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Orbital angular momentum (OAM) expands the Hilbert space for wave-based information processing. While integer OAM is robust, fractional orbital angular momentum (FOAM) suffers from intrinsic topological instability and disintegrates in free space. Conventional k-space topology is limited to protecting eigenmodes, leaving non-eigenmode FOAM unprotected. We overcome this limitation by introducing a real-space topology framework via the optical conformal mapping method. By engineering topological connectivity, we stitch discontinuous fractional phases into globally stable, integer-charged composite states, conceptually analogous to quark confinement. We experimentally validate this mechanism on an elastic flexural wave platform. This work establishes a universal paradigm to extend topological protection from k-space eigenmodes to real-space non-eigenmodes, offering a versatile framework for manipulating fractional vortices across diverse wave systems, ranging from acoustics to integrated photonics.
Biofilms contribute to the dental calculus formation, which in turn deteriorates oral and systemic health. The use of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be limited by problems with photosensitizer penetration. In addition, toxicity issues severely limit the potential of PDT. In this study, the selected photosensitizer, curcumin (Cur), was loaded into ethosome (Eth) nanocarriers to enhance the effect of Cur for potential PDT against the mature Streptococcus mutans biofilm. The Cur-Eth formulation was characterized and evaluated for its PDT efficacy in destroying the mature S. mutans biofilm. Colorimetric and confocal microscopy assay were used for this purpose. Cur in free and ethosomal form was also evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity study on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) by MTT assay. The formulation has spherical structures with a mean vesicle size of 191.3 ± 6.5 nm and an EE of 87.32 ± 1.43%. Cur-Eth showed good biocompatibility, which was confirmed by the cellular viability of HGFs. Photoactivated Cur-Eth showed 39.62 ± 8.50% reduction in mature S. mutans biofilm (P < 0.001), which was not a significant difference compared to 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with 49.52 ± 0.23% reduction (P = 0.608). In addition, confocal microscopy showed cell disintegration of Cur-Eth after LED irradiation. The present study provides a strong rationale and motivation for further investigation of Eth as a potential therapeutic strategy, especially in the case of older biofilms.
Hydrolyzed species critically govern the coagulation behavior of Ti-based coagulants in chemically enhanced primary sedimentation (CEPS), thereby influencing the subsequent anaerobic fermentation of CEPS sludge. However, whether and how preparation-induced Al-Ti speciation modulates solid-liquid interfacial interactions and substrate accessibility during acidogenic fermentation remains unclear, limiting the simultaneous optimization of pollutant removal and resource recovery. Here, polyaluminum-titanium chloride (PATC) composite coagulants with distinct hydrolyzed species distributions were synthesized by slow alkaline titration (S-PATC) and electrodialysis (E-PATC). Compared with S-PATC, E-PATC achieved 99.52%, 68.60%, and 71.38% higher removal efficiencies for PO43--P, UV254, and COD, respectively. The superior CEPS performance was attributed to the synergistic effects of highly charged small species and highly polymerized macromolecular species. Crucially, the hydrolyzed Al-Ti species introduced during CEPS acted as a front-end regulator of sludge fermentability by reconstructing solid-liquid interfacial interactions and modulating substrate accessibility. Compared with S-PATC-loaded sludge, E-PATC-loaded sludge exhibited weaker hydrophilic repulsion and higher volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production, which was associated with enhanced interfacial mass transfer. Under alkaline conditions, enhanced hydrophilic repulsion coexisted with electrostatic repulsion in the E-PATC system, with the latter predominating and promoting greater sludge disintegration. Consequently, the maximum concentration of soluble organic matter increased from 764 mg/L to 2222 mg/L on Day 4, providing abundant substrates for acidogenic microorganisms. As a result, the VFAs yield reached 1250.83 mg-COD/L, which was 6.67% higher than that obtained with S-PATC-loaded sludge. This work provides evidence that hydrolyzed Al-Ti species play a pivotal role in coagulation behavior and subsequent sludge fermentation.
Thin (~30 μm) bilayer films were fabricated via layer-by-layer casting by varying the relative thicknesses of a hydrophilic carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) inner layer and a hydrophobic shellac (SHL) outer layer, aiming to achieve direction-dependent water vapor transport and grape preservation. Structural analyses (FT-IR, XRD, SAXS, SEM) confirmed distinct bilayer morphology with a dense, pore-free microstructure and good interfacial adhesion. The CMC and SHL layers retained their characteristic structural features, suggesting limited interlayer diffusion stabilized by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. Increasing SHL layer thickness reduced mechanical strength (from 27.49 ± 0.87 MPa to 3.74 ± 0.63 MPa) and elongation at break (from 39.92 ± 2.99% to 2.53 ± 1.55%). The optimal bilayer (12 μm CMC/18 μm SHL) exhibited low water vapor permeability (1.27 ± 0.04 × 10-11 g·m·m-2·s-1·Pa-1) and reduced gas permeability (O2: 7.74 ± 0.22 × 10-13 g·m·m-2·s-1·Pa-1; CO2: 2.91 ± 0.74 × 10-12 g·m·m-2·s-1·Pa-1). Soil burial tests demonstrated rapid weight loss and disintegration within 20 days. Applied to grape preservation, the CMC-SHL bilayer film reduced weight loss, maintained firmness, and minimized nutrient loss, showing comparable performance to polyethylene film. These findings demonstrate that CMC-SHL bilayer films are promising eco-friendly packaging materials with tunable barrier properties and effective postharvest preservation capability.
To construct AS1411 aptamer-modified mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) nanoparticles co-loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and catalase (AS1411-D/C-MPDA nanoparticles) targeting the tumor microenvironment and evaluate their efficacy in synergy with ultrasound for inhibiting Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. AS1411-D/C-MPDA nanoparticles were synthesized using a one-step assembly method, and their physicochemical properties were characterized. Cultured LLC cells were treated with free DOX, DOX-loaded MPDA nanoparticles or AS1411-D/C-MPDA nanoparticles with or without ultrasound exposures (frequency 1.0 MHz and intensity 1.0 W/cm²) for 3 min. The changes in viability, apoptosis, and migration and invasion abilities of the cells were assessed using CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry (Annexin V-FITC/PI staining), wound healing assay, and Transwell assay, respectively. The prepared AS1411-D/C-MPDA nanomaterials showed a uniform spherical morphology, a mean particle size of 183.36±15.99 nm, and DOX and catalase encapsulation efficiencies of (91.17±0.08)% and (29.59±0.2)%, respectively. The nanoparticles demonstrated good pH responsiveness to enable disintegration for promoting drug release, with a cumulative DOX release rate of (81.25±1.61)%. The nanoparticles possessed strong oxygen-generating capacity to alleviate cell hypoxia. AS1411-modified nanoparticles showed significantly enhanced cellular uptake by LLC cells. Compared with free DOX and DOX-MPDA nanoparticles combined with ultrasound, AS1411-D/C-MPDA in synergy with ultrasound induced higher levels of ROS in LLC cells, resulted in a higher cell apoptosis rate, and more efficiently reduced cell viability and suppressed cell migration and invasion. AS1411-D/C-MPDA nanoparticles combined with ultrasound allow targeted delivery of anticancer drugs and represent a promising strategy for synergistic treatment of lung cancer by integrating physical acoustics, pharmaceutical chemistry, and tumor microenvironment regulation. 目的: 针对肿瘤微环境构建一种能同时负载阿霉素（DOX）与过氧化氢酶（CAT）的AS1411适配体修饰的介孔聚多巴胺纳米颗粒（AS1411-D/C-MPDA），并探讨其联合超声对Lewis肺癌（LLC）细胞的协同治疗效果。方法: 通过一步组装法合成负载DOX和CAT并经AS1411适配体修饰的AS1411-D/C-MPDA，检测其物理特性;在细胞水平，将LLC细胞分为游离DOX组、DOX-MPDA组及AS1411-D/C-MPDA组及对应的超声组进行处理。超声参数设置为:频率1.0 MHz，强度1.0 W/cm²，持续时间3 min。通过CCK-8法检测细胞活性，流式细胞术（Annexin V-FITC/PI染色）分析细胞凋亡，划痕实验评估细胞迁移能力，以及Transwell实验评估细胞侵袭能力。结果: 成功制备AS1411-D/C-MPDA纳米材料，其呈大小均匀的球形颗粒，粒径为183.36±15.99 nm、包封率DOX（91.17±0.08）%，CAT（29.59±0.2）%，具有pH响应性，能裂解并促进药物释放，DOX释药率为（81.25±1.61）%，该纳米材料有较强的产氧能力，缓解了缺氧状态。AS1411修饰的纳米材料对LLC细胞的摄取显著增强。与游离DOX和DOX-MPDA联合超声相比，AS1411-D/C-MPDA联合超声能诱导LLC细胞产生更多的活性氧，从而诱导细胞凋亡，细胞活性明显降低、划痕愈合面积减小（0.097±0.010 mm2vs 0.278±0.001 mm2，P<0.01）及侵袭细胞数量减少（24.33±12.01个vs 352±4.36个，P<0.001）。结论: AS1411-D/C-MPDA联合超声通过靶向递送抗癌药物，有望成为物理声学、药物化学、微环境调控协同治疗肺癌的新策略。.
This study examines the nature of enzymatic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films mediated by a novel recombinant LCCICCG PETase enzyme preparation based on P. verruculosum fungus. The investigation was conducted using amorphous PET samples and PET samples with varying degrees of crystallinity as substrates for PETase-catalyzed hydrolysis under different temperature and pH conditions. Mechanical testing revealed that enzymatic treatment reduced the yield stress by 20-25%, tensile strength by approximately twofold, and elongation at break by 5-10 times, while the deformation mechanism remained unchanged. Enzymatic degradation under acidic conditions was ineffective, whereas increasing the pH to 9-10 markedly accelerated PET degradation and the associated deterioration of mechanical properties. Thermal analysis (TGA, DSC) and microscopy (optical and scanning electron microscopy) demonstrated that degradation was localized at the polymer surface, leading to the formation of cavities, cracks, and submicron-sized pores rather than bulk material disintegration. An inverse correlation was observed between PET crystallinity and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation: samples with crystallinity below 13% could be almost completely degraded, whereas samples with crystallinity above 30% exhibited little or no measurable weight loss over the same period. Low-crystallinity PET underwent rapid degradation accompanied by a transient increase in crystallinity, while highly crystalline PET primarily accumulated surface defects that nevertheless caused a substantial loss of mechanical strength. Consequently, the experimental data obtained in this study provide useful information for understanding PET degradation and for future studies on enzymatic PET recycling. The systematization of feedstock characteristics and the elucidated patterns of enzymatic degradation will enable optimization of pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and monomer recovery process parameters, thereby facilitating the eventual production of secondary raw materials.
The optimization of hydroxypropylated cassava starch (HPS) films reinforced with açaí residue (AR) for sustainable packaging applications using low glycerol content (7.5 wt%) is reported. A 23 full factorial design of experiments (DoE) combined with a random forest (RF) algorithm was applied to optimize the hydroxypropylation reaction by evaluating the effects of propylene oxide/hydroxyl groups molar ratio (PO/OH), AR percentage, and reaction temperature. Hydroxypropylation significantly improved film flexibility even at 7.5 wt% glycerol amount, from around 6% to 13%, while AR incorporation maintained tensile strength and Young's modulus similar to the control sample, of around 6 MPa and 250 MPa, respectively. The optimized films also exhibited thermal stability comparable to that of native starch films with maximum decomposition rate at around 250 °C and rapid disintegration under soil burial conditions, occurring within 1 day. Statistical analysis and machine learning consistently indicated that higher molar ratio and fiber content favor enhanced mechanical performance. Overall, the results demonstrate that optimized hydroxypropylation enables the production of starch-based films with improved properties, reduced synthetic plasticizer content, and potential for agro-industrial waste upcycling following green chemistry principles.
Physical stability is a critical aspect of tablet formulation, with excipients significantly influencing long-term tablet performance, especially under humid conditions. This study investigated storage-induced changes in increasingly complex tablet formulations by sequentially incorporating croscarmellose sodium (CCS), magnesium stearate (MgSt), and lactose into microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)-based tablets prepared at different porosities and stored at 50°C/75% RH for up to 42 days. Storage induced changes occurred through two distinct stages. The first stage was governed by moisture uptake, with most sorption occurring within the first day of storage, resulting in tablet swelling and tensile strength reductions of 16-51% depending on formulation and porosity. The rate of these structural changes was strongly correlated with sorption kinetics. The second stage occurred after moisture uptake had largely stabilised and was characterised by continued changes in liquid penetration and swelling behaviour (quantified by sessile drop analysis), and disintegration performance. These later changes were highly formulation dependent, with MgSt containing formulations showing the greatest deterioration, where disintegration times increased from approximately 40 s to 500 s after storage. DVS measurements successfully predicted moisture uptake and tensile strength evolution across formulations and porosity levels. The results demonstrate that tablet stability is governed by a sequence of moisture driven structural changes followed by slower performance related changes, providing a practical framework for predicting stability assessment and formulation development from short-term measurements.
Focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) has been used for investigating tablet dissolution behavior. However, few studies have used FBRM to analyze sustained-release formulations. In this study, we prepared tablets containing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), a widely used sustained-release excipient, and evaluated dissolution behavior using both conventional dissolution testing and FBRM. To assess the effect of drug solubility on FBRM parameters, we also compared acetaminophen (readily soluble in water) with ethenzamide (poorly soluble in water). Conventional dissolution testing revealed a difference of approximately 360 min among the different HPMC grades in the time required to reach 60% drug release, while FBRM detected an approximate threefold difference in the final particle counts. These findings suggest that FBRM is a useful analytical tool for elucidating the dissolution behavior of sustained-release formulations.
Colorectal cancer remains a significant health challenge. Filgotinib is a selective JAK1 inhibitor approved for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, its anti-tumor effects and underlying mechanisms in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unexplored. In this study, cell viability and proliferation were assessed by CCK‑8, crystal violet, and EdU assays. Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated using JC‑1 staining. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA‑seq) was performed on RKO cells treated with Filgotinib, followed by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. Protein expression was examined by Western blot. The effect of Filgotinib was further validated in three human CRC patient‑derived organoids (PDOs). Filgotinib at concentrations near the IC50 (14 µM for HCT116, 10 µM for RKO, 14 µM for LoVo) reduced cell viability and proliferation, as shown by CCK‑8, crystal violet, and EdU assays. Western blot analysis confirmed reduced JAK1 and STAT3 protein expression after Filgotinib treatment compared with the control. Filgotinib induced mitochondrial‑dependent apoptosis, evidenced by increased green fluorescence in the JC‑1 assay. Transcriptomic profiling of RKO cells treated with 10 µM Filgotinib for 48 h identified 1,151 upregulated and 862 downregulated genes. GO analysis revealed enrichment in terms related to chromatin structure, nucleotide binding, and metabolic processes. KEGG analysis highlighted activation of the p53 signaling pathway and suppression of oncogenic pathways including VEGF and TNF signaling. At the protein level, Filgotinib treatment increased the expression of p21 (a key p53 pathway effector) and cleaved caspase-3 compared with the control group. Furthermore, treatment of human CRC-derived PDOs with Filgotinib (≥ 10 µM) for 48 h resulted in organoid disintegration. Our study demonstrates that Filgotinib exerts direct anti-tumor effects in CRC by triggering apoptosis, activating the p53 pathway, and inhibiting pro-survival VEGF and TNF pathways. These findings support its potential as a targeted therapeutic agent for CRC.
Starch is a widely used biopolymer, but native starch has several inherent limitations that restrict its industrial applications, including a broad and variable gelatinization temperature range, a strong tendency to retrograde, poor stability under shear as well as under acidic and thermal conditions, and limited freeze-thaw stability. Superheated steam (SHS) technology offers a green, physical route to mitigate these shortcomings. In the SHS process, secondary heating steam under low-humidity and oxygen-deficient conditions alters particle morphology, reduces crystallinity, and modifies chemical bond distribution through rapid heat transfer and its thermomechanical effects. Consequently, SHS typically increases the surface porosity and solubility of starch, reduces its relative crystallinity, and shifts the chain length distribution toward a higher proportion of shorter chains while decreasing the proportion of longer chains. Moreover, SHS can increase the content of resistant starch through V-type amylose-lipid complex formation at high temperatures. SHS technology reduces peak viscosity and disintegration values while enhancing final viscosity and thermal stability, thereby improving product texture and extending shelf life. Overall, quantitative control of SHS process parameters and mechanistic studies on different starch sources remain necessary for industrial conversion. SHS, as an energy-efficient and scalable physical modification technique, holds significant potential for the directional regulation of starch functionality in food applications.
Ferroptosis is a prospective approach for cancer treatment. However, the efficacy of ferroptosis therapy is limited by three parallel ferroptosis defense pathways: the glutathione (GSH)-glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) pathway, the ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1)-ubiquinol (CoQH2) pathway, and the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH)-CoQH2 pathway. Inspired by the principles of preprogrammed chemical reaction networks (CRNs), herein, a novel drug delivery system (SRF@Au@M NPs) was designed based on MIL-100(Fe) for predictable behaviors in tumor cells to break the three ferroptosis defense systems. SRF@Au@M NPs were fabricated through the size optimization of MIL-100(Fe), sorafenib (SRF) loading, in-situ growth of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) and surface modification with dihydrolipoic acid derivatives. SRF@Au@M NPs disintegrate in the presence of high concentrations of GSH, releasing sorafenib (SRF) into tumor cells, which reduces GSH synthesis and inhibits GPX4 activity. The Au nanoparticles decompose glucose to produce H2O2, providing fuel for the Fenton reaction and disrupting carbohydrate metabolism to inhibit NAD(P)H generation. Particularly, a novel redox-CRN was formed between dihydrolipoic acid derivatives and iron ions, continuously promoting reactive oxygen species generation while concurrently consume NADH. The imbalance of NAD(P)H metabolic homeostasis impedes the recycling of CoQ to CoQH2, resulting in the simultaneous inhibition of the FSP1-CoQH2 and DHODH-CoQH2 pathways. Consequently, the SRF@Au@M NPs triggered a potent ferroptosis storm in 4T1 tumor cells and achieved an 92.5% tumor growth inhibition in tumor-bearing mice, significantly higher than that of other treatment groups. Our sophisticated strategy based on CRNs provides a new promising paradigm for ferroptosis activation and cancer treatment.
Fibrillation of proteins is linked to proteinopathies. As yet, not a single drug is licensed by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of protein conformational anomalies. In this study, we emphasized the effect of tigecycline and amikacin against HEWL fibrils persuaded by SDS at pH 2. Multi-spectroscopic techniques like ThT and ANS binding assay, turbidity at 360 nm, intrinsic fluorescence, and far-UV CD spectra validate the formation of HEWL fibrils with increasing concentrations of SDS (0 to 1 mM). Maximum fibrillation was observed at 0.9 mM SDS. The far-UV CD and intrinsic fluorescence confirmed the transformation of native lysozyme into cross-β-rich fibrils. Native HEWL has about 35% α-helix, which decreases to 3% and 15% β-sheet, which increases to 35%, at 0.9 mM SDS. Addition of antibiotics, tigecycline, and amikacin (0-1000 μM) disrupts the fibrils in a concentration-dependent manner. Lowered ThT and ANS fluorescence and reduced turbidity substantiate the disintegration of fibrils. The decreased intrinsic fluorescence and regaining of negative minima at 208 and 222 nm, concomitant with an increase in 26% and 16% α-helix and a decrease in 13% and 15% β sheet with TG and AMK, respectively, corroborate the fact that both the drugs proficiently disrupt the fibrils. The SEM images showed the fibrillar morphology of the lysozyme aggregates and their disruption at increased TG and AMK concentrations. The fibrils were cytotoxic to erythrocytes, resulting in increased ROS generation with altered oxidative stress and antioxidant system. Thus, TG and AMK reduce the toxicity of HEWL fibrillar aggregates.
Objectives: To address the critical limitations of current formulations that fail to simultaneously resolve indomethacin's poor water solubility, susceptibility to gastric acid hydrolysis, and difficulty in balancing rapid onset with long-term sustained release, this study prepared solid dispersions via anti-solvent freeze-drying to improve drug dissolution, constructed oral buccoadhesive bilayer controlled-release tablets using direct powder compression, and elucidated the intrinsic relationships among polymer gel properties, swelling-erosion behavior, tablet integrity maintenance, and drug release mechanisms. Methods: Solid dispersions (SDs) were prepared by anti-solvent freeze-drying. Bilayer tablets (25 mg IND/tablet, 12.5 mg/layer) were fabricated via direct powder compression after optimizing disintegrants and polymer matrices. In vitro dissolution, surface pH, adhesion time, and adhesion strength were evaluated. Results: SDs enhanced dissolution by at least 30-fold in water and 2.4-fold at pH 6.8 within 2 h versus pure drug. Optimized bilayer tablets achieved 45% drug release at 20 min and 80% sustained release over 8 h, with surface pH of 6.8 ± 0.1, adhesion time of 8.3 ± 0.1 h, and adhesion strength of 57 ± 0.13 g. Conclusions: The physicochemical properties of polymeric excipients are critical for balancing drug release and mucoadhesion in buccal tablets. To achieve ideal controlled-release effects, in addition to focusing on the swelling and erosion characteristics of matrix-based tablets, the ability to maintain tablet integrity during dynamic dissolution must be further investigated, which is an essential factor for ensuring precisely modulated drug release. Meanwhile, when employing solid dispersions as solubilizing intermediates to prepare controlled-release formulations, the gelling properties of polymers in each formulation component should be fully considered to avoid incomplete disintegration and insufficient release at the initial dissolution stage.
In this study, the concept of 'disintegration', as explained in the Theory of Positive Disintegration (TPD) was tested to find out whether it could be used as an indication of retrospective suicide lived experience. This study constitutes one of the first baseline of TPD level III 'dynamisms' in a sample of participant with(out) suicide lived experience. The aims of this study were to test, via an online survey, whether TPD level III disintegrative 'dynamisms' were associated with the retrospective behaviours, emotions, or thoughts of study participants with(out) suicide lived experience. Two Kruskal-Wallis median tests showed that disintegrative 'dynamisms' were (a) significantly higher in participants with suicide lived experience and (b) were higher in persons supported pharmacologically for their mental health. To investigate (a) the 'dynamisms' themselves, (b) their location (i.e., behaviour, thoughts or emotions) and how far in the past they occurred (months or years), a PERMANOVAs and non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (nMDS) based on Euclidean distances were carried out. Those multivariate analyses showed that the different level III 'dynamisms' were statistically different to each other and therefore not interchangeable. The location of 'dynamisms' mattered, and participants scored them differently for behaviour, thoughts and emotions. Unlike other 'dynamisms', 'shame' and 'guilt' elicited the same responses from participants whether the 'dynamisms' were months or years in the past, suggesting that those two 'dynamisms' may be the best candidates for counsellors to use to address disintegration and suicide prevention with their patients. Overall, the study results suggests that there is merit in using the vocabulary of TPD 'dynamisms' in suicide prevention.
The main source of radon penetrating buildings is the ground. Both the concentration of natural radioactive nuclides and the physical properties of soil and rock, which facilitate the migration of radon, are important. In the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland), many years of mining activity have caused the disintegration of the geological environment, hydrological disturbances, and damage to buildings located within continuous and discontinuous deformation areas. These phenomena may facilitate the transport and penetration of radon into residential and workplace premises. This paper presents a risk assessment of elevated radon activity concentrations based on a multifactorial analysis, taking into account hazards caused by mining activities, as well as natural and technical factors. A set of criteria and an assessment of the significance of each criterion were proposed, adopting ranges of values and limits established by regulations or determined arbitrarily. The model was calibrated and subsequently validated using a series of in situ measurements demonstrated an overall classification accuracy of 67%, with a low false negative rate (6%), which is particularly important for environmental risk assessment. In addition, the Cohen's kappa coefficient increased from 0.12 to 0.36 after model calibration, indicating improved agreement between theoretical predictions and field measurements. The proposed approach can therefore be used as a preliminary screening tool for identifying radon-prone areas in mining and post-mining regions and for supporting the planning of targeted in situ radon measurements.
Global maritime shipping is a major pathway for the introduction of non-indigenous species via ballast water discharge and hull fouling. Understanding the structure of global shipping networks can help identify where interventions may most effectively reduce propagule pressure. In this study, U.S. related global shipping networks were constructed from terrestrial Automatic Identification System (AIS) records and decomposed into vessel-type subnetworks. Network robustness under progressive node and edge removal scenarios were assessed using connectivity- and efficiency-based indicators, and a log-binned network disintegration model was proposed to better capture uneven traffic intensity. Management thresholds were defined at which network connectivity or efficiency declined sharply, and the results revealed marked vessel-type differences in pathway robustness. Fragmentation tipping points, identified from changes in the giant connected component, occurred at node-removal fractions of 0.39 for bulkers, 0.23 for tankers, and 0.28 for containerships, whereas passenger networks fragmented almost immediately under targeted intervention. Generally, global efficiency declined earlier than visible structural fragmentation across subnetworks, indicating that shipping-mediated introduction pathways may lose transport efficiency before pronounced topological breakdown. Although different targeting strategies identified only partially overlapping sets of priority bioregions, they produced comparable reductions in robustness, suggesting flexibility in intervention design. Notably, many priority bioregions were located outside the United States, indicating that effective risk reduction cannot rely on domestic port management alone. These findings support vessel-type-specific and internationally coordinated management, with broader intervention required for bulker networks and more targeted control likely sufficient for passenger networks.
Against the backdrop of global energy transition and carbon neutrality goals, the demand for efficient, safe, and sustainable exploitation of coal resources has grown increasingly urgent. High-pressure jet rock-breaking technology has emerged as a key enabling solution for directional rock mass weakening, gob-side entry retention, and other critical coal mine engineering projects. However, existing theoretical and experimental studies on jet rock breaking have struggled to fully reveal the evolutionary mechanism of rock fragmentation during down-the-hole jet drilling operations. To directly observe the rock-breaking effect of the jet drill rod, this study established a similarity simulation test system to investigate the rock-breaking efficiency of high-pressure jet drill rods in sandstone roof strata under simulated in situ conditions. The results indicate that the fluid transport process during jet rock breaking can be divided into four distinct stages: initial jet formation, early rock breaking, intermediate rock breaking, and stable rock breaking. Correspondingly, the sandstone surface damage morphology evolves through five sequential phases: surface particle detachment, microfracturing of the borehole wall, steady penetration depth increase, positive feedback of energy accumulation for rock fragmentation, and large-scale surface instability. As jet pressure increases, the damage mode transitions from localized minor damage to large-scale disintegration, with a critical rock-breaking pressure of approximately 3.25 MPa. A longer duration of pure water jet impact enables cumulative energy to drive damage propagation, expanding from localized boreholes to full-surface collapse. The influence of target standoff distance exhibits a nonmonotonic trend, first increasing and then decreasing, with an optimal value of 2 mm; beyond this threshold, jet diffusion leads to diminished damage efficiency. The nozzle diameter exerts a strong initial influence on sandstone surface damage that gradually weakens, with 1.2 mm identified as the optimal size; larger diameters cause rapid dissipation of jet energy. A more oblique incident angle results in more intense and extensive shear damage. The employment of high-abrasion-resistant abrasives triggers large-scale crushing, with prolonged abrasive impact time exacerbating surface damage and achieving a drilling efficiency more than 2.5 times that of pure water jets. Compared with multiple linear regression, neural network models demonstrate superior performance in capturing the nonlinearity of sandstone surface damage, providing more accurate predictions with smaller deviations between the predicted and experimental values. This study offers important theoretical guidance for the green and efficient exploitation of coal resources.
Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) coupled with anaerobic digestion (AD) present a novel strategy for efficient energy recovery and resource utilization of organic solid waste. In this integrated system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role, yet the mechanism by which ROS from PS-AOPs pretreatment affects AD remains unclear. This review systematically assesses the roles of PS-AOPs in AD systems. ROS are produced through thermal, iron-based and carbonaceous activation. These ROS disrupt hydrophilic functional groups of lignocellulose and extracellular polymeric substances. Such reactions cause physical disintegration and chemical modification at the solid-liquid interface, thereby enhancing substrate bioavailability and solid-liquid separation. ROS-induced oxidative stress enriches stress-tolerant microbes, which generate small-molecule acids and facilitate methanogenesis. Small organics from ROS decomposition also stimulate anaerobic fermentative bacteria. Meanwhile, accumulated SO42- facilitates the proliferation of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), reshaping metabolic functions. ROS oxidation yields small organic molecules. These compounds serve as electron donors and substrates. These organic molecules impose selective pressure to modulate system redox potential and enrich DIET-related microbes. Meanwhile, SRBs mediate sulfur cycling to lower hydrogen partial pressure and promote SCFAs conversion to HAc. The interaction accelerates interspecies electron transfer and methanogenesis. Additionally, ROS degrade emerging contaminants through ring-opening, deamination and hydroxylation reactions. Furthermore, functional degrading bacteria are enriched to construct a synergistic chemical-biological purification system. Finally, this review summarizes major existing challenges, such as microbial damage from excessive oxidation, imbalanced electron competition and toxic byproduct formation. The findings provide valuable references for practical application of PS-AOPs-assisted AD.
AimIn view of limited evidence-based acute treatments for spontaneous vertigo in vestibular migraine, this real-world cohort study assessed the effectiveness of rimegepant for acute vestibular migraine-related vertigo and factors associated with treatment response.MethodsClinical data were retrospectively collected from 86 patients with documented vestibular migraine treated with rimegepant 75 mg orally disintegrating tablets for acute attacks at a tertiary referral hospital between March and November 2025. Predictors of 2-h vertigo relief, defined as improvement from moderate or severe baseline vertigo to mild or no vertigo on an 11-point numeric rating scale, and 2-h numeric rating scale scores were analyzed using regression models accounting for within-patient clustering of attacks.ResultsAmong 86 patients, 192 of 252 treated vertigo episodes (76.2%) achieved vertigo relief. At 2 h after dosing, the mean change in vertigo numeric rating scale score was -4.44 (95% CI, -4.65 to -4.23). In adjusted models, age younger than 60 years (OR, 3.45 [95% CI, 1.15 to 10.31]; P = 0.027) and lower baseline numeric rating scale (OR per 1-point increase, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.36 to 0.86]; P = 0.008) were associated with higher odds of vertigo relief. Younger age, lower baseline numeric rating scale score, and better hearing (β, -1.14 [95% CI, -2.02 to -0.26]; P = 0.013) were also associated with lower 2-h numeric rating scale scores.ConclusionRimegepant was effective for vertigo episodes in patients with vestibular migraine, and treatment responsiveness was closely associated with age, baseline vertigo severity, and auditory function. These findings support the early initiation of rimegepant for acute treatment of vestibular migraine, rather than delaying treatment until vertigo exacerbation.