oleracea species) is considered a functional food whose macronutrient and phytochemical contents are considered beneficial and widely considered as a superfood. In the present 6-week cross-over trial with a 2-week washout period, we compared the beneficial effects of freeze-dried kale over peas among Arab women with obesity. A total of 124 Saudi women with obesity were allocated to receive either freeze-dried kale (n = 62) or freeze-dried peas (n = 62) given in the form of 3-gram sachets thrice daily for 2 weeks, followed by a 2-week washout period and a cross-over of 4 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, glucose, lipids and markers of gut barrier function were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Participants who took kale supplementation first resulted in significant weight reduction (p = 0.02) which was not observed among those who took peas first. Participants receiving pea supplementation first experienced a significant decline in Hba1c (p = 0.005) and CD14 (p = 0.03), but C-peptide increased (p = 0.05). Crossover analysis revealed significant carryover effects in most variables with non-significant combined treatment effects. Among the variables with no carryover effect with significant combined treatment effect include HbA1c which was in favor of the pea group (p = 0.005) and C-peptide which was modestly in favor of the kale group (p = 0.05). While both freeze dried kale and pea supplementation appear beneficial, supplementation of freeze-dried pea appears to be more effective in terms of acute glycemic control than kale. The study suggests that common but less-hyped vegetables such as pea maybe equally, if not more beneficial than the more expensive promoted superfoods such as kale. Longer clinical trials using a parallel design instead of cross-over are recommended to strengthen present findings.

Delayed pregnancy is a worldwide trend, especially in Western countries. University students and professors are at high risk of presenting age-related reproductive difficulties due to this new reproductive profile. Thus, through this study, we aimed at exploring the knowledge, awareness, and attitude of university students and professors related to fertility and fertility preservation (FP). We adopted a prospective cross-sectional study design and included students and professors from private university located in the Northeast of Brazil. Eligible participants (male and female) were invited through an online message. The participants accessed the online questionnaire through a link. We performed 256 surveys (100 students and 156 professors). The overall mean age of participants was 35.8&#xb1;13.1 years (from 18 to 67 years). Fertility was considered relevant by all participants, being very important among a greater number of students compared to professors, 61% versus 30.1%, P<0.001, respectively. The main reasons why participants could have postponed parenthood were reach financial stability (62.1%), career building (51.2%), health issues (37.9%), and not having a partner (33.9%). Students demonstrated a better understanding of FP and highlighted the importance of the age of females at the time of the oocyte cryopreservation. Very few students and professors already discussed reproductive planning with a health professional. We observed a deficiency in the knowledge of Brazilian university students and professors about female fertility and FP options. Thus, exposing the population to information related to FP should be hyped in the university environment.

In this article, I interrogate whether the deployment and development of the Metaverse should take into account African values and modes of knowing to foster the uptake of this hyped technology in Africa. Specifically, I draw on the moral norms arising from the components of communal interactions and humanness in Afro-communitarianism to contend that the deployment of the Metaverse and its development ought to reflect core African moral values to foster its uptake in the region. To adequately align the Metaverse with African core values and thus foster its uptake among Africans, significant technological advancement that makes simulating genuine human experiences possible must occur. Additionally, it would be necessary for the developers and deployers to ensure that higher forms of spiritual activities can be had in the Metaverse to foster its uptake in Africa. Finally, I justify why the preceding points do not necessarily imply that the Metaverse will have a higher moral status than real life on the moral scale that can be grounded in Afro-communitarianism.