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Orthorexia nervosa (ON) has gained increasing attention among young adults, particularly among students in health-related fields. Although social media use and body-related attitudes have both been linked to disordered eating, their relative contribution to orthorexic tendencies remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the associations of social media addiction and weight bias with ON tendencies among female university students, with a particular focus on future dietitians. The sample of our cross-sectional study consisted of 262 female university students from four universities. The participants' ON tendencies were assessed with the Orthorexia-11 Scale (ORTO-11), social media addictions were assessed with the Social Media Addiction Scale-Student Form (SMAS-SF), and weight bias was assessed with the GAMS-27 scale. Overall, 45.8% of the participants exhibited a risk of orthorexic tendencies. Students in the nutrition and dietetics department were significantly more likely to be at risk of ON tendencies (56.5% vs. 35.1%, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) and had higher weight bias scores (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Orthorexic students also demonstrated significantly greater weight bias compared with non-orthorexic students (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). No significant association was found between social media addiction and risk of ON tendencies in descriptive or correlational analyzes. However, in linear regression analyzes, social media addiction showed a weak positive association with ORTO-11 scores (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.144, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.031), suggesting a limited and model-dependent relationship. Higher weight bias scores were significantly associated with lower ORTO-11 scores (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;-0.195, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.002), indicating a higher risk of ON tendencies. Studying in the nutrition and dietetics department was also associated with lower ORTO-11 scores compared with other departments (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;-0.164, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.025). Weight bias was significantly associated with the risk of ON tendencies among female university students. These findings suggest that addressing weight bias within nutrition and dietetics education may be important for fostering stigma-aware future professionals. It should be noted that ON tendency risk in this study was identified using a scale-based classification and should be interpreted with caution.

Group exercise in the form of an extreme conditioning program training can have positive psychological outcomes for participants. This study aims to investigate whether involvement in this kind of program affects the development of subjective well being, as measured by the PERMA profiler, considering social capital as a mediator in the relationship between involvement and subjective well being. The data were collected through an online survey of adults who participated in an extreme conditioning program training in Greece, with a sample of 590 individuals. Involvement was measured using a three-dimensional model: centrality, attraction, and self-expression. Social capital was measured based on the three domains: network, trust, and reciprocity. Finally, subjective well being was measured with the PERMA profiler, including the dimensions of positive emotions, engagement, positive relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. Aiming to explore the direct and indirect effects of attraction, centrality, and self-expression on positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment, via social capital, a mediation analysis was conducted. The mediation model was assessed through path coefficients, and indirect effects were examined to ascertain the degree to which social capital mediated the relationship between attraction, centrality, self-expression, and well being dimensions. The results indicated moderate to strong statistical relationships between involvement and social capital, as well as between social capital and well being. Furthermore, social capital fully mediated the relationship between centrality and well being and partially mediated the relationship between attraction and well being. These results support the value of group exercise in the form of an extreme conditioning program. These results support the value of group exercise in the form of extreme conditioning program training in developing social capital and positively influencing participants' subjective well being.

Over the last decades, the population of pet rabbits in Europe has increased significantly, but to date studies into feeding management of these species have been mainly conducted in production animals. This study aimed to evaluate the feeding practices of both pet rabbit owners and hobby breeders in Germany and how these may affect animal health. For this purpose, a survey was conducted from July to August 2020 to collect data regarding breeding, nutritional management and animal health: 431 participants replied. Results obtained from the questionnaires highlighted several differences. Based on our results, hay is provided in large amounts by almost all participants, meeting the rabbits' need for high fibre intake. However, rabbit breeders typically provide less hay and fresh food (e.g. grass, herbage, forage plants, vegetables, fruit), and more concentrates (e.g. pellets, muesli, commercial mixes, cereals) than pet rabbit owners. Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases were common in both groups. A link was noted between feeding practices and health conditions like diarrhoea, constipation, being overweight, dental problems and the development of urolithiasis. Although recent data on rabbit obesity indicate an increasing prevalence of this condition, most breeders and owners consider their animals' body condition to be normal. Nevertheless, in this study, obesity was associated with individual housing, which is more used by hobby breeders. Results from this study suggest that owners and breeders manage rabbit feeding differently and that these choices may impact animal health.

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Children and adolescents exposed to criminal victimization are at increased risk for depression; however, the contribution of nutritional status to depressive symptom severity in this vulnerable population remains poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to examine the associations between depression severity and nutritional parameters in child and adolescent victims of crime. This cross-sectional study included 72 children and adolescents (aged 10-16 years) referred to a forensic medicine department in T&#xfc;rkiye. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric measurements (body weight, body mass index [BMI], BMI-Z score, and body fat percentage), three-day dietary records, and the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED). Depression severity was evaluated using the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS). The associations were analyzed using Pearson's rho correlation and forward stepwise linear regression. Potential confounding variables, including age, gender, socioeconomic status, and trauma-related characteristics, were recorded and considered during the analysis; however, due to the limited sample size and to avoid model overparameterization, they were not fully adjusted for in the final model. Depression severity was positively correlated with the body weight, BMI, BMI-Z score, body fat percentage, and dietary energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intakes (all p < 0.05). In contrast, the vitamin C and dietary fiber intakes, breastfeeding duration, and KIDMED scores were negatively correlated with the KADS scores (p < 0.05). Regression analysis revealed that the lower KIDMED scores, higher body fat percentage, and greater body weight were significantly associated with depression severity, collectively explaining 82.2% of the variance in the KADS scores. Poor diet quality and adverse body composition are strongly associated with depression severity in child and adolescent victims of crime. These findings suggest that nutritional factors may be associated with depression severity in child and adolescent victims of crime; however, the results should be interpreted as preliminary and hypothesis-generating.

Africa is facing a rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), driven by shifts in lifestyle and dietary habits. Children with delays in motor coordination are less likely to participate in physical activity, active play, and sports, placing them at increased risk for obesity, reduced physical fitness, and cardiovascular diseases. Existing motor performance tests for school-aged children were not designed for African populations and lack culturally valid normative data. As part of an African-led initiative, the PERFormance and FITness test battery (PERF-FIT) was developed to assess motor performance and motor skill-related physical fitness in children aged 6-12 years. The PERF-FIT test battery is open-source, contextually relevant, and tailored for low-resource settings. This study involved the collection of motor performance data from a large sample of African children to establish age- and sex-specific normative values. This study generates normative data for motor skills in African children aged 6-12 years (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;2604), stratified by age and sex. These norms complement the previously validated psychometric properties of the PERF-FIT, confirming its reliability and applicability across diverse African contexts. The PERF-FIT test battery provides a culturally appropriate and psychometrically sound tool for assessing motor performance in African children. It serves as a valuable resource for clinicians, educators, and policymakers to monitor motor skill related physical fitness and detect motor delays in children aged 6-12 years in African countries. This study aimed to make a motor performance test that is suitable for African children aged 6 to 12 years. Many existing tests were developed in other regions and do not reflect the abilities or context of African children. Researchers of an African-led initiative developed the PERFormance and FITness test battery (PERF-FIT), which is free to use and designed for schools, clinics and healthcare workers in low-resource settings. The study describes how data were collected from 2604 children to create age- and sex-specific norms. These results help professionals understand what typical motor skills look like in African children. This tool can support early identification of children at risk for motor delays and health problems based on low motor fitness.

Adolescence presents an opportunity for nutritional intervention especially among girls whose physical and cognitive development during this period has lifelong implications. In this cross-sectional study, the interrelationship between dietary diversity, nutritional status, anaemia and cognitive performance among 181 adolescent girls in public schools in Southern Ghana were examined. The study employed structured questionnaires to collect sociodemographic data, anthropometric measurements to assess nutritional status, haemoglobin testing to determine anaemia status and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices to evaluate cognitive performance. Data analysis was conducted using R version 4.4.2 to explore the relationship between food quality, nutritional markers and cognitive outcomes. The mean dietary diversity score was 5.7&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1.9, and nearly one in three participants was either underweight or overweight, indicating a double burden of malnutrition. Anaemia affected 18.4% of the participants, primarily in mild or moderate forms, while 14% demonstrated poor cognitive performance. A consistent and significant inverse relationship was observed between dietary diversity and poor cognition. Though not statistically significant, each unit increase in dietary diversity was associated with a 19% reduction in the odds of poor cognitive performance (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.81, 95% CI: 0.65-1.01, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.056). Mid-adolescents (14-16&#xa0;years) were significantly less likely to be malnourished compared to early adolescents (10-13&#xa0;years) (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.43, 95% CI: 0.21-0.86, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.017). Normal BMI-for-age z-scores (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.62, 95% CI: 0.23-1.66, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.329) and higher hemoglobin levels (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.70, 95% CI: 0.46-1.07, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.081) were associated with reduced odds of poor cognitive performance; however, these associations were not statistically significant. In contexts where nutrition insecurity and educational inequalities converge, school-based interventions that promote diverse diets and screen for anaemia could improve adolescent health and academic outcomes.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although women generally exhibit a more favorable cardiovascular risk profile than men in the general population, this protection is substantially reduced in the presence of diabetes, resulting in a disproportionately greater relative increase in CVD risk among women. Objective: This review aims to integrate the roles of metabolic phenotypes, dietary exposures, and genetic susceptibility in shaping cardiovascular risk in women with T2DM, with a focus on diet-gene and diet-epigenetic interactions across critical stages of the female life course. Methods: A narrative review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic evidence from recent literature was conducted to synthesize current knowledge on sex-specific cardiometabolic pathways and nutritional determinants of vascular risk in T2DM. Results: Current evidence indicates that several interconnected mechanisms contribute to enhanced cardiovascular vulnerability in diabetic women, including (i) adipose tissue dysfunction and ectopic fat accumulation; (ii) insulin resistance with metabolic inflexibility and lipotoxicity; and (iii) endothelial and microvascular dysfunction driven by impaired nitric oxide signaling. Dietary patterns modulate these pathways through effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, postprandial lipid metabolism, and vascular function. Emerging evidence highlights that genetic variants (e.g., APOE; CETP; TCF7L2) significantly modify metabolic responses to dietary exposures in patients with T2DM; supporting a role for nutrigenetic interactions in shaping cardiovascular risk. In parallel, diet-related epigenetic mechanisms-including metabolic memory and early-life programming-may contribute to long-term and potentially intergenerational cardiometabolic risk. Conclusions: Integrating dietary patterns with genetic susceptibility and epigenetic regulation provides a mechanistic framework for understanding the disproportionate cardiovascular risk in diabetic women and supports the development of sex-specific, life-course-oriented precision nutrition strategies for cardiovascular risk reduction.

Transforming food services into a more sustainable and healthier systems has become a crucial necessity today. This transformation plays an even more critical role in institutional settings, particularly for vulnerable populations. In nursing homes, where most older adults' daily meals are organized and provided, the nutritional adequacy, diversity, and environmental footprint of the menus directly influence residents' overall health and wellbeing. The current study aimed to comprehensively compare 12-week dinner menus (standard menus) and menus created using EvoMeal, an artificial intelligence-based menu planning tool (optimized menus) delivered to nursing homes by a catering company in Eastern Norway in terms of nutrient composition, menu quality, and environmental impact (carbon and water footprints). A multi-objective optimization method was used to optimize the menus. Standard dinner menus from the catering company were collected and imported into EvoMeal. Existing meal contents were not altered; only menu combinations were rearranged. The menus were evaluated for compliance with the Norwegian Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). In addition, menu quality was assessed using Elderly Nutrient Rich Food Index 7.3 (E-NRF 7.3), Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), and environmental sustainability using carbon footprint (kg CO2-eq) and water footprint (m3/ton). Optimized menus were found to better comply with the Norwegian FBDG. There were no statistically significant differences between the optimized and standard menus in terms of E-NRF 7.3 and DDS. Optimization of the 4-week standard menus resulted in carbon footprint changes ranging from -36.44 to -42.34%, and water footprint changes from -29.37 to -36.12%. In addition, optimization of the 12-week standard menus resulted in a carbon footprint reduction of -40.00%, and a water footprint reduction of -33.09%. To our knowledge, no study has comprehensively focused on optimizing nursing home menus in terms of nutritional composition, menu quality, and environmental impact. EvoMeal offers an effective way to reduce the environmental impact of nursing home menus by optimizing menu combinations without altering meal contents. While standard menus in Norwegian nursing homes exhibit relatively high nutritional quality, an optimization approach may be a viable and cost-effective strategy, particularly for improving environmental sustainability.

In this review, the promising benefits of coffee in terms of its composition, anticancer mechanisms, and effects on digestive system cancers are highlighted and suggestions for future research are given. Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. Chlorogenic acid, caffeine, cafestol, kahweol, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, trigonelline, and other secondary metabolites in its composition have positive effects on health. Colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, and pancreatic cancer are among the most common cancers of the digestive system worldwide. Cancer risk is increasingly influenced by dietary factors. Coffee has been linked to potential protective effects against cancer due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antiangiogenic properties, as it contains over 1,000 bioactive compounds. However, there are inconsistent findings concerning coffee consumption and the risk of digestive tract cancers and more clinical studies with larger samples are needed.

Melanin is a dark, hydrophobic, and water-insoluble biopolymer widely distributed in humans, plants, animals, and microorganisms, exhibiting multiple bioactivities, including UV protection, antioxidant, antimicrobial, thermoregulatory, cytotoxic, and antitumor effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of plant-derived melanins, with particular emphasis on their sources, extraction methods, structural characteristics, and functional properties. Relevant studies were critically analyzed to compare plant melanins with those obtained from animal, synthetic, and microbial sources. Recent advances in extraction, purification, and structural modification have significantly improved the solubility and applicability of plant-based melanins. The reviewed findings highlight that plant-derived melanins, especially when sourced from agricultural by-products, offer advantages in terms of sustainability, safety, and functional performance. Overall, plant-based melanins emerge as promising bioactive ingredients with potential applications in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries, supporting their growing interest as eco-friendly and multifunctional materials.

The dual burden of malnutrition, involving both undernutrition and overnutrition, is a significant challenge. Children in institutional care are a vulnerable group, yet their nutritional status in Pakistan is understudied. The aim of this study was to assess the dual burden of malnutrition in a Pakistani orphanage by determining the prevalence of under and overnutrition, evaluating dietary patterns, and exploring associated lifestyle factors. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 30 male children (aged 10-16 years) at an orphanage in Lahore. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire (assessing socio-demographics, dietary habits, psychosocial factors, and physical activity), 24-hour dietary recall, and anthropometric measurements. Nutritional status was classified using WHO BMI-for-age z-scores. Dietary patterns were categorized as "Balanced" or "Unbalanced" based on predefined food frequency criteria. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, with exploratory inferential analyses (Fisher's Exact Test, Kruskal-Wallis H test) conducted cautiously due to the small sample size. The study revealed a clear dual burden: 56.7% of children were of normal weight, while 36.7% exhibited overnutrition (30.0% overweight, 6.7% obese) and 6.7% were underweight. Dietary patterns were nearly evenly split (46.7% balanced versus 53.3% unbalanced), with high frequencies of packaged snack (&#x2265;2/d: 36.7%) and sweetened beverage (daily: 40%) consumption. Psychosocial and lifestyle factors were generally favorable, with most children reporting no emotional eating triggers (90%), regular sleep (96.7%), and high physical activity levels (93.3% moderately/highly active). No statistically significant associations were found between physical activity and nutritional status in this small sample. This study confirms the presence of the DBM within a Pakistani orphanage, with overnutrition being more prevalent than undernutrition. While the institution provides food security and promotes physical activity, poor diet marked by high intake of processed snacks and sugary drinks emerges as a key concern. Findings highlight the need for institutional nutritional strategies that focus on diet quality alongside calorie provision and suggest the importance of larger-scale research to inform targeted interventions for this vulnerable population.

The human gut microbiota represents a complex and dynamic ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms that play a fundamental role in maintaining physiological homeostasis, regulating metabolism, and modulating the immune system. This narrative review explores the biochemical intricacies of the gut microbiome, focusing on the dominant phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Fusobacteria) and their specific contributions to host health. A critical emphasis is placed on the metabolic outputs of these microorganisms, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, which serve as vital energy sources and anti-inflammatory signaling molecules. Conversely, the review examines how dysbiosis, the disruption of microbial balance, is mechanistically linked to the pathogenesis of diverse conditions, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gout. Furthermore, it highlights the profound impact of dietary interventions on microbial architecture, notably, how non-digestible carbohydrates promote beneficial taxa and eubiosis, while high-fat and high-sugar diets drive metabolic endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. By synthesizing current knowledge on microbial biotransformations of proteins and polyphenols, this work underscores the bidirectional relationship between nutrition and the microbiome. Ultimately, understanding these biochemical interactions is essential for developing targeted probiotic, prebiotic, and nutritional strategies to prevent and manage chronic metabolic and inflammatory disorders.

Enteral feeds can be classified as two major types: commercial enteral formulas and blenderized enteral feeds. When deciding the most appropriate type of feed for a patient, several parameters need to be taken into consideration. Benefits associated with the use of blenderized tube feeds include giving a sense of normalcy to patients, having a positive impact on anthropometric indices, allowing for careful control over known food allergens, being associated with improved gastrointestinal tolerance and improved gut microbial composition (mainly in pediatric populations) and being generally less costly compared with commercial formulas. On the other hand, commercial enteral formulas have the advantages of being generally sterile, less likely to cause tube clogging and having a known and consistent nutrition composition. Further studies, specifically well-designed randomized controlled trials including adult populations, that will emphasize the impact of blenderized enteral feeds on various clinical outcomes are warranted. Clinicians need to be conscientious and educated regarding safe food practices for blended food preparation, as well as the characteristics of commercial formula options available to help assist patients in selecting the proper feed for their nutritional needs and clinical condition.

Background/Objectives: The rapidly expanding landscape of digital technologies is transforming innovation processes across industries, and the food sector is increasingly encouraged to adopt novel tools that can enhance development workflows and support competitive positioning. In the context of Industry 4.0, it is particularly important to examine open innovation approaches that may increase the efficiency of engineers and researchers involved in the research and development of food supplements. Such approaches enable broader access to relevant scientific information, including new bioactive ingredient research and their physiological implications, potentially contributing to the development of better-informed and higher-quality products. Methods: In the present study, we evaluated the deep research capabilities of several popular large language models to assess their suitability for supporting the conceptual design of a blood glucose-optimizing food supplement intended for prediabetes management. The comparative analysis focused on the level of detail in the outputs generated by each model, the robustness of the conclusions drawn, and the capacity to produce formulation-oriented recommendations grounded in scientific literature and regulatory frameworks. Our evaluation was primarily qualitative and subjective, highlighting both the potential and limitations of these models. Moreover, the study outlines a forward-looking concept for product validation using wearable smart devices and medically certified wearable devices with continuous biometric monitoring, which could provide an innovative avenue for assessing supplement efficacy. Results: The findings indicate that large language models can support the collection, organization, and preliminary interpretation of complex scientific information. Conclusions: Nevertheless, expert input remains essential for accurate evaluation, scientific validation, and regulatory compliance, as these models cannot yet replace domain expertise or rigorous experimentation in food supplement development.

This cross-sectional study examined the associations among physical activity, body dissatisfaction, and mindful eating in adults, while accounting for the influence of demographic and socioeconomic factors. A total of 9838 adults (60.6% women, 39.4% men; mean age 36.3 &#xb1; 16.0 years) were included in the study using a convenience sampling method (women: 34.4 &#xb1; 15.1 years; men: 39.2 &#xb1; 16.9 years). Physical activity was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), body dissatisfaction was measured with the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale (FRS), and mindful eating was assessed with the Four Facet Mindful Eating Scale (FFaMES). Spearman correlation, Kruskal-Wallis, and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. Physical activity showed weak but statistically significant positive correlations with body dissatisfaction and mindful eating, while no association was observed between body dissatisfaction and mindful eating. After adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic variables, body dissatisfaction and mindful eating remained associated with physical activity, although the explained variance was small. Participants with moderate physical activity levels had higher mindful eating scores than those with low activity. The findings indicate weak associations among physical activity, body dissatisfaction, and mindful eating among adults. Although statistically significant, these associations were small, suggesting that these psychosocial factors represent only a limited component of the broader determinants of physical activity behaviour.

Background/Objectives: Sensory processing disorders (SID) are common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and can influence children's eating behaviors. Evaluating the nutritional status of children with ASD is crucial for families or caregivers to manage their feeding. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the eating behaviors and dietary intake between children with ASD and children with ASD + SID. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 72 children with ASD aged 6-15 years, of whom 36 also had SID. Sociodemographic information and dietary habits of children were collected. The children's body weight and height were measured. Children's eating behaviors were assessed using the Children's Eating Behavior Scale. Dietary intake was obtained using 3-day food consumption records. Results: The rate of overweight was higher in children with ASD compared to children with ASD + SID, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). Children with ASD + SID were more likely to skip main meals than children with ASD (p < 0.05). Children with ASD + SID had significantly lower dietary reference intake levels of energy, macronutrients, fiber, PUFAs, vitamin E, B1, B6, folate, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron compared to children with ASD (p < 0.05). Increased scores on the drinking passion subscale were identified as a risk factor for SID (OR = 2.15, 95% CI [1.30, 4.30], p = 0.005). Conclusions: The higher frequency of skipping main meals, significantly lower energy and nutrient intake in the ASD + SID group indicates that these children are at higher nutritional risk. Incorporating sensory-based assessments and interventions into nutritional management may be crucial.

Background: Ashwagandha, a plant belonging to the Solanaceae family, has gained increasing attention in recent years due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and adaptogenic properties, and its potential to improve physical performance and support post-exercise recovery. Objectives: This narrative review aims to summarize and critically evaluate the current scientific evidence regarding the effects of Ashwagandha supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress, athletic performance, and safety. Methodology: This study is a narrative review based on previously published literature. The synthesis involved evaluating current studies focusing primarily on Ashwagandha supplementation and its relationship to exercise and sports performance. The included sources comprise clinical trials, meta-analyses, and review articles reporting outcomes related to strength, endurance, recovery, and safety. Results: Studies suggest that Ashwagandha dosages of 330-1000&#x2005;mg daily will increase endurance and facilitate quicker recoveries, with a twice daily dose of 300&#x2005;mg in combination with weight training increasing muscular strength and hypertrophy. Ashwagandha is also believed to regulate cortisol levels and relieve anxiety and insomnia. Typical dosage levels in the sporting field appear to be higher, at approximately 600&#x2005;mg/day, but a lower dose will be required by less active people. Side effects are mild in the majority of the literature and no dangerous side effects occur at recommended dosages. Conclusion: Ashwagandha has been found to be safe and effective in a natural supplementary capacity in sports and athletics. The correct dosage and application period of Ashwagandha should be taken into consideration to reap its properties in the human body.