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The aim of this study is to examine the associations between smoking self-efficacy, health anxiety, and women's awareness of third-hand smoke (THS). This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in T&#xfc;rkiye between June and July 2025 through an online survey with 335 women aged &#x2265;18&#x2009;years. Data were collected using a Descriptive Information Form, the Third-hand Smoke Awareness Scale, the Smoking Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Health Anxiety Inventory. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman's correlation, multiple linear regression, and mediation analysis. A total of 335 women were included in the study (mean age: 34.67&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;12.31&#x2009;years). Significant differences in THS awareness, smoking self-efficacy, and health anxiety were observed across several sociodemographic and behavioral variables. Higher educational level was associated with greater THS awareness, while participants with children and those whose partners smoked had lower awareness levels (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.05). Smoking self-efficacy was higher among nonsmokers and individuals with higher education, whereas health anxiety was higher among smokers and those exposed to smoking in their environment (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.05). Spearman's correlation analysis revealed weak but significant associations, including a negative correlation between number of children and THS awareness (&#x3c1;&#x2009;=&#x2009;-.213, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.01), and a positive correlation between THS awareness and smoking self-efficacy (&#x3c1;&#x2009;=&#x2009;.154, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the model explained a small proportion of variance (R2&#x2009;=&#x2009;.06). Only the number of children was significantly associated with THS awareness (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;-.16, P&#x2009;=&#x2009;.02), while smoking self-efficacy and health anxiety were not significant predictors. Mediation analysis indicated that smoking self-efficacy did not mediate the relationship between THS awareness and health anxiety (P&#x2009;>&#x2009;.05). THS awareness was associated with several sociodemographic and behavioral factors; however, smoking self-efficacy and health anxiety were not significant predictors in the adjusted model. These findings suggest that awareness alone may be insufficient and that broader contextual and individual factors should be considered in strategies aimed at reducing tobacco exposure.

Self-reported measurements of body size are commonly used in cancer epidemiological studies; however, inaccuracies may lead to misclassification of body mass index (BMI) and biased estimates of associations with health outcomes. Despite their widespread use, the validity of these self-reported measures has not been well established among Hispanic breast cancer survivors, a growing and understudied population. This is particularly important, as prior research suggests that the accuracy of self-reported anthropometric measures may vary across racial and ethnic groups, highlighting the need for population-specific validation. To address this gap, we compared self-reported and measured weight, height, and BMI among 192 Hispanic women participating in the New Jersey Breast Cancer Survivors Study using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland-Altman analyses, and Cohen's kappa, and examined predictors of reporting error using multivariable regression models. Data were collected during home visits, including body measurements taken by research staff and interviewer-administered questionnaires on body size and related factors. Self-reported and measured values were highly correlated (Intraclass correlation coefficients (95% Confidence Intervals (CI)): 0.99 (0.99, 0.99), 0.8 (0.64, 0.88), 0.95 (0.92, 0.97) for weight, height, and BMI, respectively). The agreement between self-reported and measured BMI categories (normal, overweight, and obese) was strong (kappa: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.91). The mean difference observed between self-reported and measured BMI (-0.67&#xa0;kg/m2) was primarily explained by slight over-reporting of height (mean difference: 1.94&#xa0;cm). These findings support the use of self-reported weight, height, and BMI measures in large epidemiologic studies of Hispanic/ Latina cancer survivors when direct measurements are not feasible.

Familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (f-FTLD) is the second most common form of young-onset dementia, with diverse clinical presentations, neuropathological substrates and genetic backgrounds. While evidence suggests that glymphatic dysfunction, neuroaxonal injury, and cortical microstructural alterations may jointly contribute to f-FTLD, their interrelationships across genotypes remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the roles of glymphatic dysfunction, cortical free water (cFW), and plasma neurofilament light (NfL) in f-FTLD and examine their relationship with cognitive decline. A multimodal approach was applied, involving diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) for glymphatic function, plasma NfL measurement, and voxel-wise cortical free water mapping. Analyses comparing FTLD mutation groups and serial mediation analyses were conducted in 322 participants (C9orf72, GRN, MAPT mutation carriers, and matched controls). This study was conducted across multiple participating centers using standardized imaging protocols and harmonized multi-site data. A total of 322 participants were included: 87 C9orf72 expansion carriers, 56 GRN mutation carriers, 58 MAPT mutation carriers, and 121 healthy controls. No intervention was applied in this observational study. Participants underwent genetic testing, cognitive assessment, and diffusion MRI scans; plasma NfL was available for mutation carriers. Glymphatic function was assessed using DTI-ALPS, plasma NfL levels were measured to reflect neuroaxonal injury, and cortical microstructure was assessed through cortical free water (cFW) mapping. Significant reductions in DTI-ALPS and elevations in cFW were observed in C9orf72 and GRN mutation carriers, with strong associations to clinical cognitive decline. Plasma NfL levels were highest in GRN mutation carriers and correlated strongly with cognitive severity. Mediation analysis indicated that the pathway linking DTI-ALPS to cognition through NfL explained a substantial portion of the indirect effect, while residual direct effects suggested that additional mechanisms also contribute to cognitive decline. This study identifies glymphatic dysfunction as a key factor contributing to cognitive decline in f-FTLD, with plasma NfL serving as an important partial mediator and cFW providing additional region-specific information.

To characterize harms specification, harms reporting, concordance between specified and reported harms, transparency about harms reporting criteria, and equity-related harms reporting in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of biomedical interventions. We conducted a meta-epidemiological study of 200 randomly sampled biomedical RCTs indexed in PubMed in 2023. Using publicly available protocols, trial registries, and publications, we assessed harms specification, harms reporting, concordance between specified and reported harms, transparency about harms reporting criteria, and whether trials had considered PROGRESS-Plus equity-related factors when reporting harms. Sixty-four percent (128/200) of trials were registered, and 15.5% (31/200) had an accessible protocol. Harms were specified in 64.0% (128/200) across publicly available protocols, registry study details, or method section, and reported in 69.5% (139/200). Across the 200 RCTs, 120 trials (60.0%) both specified and reported harms, 8 (4.0%) specified harms but reported none, 19 (9.5%) reported harms without prior specification, and 53 (26.5%) neither specified nor reported harms. Among the 120 trials that both specified and reported harms, concordance was complete in 87 trials (72.5%), partial in 29 trials (23.2%), and absent in 4 trials (3.3%). Only 1.0% (2/200) clearly specified harms reporting criteria, and 7.0% (14/200) indicated using criteria when reporting. Trials with a registry listing or an identified protocol had higher odds of specifying harms compared with trials without (OR = 2.1 [1.2, 3.8] and OR = 5.6 [1.8, 18.1], respectively). Compared with behavioral or physical therapy interventions, pharmacological trials had higher odds of harms specification (OR = 3.5 [1.9, 6.5]) and harms reporting (OR = 3.3 [1.7, 6.2]). No trials reported harms stratified by PROGRESS-Plus equity-related factors. In a contemporary sample of biomedical RCTs, harms were frequently specified and reported, but concordance between planned and reported harms and transparency about reporting criteria remain deficient. Trialists should pre-specify harms outcomes in protocols/registrations and report harms comprehensively and consistently across all public sources; when counts and collected participant characteristics support it, descriptive harms summaries by key equity-related factors may help identify potential vulnerability, with cautious interpretation for rare harms. Randomized trials are often used to understand how biomedical interventions work, but they should also be used to identify potential harms. In this study of 200 randomized trials published in 2023, most trials specified or reported at least one harm, but the harms planned in protocols, registries, or methods sections often did not fully match those reported in the results. Trials that were registered or had a study protocol were more likely to specify potential harms than trials without them. Drug, surgery, and medical device trials were also more likely than behavioral or physical therapy trials to both specify and report harms. Very few trials explained the criteria used to decide which harms were reported, and none reported harms by equity-related participant characteristics. Better planning for and more complete reporting of harms would help clinicians, patients, reviewers, and policymakers better judge the balance between the benefits and harms of a health intervention.

Dyssynergic defecation (DD) is a functional defecation disorder marked by impaired abdominopelvic muscle coordination and often accompanied by pain and psychological factors, yet the role of kinesiophobia in DD remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of kinesiophobia in patients with DD and to investigate its associations with pain, clinical severity, and psychological factors. In this prospective cross-sectional study, 120 adults with DD were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain during and after defecation, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), Constipation Severity Instrument (CSI), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Constipation Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAC-QoL), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Pearson correlation analyses, ROC curve analyses, and multivariate regression were performed. Kinesiophobia was highly prevalent (over 90%) with no gender differences. TSK scores were significantly correlated with pain intensity, constipation severity, pain catastrophizing, depressive symptoms, and reduced quality of life (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01). ROC analyses identified VAS thresholds >6 during and >4 after defecation for discriminating kinesiophobia. Regression analysis explained 71% of TSK variance, with PCS as the strongest predictor. Kinesiophobia is common in DD and closely associated with pain perception and psychological distress. Addressing maladaptive pain-related cognitions may improve DD management. Kinesiophobia is common in dyssynergic defecation and is associated with pain, depressive symptoms, and reduced quality of life, indicating the need to include psychological assessment in rehabilitation.Assessing pain during and after defecation may help identify patients at risk of movement-related fear and reduced engagement in therapy.A biopsychosocial rehabilitation approach, including patient education, graded activity, and promotion of physical activity, may improve treatment participation, bowel function, and quality of life.

Platinum(II) complexes have been thoroughly researched for applications in bioimaging and optoelectronics, often searching for potential uses after observing a complex's unique properties. Here, we investigate the role of the bridging atom on the resulting photophysical properties, comparing two tetradentate complexes bearing O and N elemental bridges between 2-phenylpyridine (phpy) units to the well-known unbridged Pt(phpy)2. Unlike the O-bridged complex, single-crystal X-ray diffraction demonstrated no Pt&#xb7;&#xb7;&#xb7;Pt interactions for the N-bridged complex in the solid state. As anticipated, the introduction of a bridging atom turns on room-temperature phosphorescence. Absorption and emission spectroscopy combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations explained that the blue-shifted spectra of the O-bridged complex are a result of HOMO stabilization by the more electronegative bridging atom. The minor differences were found to result in macroscopic differences in the properties of the bridged complexes in the solid state and when aggregated. Notably, the N-bridged complex experienced significant aggregation-caused quenching, whereas the O-bridged complex displayed red-to-green aggregation-induced emission switching resulting from excimer emission. In this work, we investigate the photophysical properties of the core structures for a popular family of Pt complexes in hopes of streamlining the rational design of new functional molecules.

Cucumber is a globally significant vegetable crop whose production and market value are affected by fruit quality and resilience to diverse environmental stressors. Despite the identification of numerous Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) over the last two decades, their direct application in breeding has been hindered by inconsistent genomic positions and broad confidence intervals. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive Meta-QTL (mQTL) analysis by integrating 647 initial QTLs from 40 independent studies published between 2003 and 2024. Using a high-density consensus map containing 9,299 markers, we projected 531 QTLs, identifying 38 robust mQTLs associated with fruit quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. The identified mQTLs exhibited a significant reduction in the average confidence interval (CI) by 5.3-fold, compared to the average CI of the original QTLs and phenotypic variance explained values reaching up to 49.81% (mQTL 6.8). Our results identifying specific genomic hotspots on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, and 6 that harbor high-confidence candidate genes responsible for stress tolerance and fruit quality. Comparative analysis with seven independent genome-wide association studies validated 16 mQTL regions, confirming their stability across diverse genetic backgrounds. Biotic stress resilience was linked to immune regulators such as LRK10L2 and MLO-like protein 12, while abiotic stress tolerance was anchored by genes like NCED5 (cold), ClpB1 (heat), and MYB44-like (waterlogging). Furthermore, we identified key drivers of fruit quality, including Expansin-A4 and CNR2 for dimensions, CsWOX9 for epidermal spine initiation, and Hd3a for flowering phenology. Transcriptomic profiling provided robust expression support for these prioritized candidate genes within the target mQTL intervals. The markers linked to these genes serve as robust tools for marker-assisted selection and fine mapping, offering precise targets for the development of climate-resilient, high-quality cucumber cultivars.

To compare associations of antiretroviral therapy (ART) strategies with all-cause mortality and assess whether first opportunistic infection (OI) occurrence and time partly explain survival differences. We analyzed 38,692 people with HIV in Henan Province (2015-2024). ART initiation timing and regimen were assessed, with early initiation defined as CD4+ T cell counts &#x2265;500 cells/&#x3bc;L. Cox regression estimated associations with all-cause mortality and first OI. Multistate models characterized transitions to first OI and death, and time-to-event mediation analyses quantified the contribution of OI occurrence and time. During a median follow-up of 5.07 years, 2,868 deaths occurred. Compared with late ART initiation, early initiation was associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.41-0.52), and a lower transition hazard from OI to death (HR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.27-0.81). Compared with PI-based regimens, INSTI- and NNRTI-based regimens showed lower observed all-cause mortality risks, with HRs (95% CI) of 0.51 (0.35-0.73) and 0.60 (0.50-0.72), respectively. At 5 years, early ART initiation and INSTI-based therapy were associated with absolute reductions in cumulative mortality risk of 8.51% and 4.76%, respectively, with residual disparity close to the total effect and a small shifting distribution effect (< 0.30%) attributable to first OI occurrence and time. Earlier ART initiation, especially at CD4+ T cell counts &#x2265;500 cells/&#x3bc;L, was associated with better survival. INSTI- and NNRTI-based regimens showed more favorable observed mortality outcomes than PI-based regimens. OI occurrence and time explained only a limited proportion of survival differences.

How the brain computes the hedonic value of sensory objects remains a foundational question in neuroscience. In the visual domain, this question has often been approached through the search for stimulus properties that reliably predict liking, such as symmetry, curvature, order, complexity, and color. Such work has shown that perceptual features contribute to visual preference. Recent evidence, however, strongly suggests that hedonic value cannot be explained by feature encoding alone. Thus, behavioral studies have revealed substantial individual differences in feature sensitivity, effects of expertise and expectations, and strong modulation by semantic knowledge, perceptual context, and task conditions. Neuroimaging studies likewise show that activity tracking objective stimulus properties in early visual cortex does not reliably predict hedonic judgments, which depend more closely on subjective and higher-level representations of those properties. We argue that these findings mark an important shift in the study of visual liking: from asking which features people prefer to asking how the brain computes hedonic value from sensory input. We explain this shift from the perspective of sensory valuation, which conceptualizes visual liking as a flexible computational process that integrates perceptual representations with semantic knowledge, task models, internal state, and reward-related valuation mechanisms. On this view, visual liking is not a direct readout of stimulus features, but the computed value of an interpreted sensory object in a specific organismic and situational context.

A new tomato fruit model predicts cell numbers, cell sizes, sugar contents, and fresh weight. Transport of water and saccharides from plant stem to fruit cells is computed following biophysical rules. Saccharide fruit sink is based on sugar metabolism, rates of cell division and expansion, and starch and cell wall dynamics. Osmotic and hydraulic potentials in cells and their vacuoles drive water import at given cell-wall extensibility. The interaction of demand and transport determines saccharide flow and biomass. We incorporated physiological responses to temperature, pruning, and plant shading. Existing and new parameters were calibrated with data from fruit heating and fruit pruning experiments of contrasting tomato cultivars. Model validation for different strategies of fruit heating and pruning, and plant shading was successful. Increased fruit temperature was shown to reduce fruit weight, as expected. Growth response to fruit pruning or shading were fully explained by changes in phloem sucrose concentration. Hydraulic conductivity of vascular tissue as well as sucrose and hexose carrier capacities were crucial fruit properties determining sugar flux. Model scenarios on knockdown of sucrose synthase and active hexose uptake affected sugar composition. The model creates an important step towards predicting fruit quality and taste under diverse growth conditions.

Virtual staining is based on label-free imaging technology and deep learning, which enables the efficient and non-destructive generation of virtual stained images with effects similar to those of traditional pathological staining, thus holding great application potential in future clinical medical practice. However, the information provided by a single imaging technology is limited, which is insufficient to support high-accuracy virtual staining. This study took breast cancer tissue as the research object. Bright-field, auto-fluorescence and phase contrast imaging technology were introduced to simultaneously extract the multimodal complementary information. A multi-branch input network was established to fuse the three types of optical images and generate high-accuracy virtual stained images. To enhance the model's performance, three strategies were employed, including designing a Triple-symmetric cross-attention module to handle the interactive information of multimodal image features, introducing multi-scale discriminator to ensure the model's ability to capture both global features and local details, and applying transfer-learning to address the gradient dilution issue of multi-branches. Through the evaluation of various image similarity metrics and nuclear statistical metrics, the virtual stained images based on multimodal fusion achieved high accuracy and were significantly superior to any single-modal virtual staining approach. Further ablation experiments explained the reason of the aforementioned results and quantitatively demonstrated the improvements brought by the three optimization strategies. This work advances the application of multimodal fusion in virtual staining, address the key challenges of cross-modal interactive information mining and multi-branch model training, and further enhance the accuracy and reliability of virtual staining.

Understanding the agro-climatic structure of morphological diversity is essential for the effective utilization and improvement of drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.), a multipurpose tree species of high nutritional and economic value. The present study aimed to evaluate morphological diversity and phenotypic variation of M. oleifera across ten agro-climatic zones of Rajasthan, India, and to identify key traits and morphotypes relevant for breeding, conservation, and climate-resilient cultivation. A total of 367 accessions were characterized using 17 morphological traits, including eight quantitative and nine qualitative descriptors. Quantitative traits were analyzed using non-parametric statistics and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), while qualitative traits were evaluated through Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). An integrated approach using Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) was employed to assess overall variation, followed by hierarchical and FAMD-based clustering. Correlation analysis was conducted to identify relationships among traits. The results revealed significant variations among agro-climatic zones for all quantitative traits (Kruskal-Wallis, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01), with moderate to high effect sizes (&#x3b5;&#xb2; = 0.07-0.26). PCA indicated that the first two components explained 56.9% of total variance, primarily driven by stem girth and leaf-related traits. MCA showed that qualitative variation was largely influenced by stem morphology, canopy size, and branching density. FAMD further confirmed the integration of qualitative and quantitative traits, with the first two dimensions explaining 56.4% of total variability. Correlation analysis demonstrated strong positive associations among leaf traits, indicating a coordinated leaf development system. Clustering analysis grouped the accessions into distinct morphotypes, with substantial overlap across agro-climatic zones, suggesting that morphological variation is governed by both environmental factors and inherent genetic diversity. Two major groups identified through FAMD represented broadly adapted and high growth morphotypes. From an applied perspective, accessions with larger canopy and higher leaf area are recommended for biomass-oriented breeding and cultivation in favourable environments, while stable, moderate-growth accessions are suitable for arid and semi-arid regions. The study also highlights leaf traits as reliable selection indices and emphasizes the need for stratified germplasm conservation across agro-climatic zones. This study provides a robust framework for understanding morphological diversity in M. oleifera and offers practical insights for its genetic improvement, conservation and climate-resilient utilization.

Gender, ethnicity, and family composition are jointly associated with adolescent mental wellbeing, but quantitative research examining their intersections remains limited. This study applied multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) to examine intersections of gender, ethnicity, and family composition in relation to satisfaction with life (SWL) and depressive symptoms in adolescence. We analyzed population-based cross-sectional data from the Middle Years Development Instrument (2022-2024) collected with students (N&#x202f;=&#x202f;40,768) in grades 6-8 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Intersectional social strata were constructed using intersections of self-reported gender, ethnicity, and family composition. Gender was categorized as cisgender boy, cisgender girl, and trans and gender diverse. Ethnicity was classified into 11 categories using a coding scheme from Statistics Canada. Family composition was grouped into two-parent, one-parent, part-time with each parent, and other arrangements. We examined multilevel models for SWL and depressive symptoms, with individuals nested within strata. Of the possible 132 intersectional social strata, a total of 128 had at least 1 participant (n_range: 0-6015). Social strata accounted for 14% variance in SWL and 13% for depressive symptoms, but most were explained by the main effects of gender, ethnicity, and family composition. Identifying as trans and gender diverse showed the strongest main effect in the final adjusted models, with consistently lower wellbeing. There were several statistically significant intersectional effects. For example, higher-than-expected SWL was found among White cisgender boys in two-parent households and South Asian cisgender boys and girls in two-parent households; lower-than-expected SWL scores and higher-than-expected depressive symptoms scores were observed among East Asian cisgender boys in two-parent households. Intersectionality is related to mental wellbeing in complex ways. Policies need to be designed with intersectional nuance, recognizing that needs differ not only by individual characteristics but also by their combinations.

Secondary "keto" bile acids (BAs) are produced by the gut microbiome and contain one or more ketones on the steroid core. Plasma concentrations of keto BAs are limited by hepatic reductase activity, leading to hydroxylation of keto BAs. Although the aldo-keto reductase 1 (AKR1) family is implicated, it is not known which enzymes provide this function in the liver. We hypothesized that AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 metabolize 3-keto BAs. Six BAs with 3-keto groups were tested as potential substrates using purified, recombinant His6-tagged AKR1C1-4, and kinetic parameters were determined. AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 were found to exhibit isoform-specific substrate specificity, which may be explained in part by the hydroxylation pattern at carbon 12 of the BA core. This may suggest distinct biological roles in mediating BA homeostasis in humans. Both enzymes produced only &#x3b1;-OH products, as determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We further hypothesized that fatty acids would impair reductase activity. AKR1C4 was more susceptible to inhibition compared to AKR1C1, but unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, were the most potent inhibitors for both. We observed a 2- to 10-fold difference in the IC50 of fatty acids for AKR1C4 depending on the tested substrate. Further mechanistic and structure-function studies aim to characterize the substrate-specific kinetic and inhibition patterns observed and to evaluate the translational impact of AKR activity on plasma BA concentrations and cellular signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Keto bile acids are bioactive secondary metabolites that are reduced upon enterohepatic recycling to the liver. Here, the substrate specificity, kinetics, and inhibition potential of 2 aldo-keto reductase enzymes, AKR1C1 and AKR1C4, were evaluated. This study suggests that AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 exhibit disparate substrate specificity patterns, reductase activity, and susceptibility to inhibition by fatty acids, which may have broad implications in understanding changes in bile acid homeostasis in metabolic diseases.

Soil ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) is driven by the interplay of abiotic and biological factors, yet how these interactions respond to anthropogenic pressures remains poorly understood. Here, we evaluated how grassland afforestation and its intensification shape soil edaphic conditions, microbial diversity, and EMF along a 200&#xa0;km grassland-eucalypt plantation transect in Argentina. EMF was estimated, accounting for six ecosystem functions related to nutrient provisioning, organic matter cycling, and pathogen control. Microbial diversity was studied through the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic dimensions of prokaryotes, mycorrhizae, and fungal saprotrophs. Abiotic and biotic drivers of individual ecosystem functions and EMF were assessed using correlations, linear mixed models, structural equation models, and Multiple Regressions on distance Matrices. Individual ecosystem functions responded differentially to environmental drivers: functions linked to soil physicochemical processes were primarily associated with edaphic conditions, whereas biologically mediated functions were more closely linked to climate and grassland afforestation. Soil multifunctionality, however, was driven by edaphic and climatic conditions, particularly soil sand percentage and precipitation, with no direct association with microbial alpha diversity or afforestation. In contrast, similarity in fungal composition explained similarity in EMF, suggesting a coupling between microbial composition and soil conditions associated with grassland afforestation. Grassland conversion to commercial forest, rather than forestry intensification, altered individual soil functions and microbial functional composition without further reducing EMF. Overall, our findings indicate that afforestation influences soil EMF through changes in microbial composition, but that these effects are constrained by abiotic drivers.

This study examined how flight distance, scheduling factors, and team quality gap are associated with professional basketball performance. Data from 520 games in the China Basketball Association were analyzed. Flight distances were classified as short-haul (1079&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;252&#x2009;km), medium-haul (1830&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;222&#x2009;km), and long-haul (3163&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;447&#x2009;km), with home-away sequencing and landing-to-game intervals also considered as schedule-related contextual factors. Principal component analysis identified three performance dimensions: offensive performance (38.2% variance explained), defensive control (18.7%), and game rhythm & free-throw performance (8.9%). Linear mixed-effects models showed that offensive performance was consistently associated with team quality gap across all travel distances (all p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Under medium-haul travel, home-to-away transitions were associated with reduced defensive control (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009; -1.303, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.031), an effect attenuated by longer landing-to-game intervals (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.040, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.013). Under long-haul conditions, consecutive away games and shorter preparation intervals were linked to poorer rhythm and free-throw performance, whereas longer preparation time moderated these effects. Overall, travel-related contextual factors were differentially associated with distinct performance dimensions, emphasizing the need to jointly consider travel distance, home-away sequencing, and preparation intervals when interpreting performance variation in professional basketball.

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools are increasingly integrated into higher education, reshaping learning, cognitive engagement, and creative problem-solving. However, empirical evidence on the relationship between GenAI literacy and individual creativity in nursing education remains limited. To examine the relationship between GenAI literacy for learning and individual creativity among nursing students and to explore the predictive role of GenAI literacy dimensions on creativity. Quantitative, descriptive, correlational cross-sectional study. Two public universities in T&#xfc;rkiye: Artvin &#xc7;oruh University and Bilecik &#x15e;eyh Edebali University. A total of 508 undergraduate nursing students participated. Data were collected using the Sociodemographic Information Form, the Individual Creativity Scale, and the Generative Artificial Intelligence Literacy for Learning Scale. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed. Individual creativity showed significant positive correlations with overall GenAI literacy (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.59) and its subdimensions, including Needs Analysis (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.52), Autonomous Learning (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.43), Critical Thinking (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.57), and Prompt and Language Skills (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.46) (all p&#xa0;<&#xa0;.001). The regression model explained 36% of the variance in creativity, with Needs Analysis and Critical Thinking as significant predictors. Higher GenAI literacy for learning is associated with greater individual creativity among nursing students, with needs analysis and critical thinking as key predictors, underscoring the value of cognitively oriented GenAI literacy competencies in nursing education. However, findings are based on a cross-sectional design at only two universities in T&#xfc;rkiye, limiting causal inference and generalizability to broader nursing student populations.

Mindful eating is a fundamental approach for promoting healthy dietary behaviors and well-being in older age. However, there is currently no validated scale available to assess mindful eating specifically among older adults in the Turkish population. Therefore, a reliable instrument is needed to address this gap and enable accurate assessment of eating awareness in this demographic. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Mindful Eating Behavior Scale (MEBS-TR) in adults aged 65 years&#xa0;and&#xa0;older. This methodological study included 424 individuals aged 65 and over (61.3% female) with a mean age of 70.87&#xb1;6.15 years. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the MEBS, and the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). The construct validity of the scale was assessed using Minimum Rank Factor Analysis (MRFA) with a polychoric correlation matrix and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with Mean and Variance Adjusted Maximum Likelihood (MLMV) estimation. Concurrent validity was examined via Spearman's correlation between MEBS-TR and MEDAS scores. For reliability analysis, Cronbach's alpha (&#x3b1;) and McDonald's omega (&#x3c9;) internal consistency coefficients were calculated, along with test-retest reliability using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The MRFA results confirmed the original 17-item, four-factor structure (Focused Eating, Hunger and Satiety Cues, Eating with Awareness, and Eating without Distraction), which explained 81.81% of the total variance. CFA demonstrated that this four-factor model had acceptable model fit indices (&#x3c7;2/df = 2.777, CFI = 0.941, TLI = 0.928, RMSEA = 0.065). The internal consistency coefficients for the total scale were found to be high (Cronbach's &#x3b1; = 0.861, McDonald's &#x3c9; = 0.867). Test-retest reliability, assessed with 150 participants, was found to be excellent (ICC = 0.969). A positive and statistically significant relationship was found between the MEBS-TR total score and the MEDAS total score (rho = .163, p = .001). These findings demonstrate that the MEBS-TR is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing mindful eating behaviors among adults aged 65 years and older&#xa0;in&#xa0;T&#xfc;rkiye.

Species elevational shifts are well-documented responses to climate change, with many moving upslope to track suitable conditions. However, these shifts can vary considerably in both direction and rate, and the underlying causes of this variability are not well understood. This study examines how elevational shifts depend on geographical zones along with species' climatic niches, global prevalence, and evolutionary history by analyzing paired lower and upper edge shifts across 845 plant and animal species records worldwide. We find distinct effects of these drivers on upper versus lower distribution limits. Tropical species experienced more rapid upward shifts of their lower edges than did temperate species. Species with warmer and wetter optimal climatic niches displayed faster upper-edge shifts, while those only with wetter ones showed more rapid lower-edge shifts. Globally prevalent species expanded their distributions with climate change by combining faster upper-edge advances with slower lower-edge contractions, likely reflecting their drier climatic adaptation. Importantly, these ecological effects overlapped substantially with phylogenetic effects, and phylogenetic conservatism independently explained a notable portion of the variation in elevational responses. These findings highlight the complexity of evolutionary history and ecological processes in shaping species' climate responses and underscore the climate vulnerability of some species due to their evolutionary inertia.