Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites: An Introduction A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal, S.E. Selke, B.R. Harte, and G.Hinrichsen Plant Fibers as Reinforcement for Green Composites A. Bismarck, S. Mishra, and T. Lampke Processing of Bast Fiber Plants for Industrial Application F. Munder, C. Furll, and H.Hempel Recent Developments in Retting and Measurement of Fiber Quality in Natural Fibers: Pro and Cons R.B. Dodd and D.E. Akin Alternative Low-Cost Biomass for the Biocomposites Industry D.D. Stokke Fiber-Matrix Adhesion in Natural Fiber Composites P.J. Herrera Franco and A. Valadez-Gonzalez Natural Fiber Composites in Automotive Applications B.C. Suddell and W.J. Evans Natural Fiber Composites for Building Applications B. Singh and M. Gupta Thermoset Biocomposites D. Ray and J. Rout Thermoplastic Wood Fiber Composites S. Godavarti Bamboo-Based Ecocomposites and Their Potential Applications K. Kitagawa, U. S. Ishiaku, M. Mizoguchi, and H. Hamada Oil Palm Fiber-Thermoplastic Composites H.D. Rozman, Z.A. Mohd Ishak, and U.S. Ishiaku Natural Fiber-Rubber Composites and Their Applications S. Joseph, M. Jacob, and S. Thomas Straw-Based Biomass and Biocomposites X. Mo, D. Wang, and X.S. Sun Sorona(R)Polymer: Present Status and Future Perspectives J.V. Kurian Polylactic Acid Technology D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, and J. Randall Polylactide-Based Biocomposites D. Plackett and A. Sodergard Bacterial Polyester-Based Biocomposites: A Review A. Hodzic Cellulose Fiber-Reinforced Cellulose Esters: Biocomposites for the Future G. Toriz, P. Gatenholm, B.D. Seiler, and D. Tindall Starch Polymers: Chemistry, Engineering, and Novel Products B.-S. Chiou, G.M. Glenn, S.H. Imam, M.K. Inglesby, D.F. Wood, and W.J. Orts Lignin-Based Polymer Blends and Biocomposite Materials S. Kubo, R.D. Gilbert, and J.F. Kadla Soy Protein-Based Plastics, Blends, and Composites A.K. Mohanty, W. Liu, P. Tummala, L.T. Drzal, M. Misra, and R.Narayan Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications of Novel Thermosetting Biopolymers from Soybean and Other Natural Oils F. Li and R.C. Larock Houses Using Soy Oil and Natural Fibers Biocomposites M.A. Dweib, A. O'Donnell, R.P. Wool, B. Hu, and H.W. Shenton III Biobased Polyurethanes and Their Composites: Present Status and Future Perspective J.-P. Latere Dwan'Isa, A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, and L.T. Drzal Cellulose-Based Nanocomposites L. Berglund How Sustainable Are Biopolymers and Biobased Products? The Hope, the Doubts, and the Reality M. Patel and R. Narayan Index
Photonic crystal fibers guide light by corralling it within a periodic array of microscopic air holes that run along the entire fiber length. Largely through their ability to overcome the limitations of conventional fiber optics-for example, by permitting low-loss guidance of light in a hollow core-these fibers are proving to have a multitude of important technological and scientific applications spanning many disciplines. The result has been a renaissance of interest in optical fibers and their uses.
A simple method was used to assemble single-walled carbon nanotubes into indefinitely long ribbons and fibers. The processing consists of dispersing the nanotubes in surfactant solutions, recondensing the nanotubes in the flow of a polymer solution to form a nanotube mesh, and then collating this mesh to a nanotube fiber. Flow-induced alignment may lead to a preferential orientation of the nanotubes in the mesh that has the form of a ribbon. Unlike classical carbon fibers, the nanotube fibers can be strongly bent without breaking. Their obtained elastic modulus is 10 times higher than the modulus of high-quality bucky paper.
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), which are edge-bound nanometer-size graphene pieces, have fascinating optical and electronic properties. These have been synthesized either by nanolithography or from starting materials such as graphene oxide (GO) by the chemical breakdown of their extended planar structure, both of which are multistep tedious processes. Here, we report that during the acid treatment and chemical exfoliation of traditional pitch-based carbon fibers, that are both cheap and commercially available, the stacked graphitic submicrometer domains of the fibers are easily broken down, leading to the creation of GQDs with different size distribution in scalable amounts. The as-produced GQDs, in the size range of 1-4 nm, show two-dimensional morphology, most of which present zigzag edge structure, and are 1-3 atomic layers thick. The photoluminescence of the GQDs can be tailored through varying the size of the GQDs by changing process parameters. Due to the luminescence stability, nanosecond lifetime, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and high water solubility, these GQDs are demonstrated to be excellent probes for high contrast bioimaging and biosensing applications.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibersCatherine L. Arthur and Janusz. PawliszynCite this: Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 19, 2145–2148Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00218a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00218a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views10795Altmetric-Citations4079LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Electrospinning is a highly versatile method to process solutions or melts, mainly of polymers, into continuous fibers with diameters ranging from a few micrometers to a few nanometers. This technique is applicable to virtually every soluble or fusible polymer. The polymers can be chemically modified and can also be tailored with additives ranging from simple carbon-black particles to complex species such as enzymes, viruses, and bacteria. Electrospinning appears to be straightforward, but is a rather intricate process that depends on a multitude of molecular, process, and technical parameters. The method provides access to entirely new materials, which may have complex chemical structures. Electrospinning is not only a focus of intense academic investigation; the technique is already being applied in many technological areas.
Internet data traffic capacity is rapidly reaching limits imposed by optical fiber nonlinear effects. Having almost exhausted available degrees of freedom to orthogonally multiplex data, the possibility is now being explored of using spatial modes of fibers to enhance data capacity. We demonstrate the viability of using the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light to create orthogonal, spatially distinct streams of data-transmitting channels that are multiplexed in a single fiber. Over 1.1 kilometers of a specially designed optical fiber that minimizes mode coupling, we achieved 400-gigabits-per-second data transmission using four angular momentum modes at a single wavelength, and 1.6 terabits per second using two OAM modes over 10 wavelengths. These demonstrations suggest that OAM could provide an additional degree of freedom for data multiplexing in future fiber networks.
Thin glass fibers imbedded into a glass cladding of slightly lower refractive index represent a promising medium for optical communication. This article presents simple formulas and functions for the fiber parameters as a help for practical design work. It considers the propagation constant, mode delay, the cladding field depth, and the power distribution in the fiber cross section. Plots vs frequency of these parameters are given for 70 modes.
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Preface 1. Introduction 2. Spatial Solitons 3. Temporal Solitons 4. Dark Solitons 5. Bragg Solitons 6. Two-Dimensional Solitons 7. Spatiotemporal Solitons 8. Vortex Solitons 9. Vector Solitons 10. Parametric Solitons 11. Discrete Solitons 12. Solitons in Photonic Crystals 13. Incoherent Solitons 14. Related Concepts References Index
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Theoretical calculations supported by numerical simulations show that utilization of the nonlinear dependence of the index of refraction on intensity makes possible the transmission of picosecond optical pulses without distortion in dielectric fiber waveguides with group velocity dispersion. In the case of anomalous dispersion (∂2ω/∂k2>0) discussed here [the case of normal dispersion (∂2ω/∂k2<0) will be discussed in a succeeding letter], the stationary pulse is a ``bright'' pulse, or envelope soliton. For a typical glass fiber guide, the balancing power required to produce a stationary 1-ps pulse is approximately 1 W. Numerical simulations show that above a certain threshold power level such pulses are stable under the influence of small perturbations, large perturbations, white noise, or absorption.
This paper reports narrowing and splitting of 7-ps-duration pulses from a mode-locked color-center laser by a 700-m-long, single-mode silica-glass fiber, at a wavelength (1.55 \ensuremath{\mu}m) of loss and large but negative group-velocity dispersion. At certain critical power levels, the observed behavior is characteristic of solitons.
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Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Definition. 1.2 Characteristics. 1.3 Classification. 1.4 Particulate Composites. 1.5 Fiber-Reinforced Composites. 1.6 Applications of Fiber Composites. Exercise Problems. References. 2 Fibers, Matrices, and Fabrication of Composites. 2.1 Advanced Fibers. 2.1.1 Glass Fibers. 2.1.2 Carbon and Graphite Fibers. 2.1.3 Aramid Fibers. 2.1.4 Boron Fibers. 2.1.5 Other Fibers. 2.2 Matrix Materials. 2.2.1 Polymers. 2.2.2 Metals. 2.3 Fabrication of Composites. 2.3.1 Fabrication of Thermosetting Resin Matrix Composites. 2.3.2 Fabrication of Thermoplastic-Resin Matrix Composites (Short-Fiber Composites). 2.3.3 Fabrication of Metal Matrix Composites. 2.3.4 Fabrication of Ceramic Matrix Composites. Suggested Reading. 3 Behavior of Unidirectional Composites. 3.1 Introduction. 3.1.1 Nomenclature. 3.1.2 Volume and Weight Fractions. 3.2 Longitudinal Behavior of Unidirectional Composites. 3.2.1 Initial Stiffness. 3.2.2 Load Sharing. 3.2.3 Behavior beyond Initial Deformation. 3.2.4 Failure Mechanism and Strength. 3.2.5 Factors Influencing Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness. 3.3 Transverse Stiffness and Strength. 3.3.1 Constant-Stress Model. 3.3.2 Elasticity Methods of Stiffness Prediction. 3.3.3 Halpin-Tsai Equations for Transverse Modulus. 3.3.4 Transverse Strength. 3.4 Prediction of Shear Modulus. 3.5 Prediction of Poisson's Ratio. 3.6 Failure Modes. 3.6.1 Failure under Longitudinal Tensile Loads. 3.6.2 Failure under Longitudinal Compressive Loads. 3.6.3 Failure under Transverse Tensile Loads. 3.6.4 Failure under Transverse Compressive Loads. 3.6.5 Failure under In-Plane Shear Loads. 3.7 Expansion Coefficients and Transport Properties. 3.7.1 Thermal Expansion Coefficients. 3.7.2 Moisture Expansion Coefficients. 3.7.3 Transport Properties. 3.7.4 Mass Diffusion. 3.8 Typical Unidirectional Fiber Composite Properties. Exercise Problems. References. 4 Short-Fiber Composites. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Theories of Stress Transfer. 4.2.1 Approximate Analysis of Stress Transfer. 4.2.2 Stress Distributions from Finite-Element Analysis. 4.2.3 Average Fiber Stress. 4.3 Modulus and Strength of Short-Fiber Composites. 4.3.1 Prediction of Modulus. 4.3.2 Prediction of Strength. 4.3.3 Effect of Matrix Ductility. 4.4 Ribbon-Reinforced Composites. Exercise Problems. References. 5 Analysis of an Orthotropic Lamina. 5.1 Introduction. 5.1.1 Orthotropic Materials. 5.2 Stress-Strain Relations and Engineering Constants. 5.2.1 Stress-Strain Relations for Specially Orthotropic Lamina. 5.2.2 Stress-Strain Relations for Generally Orthotropic Lamina. 5.2.3 Transformation of Engineering Constants. 5.3 Hooke's Law and Stiffness and Compliance Matrices. 5.3.1 General Anisotropic Material. 5.3.2 Specially Orthotropic Material. 5.3.3 Transversely Isotropic Material. 5.3.4 Isotropic Material. 5.3.5 Specially Orthotropic Material under Plane Stress. 5.3.6 Compliance Tensor and Compliance Matrix. 5.3.7 Relations between Engineering Constants and Elements of Stiffness and Compliance Matrices. 5.3.8 Restrictions on Elastic Constants. 5.3.9 Transformation of Stiffness and Compliance Matrices. 5.3.10 Invariant Forms of Stiffness and Compliance Matrices. 5.4 Strengths of an Orthotropic Lamina. 5.4.1 Maximum-Stress Theory. 5.4.2 Maximum-Strain Theory. 5.4.3 Maximum-Work Theory. 5.4.4 Importance of Sign of Shear Stress on Strength of Composites. Exercise Problems. References. 6 Analysis of Laminated Composites. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Laminate Strains. 6.3 Variation of Stresses in a Laminate. 6.4 Resultant Forces and Moments: Synthesis of Stiffness Matrix. 6.5 Laminate Description System. 6.6 Construction and Properties of Special Laminates. 6.6.1 Symmetric Laminates. 6.6.2 Unidirectional, Cross-Ply, and Angle-Ply Laminates. 6.6.3 Quasi-isotropic Laminates. 6.7 Determination of Laminae Stresses and Strains. 6.8 Analysis of Laminates after Initial Failure. 6.9 Hygrothermal Stresses in Laminates. 6.9.1 Concepts of Thermal Stresses. 6.9.2 Hygrothermal Stress Calculations. 6.10 Laminate Analysis Through Computers. Exercise Problems. References. 7 Analysis of Laminated Plates and Beams. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Governing Equations for Plates. 7.2.1 Equilibrium Equations. 7.2.2 Equilibrium Equations in Terms of Displacements. 7.3 Application of Plate Theory. 7.3.1 Bending. 7.3.2 Buckling. 7.3.3 Free Vibrations. 7.4 Deformations Due to Transverse Shear. 7.4.1 First-Order Shear Deformation Theory. 7.4.2 Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory. 7.5 Analysis of Laminated Beams. 7.5.1 Governing Equations for Laminated Beams. 7.5.2 Application of Beam Theory. Exercise Problems. References. 8 Advanced Topics in Fiber Composites. 8.1 Interlaminar Stresses and Free-Edge Effects. 8.1.1 Concepts of Interlaminar Stresses. 8.1.2 Determination of Interlaminar Stresses. 8.1.3 Effect of Stacking Sequence on Interlaminar Stresses. 8.1.4 Approximate Solutions for Interlaminar Stresses. 8.1.5 Summary. 8.2 Fracture Mechanics of Fiber Composites. 8.2.1 Introduction. 8.2.2 Fracture Mechanics Concepts and Measures of Fracture Toughness. 8.2.3 Fracture Toughness of Composite Laminates. 8.2.4 Whitney-Nuismer Failure Criteria for Notched Composites. 8.3 Joints for Composite Structures. 8.3.1 Adhesively Bonded Joints. 8.3.2 Mechanically Fastened Joints. 8.3.3 Bonded-Fastened Joints. Exercise Problems. References. 9 Performance of Fiber Composites: Fatigue, Impact, and Environmental Effects. 9.1 Fatigue. 9.1.1 Introduction. 9.1.2 Fatigue Damage. 9.1.3 Factors Influencing Fatigue Behavior of Composites. 9.1.4 Empirical Relations for Fatigue Damage and Fatigue Life. 9.1.5 Fatigue of High-Modulus Fiber-Reinforced Composites. 9.1.6 Fatigue of Short-Fiber Composites. 9.2 Impact. 9.2.1 Introduction and Fracture Process. 9.2.2 Energy-Absorbing Mechanisms and Failure Models. 9.2.3 Effect of Materials and Testing Variables on Impact Properties. 9.2.4 Hybrid Composites and Their Impact Strength. 9.2.5 Damage Due to Low-Velocity Impact. 9.3 Environmental-Interaction Effects. 9.3.1 Fiber Strength. 9.3.2 Matrix Effects. Exercise Problems. References. 10 Experimental Characterization of Composites. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Measurement of Physical Properties. 10.2.1 Density. 10.2.2 Constituent Weight and Volume Fractions. 10.2.3 Void Volume Fraction. 10.2.4 Thermal Expansion Coefficients. 10.2.5 Moisture Absorption and Diffusivity. 10.2.6 Moisture Expansion Coefficients. 10.3 Measurement of Mechanical Properties. 10.3.1 Properties in Tension. 10.3.2 Properties in Compression. 10.3.3 In-Place Shear Properties. 10.3.4 Flexural Properties. 10.3.5 Measures of In-Plane Fracture Toughness. 10.3.6 Interlaminar Shear Strength and Fracture Toughness. 10.3.7 Impact Properties. 10.4 Damage Identification Using Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques. 10.4.1 Ultrasonics. 10.4.2 Acoustic Emission. 10.4.3 x-Radiography. 10.4.4 Thermography. 10.4.5 Laser Shearography. 10.5 General Remarks on Characterization. Exercise Problems. References. 11 Emerging Composite Materials. 11.1 Nanocomposites. 11.2 Carbon-Carbon Composites. 11.3 Biocomposites. 11.3.1 Biofibers. 11.3.2 Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs). 11.3.3 Biopolymers. 11.4 Composites in Smart Structures. Suggested Reading. Appendix 1: Matrices and Tensors. Appendix 2: Equations of Theory of Elasticity. Appendix 3: Laminate Orientation Code. Appendix 4: Properties of Fiber Composites. Appendix 5: Computer Programs for Laminate Analysis. Index.
Natural fiber reinforced composites is an emerging area in polymer science. These natural fibers are low cost fibers with low density and high specific properties. These are biodegradable and non-abrasive. The natural fiber composites offer specific properties comparable to those of conventional fiber composites. However, in development of these composites, the incompatibility of the fibers and poor resistance to moisture often reduce the potential of natural fibers and these draw backs become critical issue. This review presents the reported work on natural fiber reinforced composites with special reference to the type of fibers, matrix polymers, treatment of fibers and fiber-matrix interface. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv in Polymer Techn 18: 351–363, 1999
Bounds and expressions for the effective elastic moduli of materials reinforced by parallel hollow circular fibers have been derived by a variational method. Exact results have been obtained for hexagonal arrays of identical fibers and approximate results for random array of fibers, which may have unequal cross sections. Typical numerical results have been obtained for technically important elastic moduli.