Virtual reality-based robotic surgery training has received significant attention in recent years due to its numerous advantages, notably improved safety, an enhanced learning experience, and reduced cost. The visual realism and user immersiveness of such platforms are enhanced through the integration of appropriate soft tissue deformation models. This study presents a modified mass-spring-damper framework designed to provide stable, realistic soft tissue deformation while maintaining real-time performance, even for high-density mesh models. The proposed framework extends the conventional mass-spring model by introducing two kinds of spring-damper elements: deformation and restoring components. Optimization of the model parameters is performed through a combination of analytical derivation and empirical tuning. Various numerical simulation studies are performed to assess model restoring capability, numerical stability, and real-time performance. The results show that the model produces physiologically realistic deformation responses, regains its initial shape characteristics when the external force is removed, and provides a stable response in real-time simulation. A high performance rate of 171.11 frames per second is achieved on high-density mesh models consisting of approximately 29,754 vertices. Moreover, the deformation solver consistently maintains an average update frequency of 2828.14 Hz, with a mean step time of 0.354 ms, demonstrating its real-time capability. Additional experiments involving synthetic tissue and a surgical end-effector validate the tissue response to external forces. The ability of the proposed framework to deliver real-time performance on high-density mesh models highlights its suitability for haptic-enabled robotic surgical training environments that demand both computational efficiency and visual realism.
Divergent synthetic transformations that convert a single precursor into a range of structurally distinct products are powerful tools for rapidly exploring chemical space. Although numerous strategies exist for converting versatile functional handles such as halides and boronic acids into a multitude of reactive intermediates, there remains a pressing need for methodologies that exploit alternative linchpin fragments to open complementary avenues to molecular complexity. Herein, we report a divergent, anomeric amide-enabled, aldehyde functionalization strategy, allowing access to unsymmetrical ureas, carbamates, thiocarbamates, thioesters, amines, or amides, all in a one-pot procedure. Unique to this transformation is the formation of N-Boc-hydroxamate intermediates, which serve as privileged platforms for orthogonal activation via Lossen-type rearrangements, single-electron transfer, or nucleophilic substitution, generating a diverse selection of reactive intermediates. Overall, this work establishes N-halo-O-activated hydroxycarbamate-type anomeric amides as valuable reagents for aldehyde diversification, offering a complementary approach to molecular complexity generation from feedstock compounds.
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have been widely explored for next-generation electronics, with rapid progress in both large-area synthesis and device integration. However, bridging these advances toward practical semiconductor processing requires batch-level uniformity and wafer-to-wafer reproducibility under a low thermal budget compatible with back-end-of-line (BEOL) integration, which remain insufficiently addressed. Here, we demonstrate a BEOL-compatible, batch-type synthesis of layered 2D-SnS2 at 350 °C and its scalable transistor integration. The sulfurization-based low-temperature conversion technique yields 2H-stacked multilayer SnS2 with a bandgap of ∼2.3 eV and a high work function of ∼5.9 eV. Wafer- and batch-level uniformity are systematically evaluated by Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), showing tightly distributed A1g peak positions and minimal thickness variation over 4-inch full wafers (400 measurement points) and across multiple wafers processed in the same run. Statistical analysis of 200 transistors fabricated across ten wafers reveals tightly distributed switching characteristics, with a batch-averaged on/off ratio of (2.95 ± 0.94) × 105, a threshold voltage of 5.22 ± 0.64 V, and an extrinsic field-effect mobility of 0.0367 ± 0.0045 cm2 V-1 s-1. This work provides a practical pathway toward BEOL-compatible low-thermal budget batch processing and transistor integration of 2D semiconductors.
Reported are the syntheses, characterizations, and reactivities of the dinuclear nickel(II) complexes [Ni2(κ2-OOCR)3PNNPiPr]+ (R = Me or tBu, PNNPiPr = 2,7-bis-(di-iso-propylphosphino-methyl)-1,8-naphthyridine), isolated as the BF4- salts. Notably, the [Ni2(κ2-OOCR)3PNNPiPr]+ cations can be deprotonated reversibly at the methylene carbon of the ligand scaffold to form the neutral dinuclear Ni(II) complexes [Ni2(κ2-OOCR)3(*PNNPiPr)], where the *PNNPiPr anion is the deprotonated and dearomatized PNNPiPr. The latter complexes were also formed by hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) upon reaction of the mixed valent Ni2(I,II) species [Ni2(κ2-OOCR)3PNNPiPr] with hydrogen atom acceptors 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO), 2,4,6-triterbutyl phenoxyl radical (tBu3ArO˙) and 2,4-diethoxybenzoquinone (DEBQ) or with air. Based on the reduction potentials obtained via cyclic voltammetry and the pKa values tracked via UV-Vis spectroscopy, the bond dissociation free energies of the methylene C-H bonds were found between 59 and 61 kcal mol-1. The kinetics of the proton/electron abstraction from the mixed valent complexes by various equivalents of TEMPO were monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. This process is reversible upon reaction with 5,10-dihydrophenazine, serving as both an electron and proton donor. No reaction intermediates were detected.
The development of low-frequency electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers with excellent stability in extreme environments remains a major challenge for radar stealth and anti-electromagnetic interference applications. Herein, a rare-earth-sulfur (RE─S) (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Er) surface modification strategy is first proposed to regulate the electromagnetic response of SiC-based ceramics via surface chemical bond evolution from Si─O to RE─O species. This process transforms fast-relaxation dipoles into slow-relaxation dipoles, thereby prolonging the polarization relaxation time and inducing a low-frequency shift in the absorption peak from the Ku band to the C band. The optimized SiC/Ce-S ceramics exhibits a minimum reflection loss (RL) of -60.08 dB at 5.76 GHz, while the strategy demonstrates broad universality across multiple RE elements. The enhanced EMW absorption performance is attributed to the synergistic regulation of surface chemistry, dipole polarization, and dielectric relaxation. Moreover, the RE─S modified ceramics show rapid thermal response, excellent corrosion resistance, and outstanding oxidation stability, retaining an RL of -54.46 dB at 5.44 GHz after annealing at 500°C. This work provides a viable strategy for designing multifunctional SiC-based EMW absorbers for operation in extreme environments.
Reconciling therapeutic efficacy with a low risk of systemic toxicity persists as a critical hurdle in developing topical AR antagonists for AGA. Our first-generation soft drug AR antagonist 14-P1 showed pyrilutamide-comparable efficacy with enhanced pharmacokinetics and safety, yet required high dosing due to suboptimal AR antagonism. Here, structural optimization of 14-P1 focused on enhancing intrinsic AR antagonism through thiohydantoin scaffold refinement. Additionally, the implementation of a dual soft drug design strategy yielded the best-performing candidate 39, demonstrating potent AR antagonism (IC50 = 20.6 ± 2.3 nM) and favorable PK profiles. In a hair-growth mouse model, 0.5% 39 achieved comparable efficacy to 0.5% pyrilutamide with accelerated response kinetics (14-day vs 21-day onset) and preserved safety. This dual metabolic inactivation strategy successfully reconciles therapeutic potency with a low risk of systemic toxicity, providing a paradigm for next-generation topical AR antagonist development.
Newborn screening (NBS) quantifying T-cell receptor excision circles with or without kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (TREC, KREC) enables early detection of severe T- and/or B-cell lymphopenia. However, both markers have limited specificity, often resulting in unnecessary referrals. We compared the effects of alternative risk-stratification strategies to reduce referrals while avoiding missed cases and unnecessary delays. We modeled the effects of multiple TREC and KREC-based NBS algorithms using a comprehensive real-life dataset from the first 6 years of the Swiss NBS program. Stratification approaches included adjustment of cut-offs and integration of clinical data such as gestational age (GA), postmenstrual age (PMA), inpatient vs. outpatient status, family history, and maternal immunosuppression. Lowering cut-offs alone reduced abnormal results by 42% for TREC and 64% for KREC. The most efficient TREC algorithm, based on exact TREC levels and post-menstrual age in preterm infants, reduced referrals by 61% (p < .0001) but missed nearly half of non-SCID T-cell lymphopenias and delayed referral in 2/3 of outpatients who eventually required immunological evaluation. Integration of family history and clinical signs mitigated delays in some cases. For KREC, combining information on gestational age, maternal immunosuppression, and inpatient status enabled a >10-fold reduction in referrals (p < .0001) while still identifying all confirmed agammaglobulinemia cases except two with λ5 deficiency. Risk-stratified, multistep NBS algorithms incorporating readily available clinical data can substantially reduce unnecessary referrals while preserving detection of target conditions. For KREC, simple algorithmic adjustments allow marked improvement in specificity with minimal diagnostic loss.
Although cancer vaccines have been proposed for decades, their clinical outcomes have remained largely unsatisfactory. Over the past decade, progress in deciphering the interaction between the immune system and cancer, along with widespread adoption of high-throughput sequencing technologies and improved MHC-peptide binding affinity prediction, have revitalized interest in cancer vaccine development. Nanomaterials benefit from the integration of tunable composition, modular architecture, and immunologically relevant dimensions, which collectively enable the rational design of immunomodulatory strategies tailored on demand, ensuring the reliable induction of antitumor immune responses. Given the spatiotemporal nature of immune responses, multifunctional nanomaterials can be further engineered to enable multivalent antigen presentation and controlled vaccine trafficking, thereby confining antitumor immune activation to desired contexts and minimizing off-target immune-related toxicities. Beyond conventional discussions of antigen delivery, this review emphasizes how rational nanomaterial design can be leveraged to regulate multiple stages of the cancer-immunity cycle, providing an updated perspective on the development of next-generation cancer vaccines. This Review will systematically summarize recent advances in nanomaterial-based cancer vaccines and discuss the key challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.
To assess progress, challenges, and enabling factors for building climate-resilient and low-carbon health systems across Latin America and the Caribbean, a region facing accelerating climate-sensitive health burdens amidst persistent health system fragilities. We conducted an explanatory, sequential, mixed-methods study integrating quantitative analysis of the Pan American Health Organisation Climate Change and Health surveys from 2021/2022 (n = 24 countries) and 2023/2024 (n = 27 countries) with semi-structured interviews involving four countries demonstrating progress (Argentina, Chile, Jamaica, Peru). Quantitative data were analysed descriptively across three sub-regions (Caribbean, Central America, South America). Qualitative data underwent two-stage coding (deductive and inductive) with three-researcher consensus to identify barriers, enablers, and lessons learned. By 2023/2024, 93% of countries had designated climate-health focal points (71% in 2021/2022). However, implementation gaps persist: less than 50% of countries had integrated climate change into national health reports; 22%-40% developed national climate-health strategies; and vulnerability assessments rarely informed policy. Access to international climate finance remained inequitable. Whilst 60%-74% developed disaster preparedness plans, only 30%-44% implemented public health communication campaigns. Training focused on environmental health personnel, with doctors, nurses, and planning staff minimally engaged. Qualitative analysis revealed interconnected barriers: climate change perceived as distant rather than urgent, competing priorities overwhelming decision-makers, institutional silos, and misalignment between available training and local needs. Key enablers included linking climate action to established health priorities, institutionalising responsibilities through formal mechanisms, multi-stakeholder engagement, and committed individuals with diplomatic skills navigating cross-sectoral dynamics. Latin America and the Caribbean countries are establishing foundations for climate-resilient and low-carbon health systems, but translating governance progress into sustained implementation requires addressing systemic barriers through institutionalisation beyond political cycles, tailored capacity building, and innovative financing mechanisms. These findings inform guidance for health systems strengthening amidst accelerating climate change.
Lipid metabolism plays a central role in host-pathogen interactions and immune regulation during bacterial sepsis, with its dysregulation contributing to organ failure and mortality. Blood-based lipidomics has emerged as a promising approach for identifying diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in sepsis. However, discrepancies in lipid profiles between serum and plasma remain a major challenge for clinical translation. This systematic review synthesizes lipidomic evidence from serum and plasma in bacterial sepsis patients to identify reproducible lipid biomarkers, evaluate methodological heterogeneity and assess associations with clinical outcomes. A systematic search of five databases (Scopus, Pubmed, Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science and Google Scholar) identified nine eligible studies published between 2016 and 2025 that applied untargeted or targeted lipidomics on human serum and plasma samples from adult bacterial sepsis patients (PROSPERO: CRD420251086177). Across both matrices, reproducible candidate lipid biomarkers included triacylglycerols (TAG), phosphatidylcholines (PC), lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), sphingomyelins (SM) and ceramides. Synthesized findings revealed characteristically distinct directional trajectories: consistent elevation of TAG, bidirectional shifts of PC, depletion of LPC, bidirectional shifts of SM and elevation of SM. Preliminary trend within the literature indicates that serum-based studies more frequently captured prognostic alterations, whereas plasma-based studies often focused on diagnostic discrimination. Substantial heterogeneity was observed in sample handling, lipid extraction protocols and analytical platforms. Overall, both matrices offer valuable clinical insights, though these apparent differences in diagnostic or prognostic utility may reflect primary study designs rather than intrinsic matrix superiorities. Methodological heterogeneity limits reproducibility, highlighting the need for standardized workflows to enable translation of sepsis lipid biomarkers.
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key mediators of immune tolerance and play a critical role in limiting excessive immune activation in conditions such as autoimmunity, transplantation, and graft-versus-host disease. Tregs are broadly classified into thymic-derived Tregs (tTregs) and peripherally induced Tregs (pTregs), which differ in lineage stability, epigenetic regulation, and functional plasticity. The suppressive function of tTregs is supported by stable expression of the transcription factor FOXP3, reinforced by demethylation of the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR). In contrast, pTregs are more susceptible to inflammatory cytokine signaling, which can destabilize FOXP3 expression and compromise suppressive function. Tregs employ multiple mechanisms of immune regulation, including CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of co-stimulatory signaling, cytokine modulation, metabolic interference, and, in certain contexts, granzyme-dependent cytotoxicity. Advances in cellular engineering have enabled the development of next-generation Treg therapies, including ex vivo expanded polyclonal Tregs, antigen-specific Tregs, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified Tregs. Early-stage clinical and preclinical studies indicate that these approaches are feasible and exhibit favorable safety profiles in transplantation and immune-mediated diseases. This review summarizes current understanding of Treg biology, mechanisms governing lineage stability, and emerging strategies to enhance Treg specificity, persistence, and suppressive capacity, while highlighting remaining translational challenges.
Singlet fission is a multiple-exciton-generation process that could dramatically improve photovoltaic efficiencies or enable quantum-information processing. Because it usually occurs among distinct molecules, it relies on the energy-level alignment and aggregate structure of its host material. These dual requirements severely restrict the known singlet-fission materials (primarily acenes, rylenes, and carotenoids) to those that serendipitously adopt favorable aggregate structures and singlet/triplet energy-level alignment. Programmable DNA-scaffolded molecular networks decouple these constraints, tuning energy levels by modular chromophore selection while controlling the aggregate structure through DNA origami. However, a theoretical framework is needed to optimize the design. We introduce a topological framework based on simplicial complexes and Hodge theory that captures a fundamental feature of singlet fission: that the singlet states reside on vertices while triplet-pair states reside on edges, making singlet fission an inherently vertex-to-edge conversion. This insight shifts the focus from pair-interactions to collective network arrangements, whose control is a strength of DNA nanotechnology. We apply this framework to five lattice structures (linear, square, honeycomb, Kagomé, and Lieb) parameterized with reported pentacene, diketopyrrolopyrrole, and perylene diimide values. The lattice structure multiplies the singlet-fission efficiency, with the Kagomé lattice providing approximately a 2× enhancement. Three features explain this advantage: triangular 2-simplices with correlated multi-channel pathways, the highest edge/vertex ratio among all lattices studied, and flatband exciton localization near fission-active motifs. These predictions are testable by 2D electronic spectroscopy on DNA-scaffolded chromophore networks.
Irpex lacteus is a metabolically versatile white-rot fungus capable of producing a wide range of structurally diverse secondary metabolites, including terpenoids, phenolics, steroids, peptides, and polysaccharides. Many of these compounds exhibit notable biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective effects, highlighting their potential relevance to food chemistry and agricultural applications. Owing to its highly efficient ligninolytic enzyme system and flexible secondary metabolic network, I. lacteus has emerged as a promising biological platform for lignocellulose valorization, microbial biotransformation, and the discovery of functional food ingredients and natural preservatives. In recent years, significant progress has been made in elucidating the chemical diversity and biosynthetic logic of its characteristic metabolites, particularly tremulane-type sesquiterpenoids with unusual skeletal rearrangements. This review systematically summarizes 226 secondary metabolites reported from I. lacteus, covering their chemical classification, biosynthetic features, biotransformation capabilities, and biological activities. Special emphasis is placed on advances enabled by genome mining, heterologous expression, and co-culture strategies that activate cryptic biosynthetic pathways. Finally, the potential applications of I. lacteus metabolites in agriculture, food chemistry, and sustainable bioprocessing are discussed, and future perspectives based on multi-omics integration and metabolic engineering are proposed.
The frequent association between renal and ocular anomalies suggests a common pathophysiological axis between the genetic and molecular mechanisms of the kidneys and multiple ocular structures during tissue formation, differentiation, and remodeling. The search was conducted in the PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. This review article focuses on the common molecular and genetic bases of renal and ocular involvement in both systemic diseases and rare syndromes. The interdependence between renal and ocular morphogenesis is mediated by conserved molecular mechanisms, notably the Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 (BMP-7) pathway, which regulates nephrogenesis and lens development, and the transcription factor Paired Box 2 (PAX2), which is essential for the formation of the genitourinary tract and the optic nerve. Shared expression of molecular components and dependency on their expression for the integrity of both the eye and the kidney lie in the stability of extracellular matrix components, specifically through laminin β2 (LAMB2) and type IV collagen, whose pathogenic variants underlie syndromic phenotypes such as Pierson and Alport syndromes. In addition, ciliopathies, developmental disorders, immune-mediated diseases, and inborn errors of metabolism, including Fabry disease, cystinosis, and primary hyperoxaluria, promote parallel injury to renal and ocular tissues through mechanisms involving abnormal cellular signaling, metabolite accumulation, complement activation and systemic inflammation. These mutual pathways affect diverse ocular structures, including the cornea, lens, retina, optic nerve, and basement membranes. Furthermore, the presence of the kidney-retina axis enables the use of the retina as a sentinel organ, allowing for non-invasive evaluation of glomerular microvasculature by means of high-resolution imaging technologies of retinal vessels. The kidneys and eyes share several genetic, developmental, structural, metabolic, and immunological mechanisms that explain the frequent association of congenital anomalies and acquired lesions in these organs and the associated diagnostic and prognostic implications.
The CVAC 2.0 ureteroscope enables simultaneous lasing and suctioning capabilities under direct visual guidance and received FDA clearance for use in lithotripsy procedures in early 2024. We report real-world clinical efficacy and safety data of this novel device. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single center where five urologists offered CVAC 2.0 treatment to their patients. Baseline demographic characteristics, procedure factors, complications, stone factors, and stone-free status based on volumetric and single-dimension analysis were collected through chart review. Stones volumes were calculated using the scalene ellipsoid formula and stone complexity was characterized by the modified S.T.O.N.E. score. A total of 61 cases and 106 stones were identified and eligible for volumetric analysis. Mean age was 60, mean BMI was 32, 28% were anticoagulated, and 73% had an ASA score of 3 or higher. Median total pre-operative linear stone burden was 2.2 cm and median volume was 1,003mm3. Most stones were classified as "complex" with mean S.T.O.N.E. score of 10. Mean stone clearance by volume reached 97%. 52% of patients were stone-free (zero residual fragments) whereas 84% had either zero stone or residual fragments < 4 mm. There were no immediate peri-operative complications, though 11.5% of patients returned to the ED within 30 days for management of stent colic, urinary retention, hematuria, and in one case, urosepsis. In a medically comorbid cohort with large-volume, complex renal and ureteral stones, CVAC 2.0 demonstrated excellent volumetric stone clearance and an acceptable safety profile with stone free rates comparable to or exceeding published ureteroscopy outcomes. Further comparative assessments and cost-effectiveness studies are needed to define the optimal role of CVAC 2.0 in nephrolithiasis management.
Seaweed cultivation is gaining global significance due to its nutritional, pharmaceutical, and environmental benefits. However, large-scale commercialization faces challenges such as processing inefficiencies, high investment costs, supply chain issues, weak regulations, and concerns about ecological sustainability. Conventional extraction methods often degrade nutrients and reduce bioavailability of key compounds, which affects product quality and profitability. Additionally, the absence of global regulatory standards and consumer awareness limits market expansion and trust. Although mass production is considered sustainable, it can harm marine ecosystems and biodiversity if not properly managed. This paper explores technological, economic, and environmental challenges in commercializing seaweed and evaluates improved extraction techniques, economic feasibility, and sustainable farming practices. The literature review covers both traditional and modern extraction methods, alongside regulatory and economic conditions in seaweed-producing nations like India. Findings reveal that advanced bioactive extraction methods improve nutrient preservation and yield. Hydrogels derived from seaweed have diverse applications in agriculture and industry, contributing to coastal economies and marine biodiversity. Despite existing barriers such as technological limitations, logistical inefficiencies, and low consumer awareness, seaweed remains a promising resource with economic and environmental potential. Future research should focus on scaling processing technologies, strengthening regulatory systems, promoting public awareness, and adopting eco-friendly farming practices to enable responsible commercialization. The study highlights the role of seaweed in the global blue economy. With technological innovation and consistent policy support, seaweed can enhance food security, climate resilience, and global competitiveness, positioning India as a leader in sustainable marine bioeconomy.
A condition-controlled regiodivergent [2π + 2σ] cycloaddition/Alder-ene reaction of vinylbicyclo[1.1.0]butanes with cyclic N-sulfonylimines enabled by palladium catalysis is described. This protocol provides a wide range of azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (aza-BCHs) in 30-71% yields with good to excellent selectivities. Additionally, cyclobutenes bearing two quaternary stereocenters are conveniently generated in good yields with excellent selectivities via a palladium-catalyzed Alder-ene reaction. This strategy features mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and excellent selectivities. Furthermore, scale-up reaction and derivatizations of the resulting aza-BCHs further demonstrate the practical utility of this protocol.
Marine alveolate parasites, particularly early-branching dinoflagellates of the order Syndiniales, play critical yet often overlooked roles in shaping marine microbial communities. These parasitoids infect diverse hosts, including dinoflagellates, copepods, and fish eggs, and rely on short-lived, free-living dinospores for transmission. Despite their ecological significance, the distributions of Syndiniales dinospores and host-associated life stages across environmental gradients remain poorly understood. We used 18S rRNA gene region DNA metabarcoding combined with size-fractionated water filtration across vertical and horizontal gradients of salinity, oxygen, and nutrients in the Baltic Sea-Skagerrak system to characterize Syndiniales life-stage distributions and identify clades producing dinospores. This approach enables the differentiation of free-living dinospores and host-associated life stages. Most reads were assigned to Syndiniales groups I and II, indicating the presence of both host associations and dinospore presence. Dinospore communities were more diverse than host-associated life stages and showed variation in spatial distribution and community composition. The spatial variation was related to salinity, oxygen, and nitrogen concentrations, emphasizing the role of environmental conditions in shaping niches suitable for host-parasite associations and infection transmission. Our findings highlight the prevalence of Syndiniales communities across an environmental gradient and the influence of environmental conditions on their distribution patterns.
Interatomic potentials are essential for molecular dynamics simulations of magnetic materials, yet incorporating magnetic features into potentials for complex antiferromagnets remains challenging. Nickel oxide (NiO), a prototypical cubic antiferromagnet, exemplifies this difficulty. Here, we develop a methodology to integrate magnetic properties into interatomic potentials for cubic antiferromagnets by adding a magnetic Hamiltonian, which includes both the Heisenberg exchange and the Néel model. We apply this approach to NiO by constructing two potentials: one based on the Born model of ionic solids and another using a reference-free modified embedded atom method. The models are validated against density functional theory calculations and experimental data, showing excellent agreement in mechanical and magnetic properties across both zero and finite temperatures, correctly capturing thermal expansion and the temperature dependence of elastic constants. Furthermore, we demonstrate the sensitivity of the potential to symmetry-breaking lattice distortions (tetragonal, shear, and trigonal), providing a predictive framework for controlling the Néel vector via strain engineering in antiferromagnetic spintronics. These models enable large-scale simulations of magnetoelastic phenomena in antiferromagnets and open avenues for molecular dynamics studies involving coupled electric and magnetic fields in metal oxides.
Many patients with gastric cancer in low-incidence countries are diagnosed at advanced stages, underscoring the need for earlier detection to enable curative treatment. This systematic review aimed to summarize risk factors affecting the patient interval (symptom recognition to first contact with a healthcare professional) and the diagnostic interval (first contact to diagnosis). We reviewed the peer-reviewed literature from 2012 to 2025. The search was conducted across CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO, with each title/abstract and full-text article reviewed by two team members. We extracted publication details, study methodology, variables, participant demographics, clinical descriptors, and interval-related information. We followed PRISMA reporting guidelines. Of 2,848 references screened, 8 studies were included: three on patient intervals and five on diagnostic intervals. Patient-interval studies involved 31 to 187 participants, with median lengths ranging from 9 to 210 days; patient-reported intervals were typically longer than those based on health data alone. Risk factors for longer patient intervals included herbal remedy use, symptom alarm and severity, older age, and multimorbidity. Diagnostic-interval studies included 69 to 2,175 participants, with median intervals of 24 to 84 days; factors associated with longer intervals included lower family-physician density, older age, early-stage disease, female sex, and low diagnostic suspicion. Long intervals between symptom onset and diagnosis remain a major challenge for people diagnosed with gastric cancer in countries without screening programs. This review identifies significant methodological gaps restricting comparability. Further research with standardized definitions and equity-focused approaches is needed to inform early detection and patient education initiatives.