Hand hygiene (HH) is essential for preventing healthcare-associated infections, yet conventional monitoring approaches primarily capture event occurrence and provide limited insight into procedural quality, timing, and individualized feedback. To address these limitations, we present a real-time HH training and assessment framework that combines deep-learning-based WHO step recognition with a protocol-aware decision-support engine deployed on both a Desktop LED display and a Mixed Reality (MR) headset. The system supports two complementary modes: Concurrent-Feedback Coaching (CFC), which provides real-time sequence guidance and corrective prompts, and Uncued Retention Assessment (URA), which evaluates unguided execution and summarizes detected steps and errors. To support real-time deployment, we retrained and evaluated YOLOv12+MV, TimeSformer, and TSM on four heterogeneous HH datasets (PSCUH, Jurmala, METC, and Kaggle). While several YOLOv12 variants achieved strong recognition performance, the compact YOLOv12-n+MV model provided the most favorable accuracy-efficiency trade-off for deployment, achieving F1-scores of 0.99, 0.87, 0.72, and 0.58 across Kaggle, Jurmala, METC, and PSCUH, respectively, with low computational cost. This lightweight recognizer was integrated with temporal majority voting and a protocol-aware controller to support stable closed-loop interaction on Desktop and HoloLens 2. We evaluated the framework in a controlled mixed-methods study with $N=20$N=20 participants using a $2\times 2$2×2 design (Desktop vs. MR; CFC vs. URA). Desktop yielded significantly faster, more temporally stable, and less error-prone HH performance than MR, whereas CFC reduced total completion time and URA reduced weighted mistake scores, indicating a speed-accuracy trade-off. Subjective results showed higher perceived usability for Desktop than for MR and for CFC than for URA. NASA-TLX further showed a higher workload for MR than Desktop across five subscales under counterbalancing, while URA increased perceived effort relative to CFC. Overall, these findings suggest that Desktop is more suitable when efficiency, stability, and lower workload are priorities, whereas CFC and URA can be selectively used to emphasize guided acquisition or independent recall within Desktop and MR HH training workflows.
This pilot randomized controlled trial evaluated whether a Gagné's model-based interactive desktop simulation program could reduce ageism and improve nursing students' attitudes toward older adult care. Hundred and twenty nursing students were randomized to an intervention group (n = 60) receiving eight sessions combining Gagné's instructional events, desktop simulations, case discussions, and structured reflection, or a control group (n = 60) receiving no intervention. Groups were comparable at baseline across all outcome measures (WEPS, FSA, PCOP-SV; all p > 0.05). Post-intervention, the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvement in willingness to work with older adults (WEPS), reduced ageist attitudes (FSA), and more positive perspectives on caring for older patients (PCOP-SV), with statistically significant group-by-time interactions across all three outcomes sustained at follow-up. A simulation-enhanced instructional program based on Gagné's model shows promise for improving attitudinal outcomes in gerontological nursing education. Findings are preliminary and should be interpreted cautiously given the pilot design and complete-case analysis. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT0613947.
Three-dimensional (3D) virtual patients constructed from facial and intraoral scans often lack orientation information. The natural head position (NHP) is a standardized, reproducible posture re--ed for facial scanning. The present technique describes a workflow for registering the true horizontal plane in a desktop facial scanner using a 3D printed calibration device. The device calibrates the scanner and orients the facial scan with the patient in NHP, after which the NHP orientation is transferred to the virtual patient. Testing on a dental mannequin head demonstrated that this technique provides high repeatability and accuracy.
While simplistic volcano plot visualizations of multi-omics changes can highlight the most critical genomic, transcriptomic, or proteomic features, integrative frameworks combining literature evidence, pathway associations, and functional annotation remain limited. We present MagmaFlow, a cross-platform application offering three key capabilities: literature-based gene scoring, interactive pathway-to-volcano mapping, and synchronized cross-view updates. The literature module retrieves gene associations from PubMed via PubTator3, provides direct PubMed identifier (PMID) links, and ranks genes by context-specific relevance. The pathway module visualizes enrichment as multi-layer circle plots displaying cross-pathway membership, automatically synchronized with volcano selections. Interactive features include smart label positioning, drag-and-drop annotation, double-click gene targeting, and customizable styles for publication-quality figures. Thus, MagmaFlow transforms volcano plot analysis from static display into dynamic biological interpretation. To our knowledge, this is the first tool integrating artificial intelligence-powered literature contextualization and enrichment analysis to convert differential expression data into actionable insights.
Exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy is among the least used evidence-based practices for anxiety disorders in routine care. Providers' negative beliefs about exposure (eg, fears of harm or intolerability) are a major barrier. Experiential methods can reduce these beliefs but are limited by accessibility, standardization, and fidelity. Virtual reality (VR) offers a scalable way to deliver standardized experiential practice. Guided by an "exposure to exposure" (E2E) framework, we conceptualized VR training as an exposure intervention targeting therapists' own anxious beliefs about exposure. This feasibility study examined a VR-based exposure training program (SET-VR) (1) to evaluate usability and effects on therapist learning targets (knowledge, self-efficacy, attitudes) and (2) to test whether a high-immersion head-mounted display (HMD) format provides added benefit over a lower-immersion desktop format. Eligibility included holding an active caseload. Eligible clinicians (ie, aged >21 years with an active caseload; n=41) completed a 4-hour didactic workshop on exposure and were randomized (1:1, blinded) to the desktop or HMD condition. In the experiential phase, therapists delivered 3 rounds of exposure with a virtual patient. They titrated exposure intensity (increase, decrease, continue as is) at fixed decision points based on state-dependent visual (character animations) and auditory (prerecorded verbalizations) cues reflecting the patient's distress. Exposure knowledge, self-efficacy, and beliefs about exposure were measured at baseline, post-didactic, post-experiential, and follow-up. Participants also rated the acceptability, usability, and authenticity of the program. Both groups (desktop and HMD) showed significant improvement in exposure knowledge (d=0.52, P=.006; d=0.58, P=.002), self-efficacy (d=0.88, P<.001; d=1.36, P<.001), and beliefs (d=0.61, P=.001; d=1.05, P<.001) from baseline to post-didactic training using binomial generalized estimating equations. There were no significant differences between the low- and high-immersion groups on any measure after didactics. Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in exposure self-efficacy (d=0.66, P<.001; d=0.93, P<.001) and beliefs (d=0.46, P<.01; d=0.66, P<.001) from post-didactic to post-experiential. Both groups gave positive ratings for acceptability, usability, and authenticity. No adverse events or side effects were reported. In this feasibility randomized controlled trial, an E2E-guided VR training program produced promising improvements in therapists' self-efficacy and negative beliefs about exposure beyond gains from didactic training alone. This work is innovative in testing immersion as a dose parameter while also applying an explicit framework (E2E) to target a key mechanism (ie, therapist beliefs) in the underuse of exposure therapy. Compared to prior VR training studies focused on skills and knowledge acquisition, our findings support the standardization of an emotionally engaging exposure practice context that shifts therapist-level mechanisms linked to actual delivery. The lack of clear advantages for HMD over desktop VR suggests that lower-immersion, more scalable implementations may provide a sufficient experiential "dose." Larger, more diverse trials are needed to confirm effectiveness and determine the real-world impact of VR-based exposure training on access to evidence-based care.
We introduce the Simulated Environment for Neurocognitive State Evaluation (SENSE-42), a multimodal dataset collected during user interactions with desktop computers. It is designed for studying spontaneous fluctuations in the neurocognitive state related to the tonic alertness of computer users, with recordings from 42 participants over 2-hour sessions. Within a simulated desktop environment, participants performed real-world routine tasks, including application switching, file management, typing, and web browsing. High-resolution data were recorded across physiological (electroencephalography, electrocardiography, respiration) and subjective modalities of alertness. At five-minute intervals, alertness state was reported using seven questions, addressing sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale), mental and temporal demand, perceived performance, effort and frustration (NASA Task Load Index), as well as attentiveness. Behavioural data included keyboard, mouse and webcam inputs. Demographic information, experience metrics, habits, and preferences of computer usage were collected. In addition, individual differences in sleep quality were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The SENSE-42 dataset can contribute to future research in user state monitoring, behavioural analysis and physiological computing.
It remains unclear whether trimming sharp edges from scan body library files improves automatching accuracy, what magnitude of trimming is optimal, and whether any benefits are consistent across different scan body geometries. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of scan body geometry and the edge trimming of scan body library files on the accuracy of matching between intraoral scans and library files. Two scan body geometries (angular and rounded) were evaluated with 3 library file designs: unmodified (U), 0.1-mm edge removal (E01), and 0.3-mm edge removal (E03). Ten scan bodies per geometry were scanned using a desktop scanner and an intraoral scanner. Library files were matched to the intraoral scan data in a computer-aided design software program to generate implant positions that were compared with reference positions derived from desktop scans. Deviations were measured as the linear distance between implant apices, angular difference between long axes, and root mean square surface deviation (n=10 per group). The data were analyzed by using mixed 2-way analysis of variance (α=.05). Edge trimming improved accuracy. For the angular geometry, linear deviation decreased from 118.4 ±21.7 µm (U) to 93.6 ±20.9 µm (E03; P=.001), angular deviation decreased from 0.33 ±0.12 degrees (U) to 0.24 ±0.11 degrees (E03; P=.043), and surface deviation decreased from 56.4 ±4.8 µm (U) to 44.0 ±6.9 µm (E03; P<.001). For the rounded geometry, linear deviation decreased from 91.2 ±12.1 µm (U) to 73.6 ±11.0 µm (E03; P=.020), and surface deviation decreased from 51.7 ±4.9 µm (U) to 39.1 ±5.1 µm (E03; P<.001). The rounded scan body showed lower linear deviation than the angular across all library designs (all P<.05). Edge removal in library files and the use of simpler rounded scan body geometry enhanced the accuracy of library automatching between intraoral implant scans and scan body library files.
Use of virtual reality (VR) is increasing in education. A VR and simulation field trip was developed, allowing students to experience a walkthrough of a sterile pharmaceutical manufacture site using three modalities: a VR headset with 3D static tour, 2D static desktop tour and a 360° dynamic video tour. This study aims to understand student opinions, assess usability of the modalities used and investigate potential for a simulation to replace physical site visits. Data from undergraduate pharmacy and postgraduate pharmaceutical science students was gathered through an online survey. A system usability scale (SUS) score was calculated for each modality. Responses were coded and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and open-text responses were analysed using conventional content analysis. Data was collected from 82.3% (n = 79) of students who participated in the virtual field trip. Most students (97.4%, n = 76) across both courses were either extremely satisfied or satisfied with the session. Almost two thirds of students (64.9%, n = 50) ranked VR walkthrough highest, followed by 360° video walkthrough (19.5%, n = 15) and desktop walkthrough (15.6%, n = 12). Two out of three students (66.7%, n = 12) with previous on-site experience agreed the virtual field trip could replace a physical site visit. Open-text responses revealed advantages and drawbacks versus physical visits. All modalities displayed acceptable usability. Most students (91.0%, n = 71) would welcome wider use of VR and simulation in their course. Positive results obtained highlight potential for greater implementation of VR and simulation to support teaching of sterile manufacturing and increase student accessibility to manufacturing sites.
Genome-based bacterial taxonomy requires standardized and reproducible analytical workflows for species delineation and phylogenomic placement; however, the practical deployment of these workflows remains a significant barrier for experimental biologists and clinical scientists. Widely adopted tools such as Prokka, antiSMASH, and PhyloPhlAn underpin key steps in genome annotation, functional characterization, and phylogenomic reconstruction, but their practical deployment in routine laboratory settings, especially on Windows based systems, remains non trivial due to complex software dependencies and command line centric workflows. Existing solutions, including cloud-based platforms (e.g., Galaxy and KBase) and commercial software suites (e.g., CLC Genomics Workbench), partially alleviate these challenges but may also involve considerations related to data-privacy concerns, upload latency, storage quotas, shared computing resources, and recurring licensing costs. To address these limitations, we introduce TaxaScope, a graphical-interface-driven desktop workstation designed to support reproducible, genome-based bacterial taxonomy by integrating a curated set of community-validated tools for genome quality assessment, annotation, phylogenomic inference, genome relatedness estimation, and functional profiling within a unified local graphical user interface (GUI). By leveraging Docker- and Podman-based containerization behind a user-friendly frontend, TaxaScope provides version-locked, standardized execution environments across computing platforms without requiring manual dependency management or prior Linux expertise. We demonstrate the utility of TaxaScope through a comprehensive re-analysis of Pseudomonas putida KCTC 1751T, illustrating how standardized taxonomic workflows can be executed locally while automatically generating high-quality circular genome maps and interactive functional reports suitable for downstream interpretation and figure preparation directly from native tool outputs. Collectively, TaxaScope lowers the technical barrier to standardized and reproducible genome-based bacterial taxonomy by providing a private, locally controlled, containerized workflow that complements cloud-based and commercial infrastructures for routine taxonomic research. By providing a containerized and visualization-oriented desktop environment, TaxaScope facilitates the standardized execution of established genomic tools, thereby bridging the gap between complex bioinformatic workflows and consistent bacterial taxonomy.
Literature suggests that individual differences in tendencies toward gaming disorder (GD) may be associated with characteristics of the video games people prefer. We examined how game genre, multiplayer capability, and platform relate to GD tendencies assessed using both APA (DSM-5) and WHO (ICD-11) frameworks in a large international sample of gamers. We analyzed cross-sectional online data from 116,047 gamers. Participants completed validated measures of GD symptoms aligned with DSM-5 and ICD-11 and reported the genre, multiplayer capability, and platform of their currently preferred game. Associations were examined using bivariate and multivariate analyses. We additionally applied a Random Forest model to evaluate the predictive contribution of game-related variables to GD scores. GD levels were highest among participants preferring games with multiplayer capabilities, while positive associations with shooter and casual games were particularly evident among console users. In contrast, puzzle, platformer, and board games showed negative associations with GD scores. Players preferring desktop or laptop computers reported higher GD scores than those favoring consoles or small devices. In Random Forest models, game genre and multiplayer capability were modestly predictive of GD scores (R ≈ .08-.15) with predictive accuracy being higher for participants who used console and desktop computers and lowest among small-device users. Multiplayer capability and preferred genre were consistently related to GD tendencies across DSM-5 and ICD-11 measures. However, these variables alone offered limited predictive power, indicating that GD risk is only partly explained by game characteristics and likely depends on broader individual and contextual factors.
The Nwanedi River Catchment in Limpopo Province, South Africa, experiences seasonal salinity accumulation that constrains downstream water use and undermines agricultural productivity. This study develops a hydrology-based framework to define environmental flow requirements (EFRs) to mitigate salinity through flow-driven dilution and flushing. A desktop methodology integrating the Revised Desktop Reserve Model (RDRM), GIS-based catchment characterisation, stakeholder insights, and empirical water quality analysis was implemented. Results reveal a distinct downstream increase in salinity, with electrical conductivity (EC) reaching approximately 146.8 mS/m during the dry season. Modelled EFRs indicate that, under Environmental Management Class D, minimum low-flow allocations correspond to 18.7% and 21.0% of mean annual runoff for sub-catchments A80H and A80J, respectively. Monthly dry-season flow releases range between 0.35 and 1.05 Mm3, while maintaining an average residual volume of approximately 1 Mm3 to support agricultural demand. These environmental flows are derived from naturalised flow regimes and are assumed to re-establish the critical hydrological conditions necessary to dilute and mobilise saline baseflows. The findings, therefore, do not quantify direct reductions in salinity but demonstrate that maintaining these flow thresholds can recreate the hydraulic conditions required for salt flushing, particularly in downstream reaches where salinity accumulation is most pronounced. This study provides a preliminary, process-based foundation for developing adaptive water allocation protocols. It establishes a testable framework for future cause-and-effect analyses, in which controlled dam releases and systematic water-quality monitoring can be used to quantify the extent to which EFRs reduce salinity in semi-arid, data-scarce catchments.
DNA offers exceptional information density and long-term stability, yet its practical deployment is limited by destructive readout and the absence of a reusable, physically addressable architecture that connects nanoscale molecular information with macroscale device-level data organization. Here, we present a regenerative Living Disk-Drive system based on thermo-responsive engineered living memory microspheroids (ELMMs), in which data-encoded bacteria are encapsulated as discrete, file-level living storage units. Each ELMM contains a clonal bacterial population carrying both an information plasmid, which encodes 26 × 26 pixel icon payloads and one- to three-color intracellular fluorescent retrieval indices, and a help plasmid that enables CRISPR-Cas12a/λ-Red rewriting of the data sequence and retrieval tag. A lyophilized ELMM database forms the Living Disk, which is coupled to an Optical Retriever and desktop-scale Living Drive for closed-loop retrieval, regeneration, and database replenishment. Released bacteria regrow for downstream readout or rewriting, while a fraction is re-encapsulated into new ELMMs. The tested system retains retrieval, regrowth, and sequence recovery after four months of ambient dry storage and 13 lyophilization-rehydration cycles. Model-based performance estimates are reported only as theoretical architecture-level bounds. These results establish an experimentally bounded yet extensible architecture for physically manageable and regenerative DNA memory.
Intraoral scanners (IOSs) have been widely used for the digital fabrication of 1-piece endodontic crowns, but the effect of pulp chamber geometry associated with chamber depth and axial wall configuration on scan accuracy performed with different IOSs is not yet clear. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of pulp chamber design and IOS type on the accuracy of digital scans for 1-piece endodontic crown preparations. Four experimental models (A3, A5, NA3, and NA5) were prepared with 2 pulp chamber depths (3 and 5 mm) and 2 axial wall configurations (with or without axial walls). Each model was scanned 11 times with 2 different IOSs (TRIOS 5; 3Shape and iTero Element 5D; Align Technology), yielding 88 scans. A metrology-grade desktop scanner was used to obtain reference scans. Trueness was assessed via the 3-dimensional (3D) comparison (Geomagic Control X 2022.3;3D Systems) of reference scans and test scans by using the root mean square (RMS) method. Two-way nonparametric factorial analysis of variance ANOVA with the aligned-rank transform (ART) was used to examine the effects of factors and their interactions. Post hoc pairwise comparisons were performed using the estimated marginal means (EMMs) of the aligned ranks with Bonferroni correction (α=.05). Pulp chamber geometry associated with chamber depth and axial wall configuration-scanner combinations led to significant differences in scan trueness (P<.001). The lowest RMS values were observed when the axial wall was present (A3 and A5) and scanned with iTero (15.7 ±1.3 and 17.2 ±2.7 µm), whereas the highest RMS was observed when a no axial wall situation (NA3) was scanned with TRIOS (34.3 ±3.7 µm). iTero enabled a significantly lower mean RMS value than TRIOS in the NA3 situation (P≤.001). When the iTero was used, the NA3 scans exhibited significantly higher RMS values than the A3, A5, and NA5 (P≤.008). When the TRIOS was used, the NA5 and A5 scans exhibited significantly lower RMS values than the NA3 scans (P≤.006). The main effect of pulp chamber geometry on the precision of the scan data was found to be statistically significant (F=3.47, P=.020). The pulp chamber geometry and the interaction between the scanner and the pulp chamber geometry affected the accuracy of scans. Axial wall presence tended to result in higher scan trueness, and iTero scanner enabled higher trueness than TRIOS for the scan of a shallow preparation with no axial wall.
Scaffolding authentic assessments through a Forensic Science programme are crucial for allowing HEI students the opportunity to actively repeatedly learn and improve their knowledge and skills. This is achieved through the common sequential forensic investigative cycles of investigative review, activity plan and design, through to processing simulated forensic crime scene(s), the resulting data processing, analysis, interpretation and professional report writing investigative stages. Authentic simulated crime scene activities need to be carefully constructed to ensure case realism, use current investigative practices, grounded in pedagogic theory and scaffolded for the appropriate student learning level, albeit being conscious of the need to be balanced with potential resource/funding limitations. This article details scaffolding of deliberately different simulated forensic crime scene investigations progressively through a UK HEI forensic science programme, from 'case' intelligence and desk-based studies, through increasingly complicated indoor/outdoor crime scene data collection/processing and professional report writing investigative stages. HEI academics have direct experience of these to give assessments real authenticity. The first case details an indoor commercial bar scene, with L4 first year undergraduate students tasked with investigating and virtually recording criminal evidence, scenes and producing a virtual resource for potential presentation in court. A second case details an outdoor simulated human remains scatter scene, with L5 second year undergraduate students tasked with investigating, recording and producing scaled sketches. A third case details a wildlife forensics scene, with L6 final year undergraduate students tasked with leading the investigation, recording and producing a professional report of illegal disturbance of a badger sett. A fourth case details an outdoor mass grave investigation scene, with L7 post-graduate taught students tasked with the complete multi-staged site investigation process, from desktop study through to field reconnaissance, non-invasive data collection, through to physical excavation, forensic recovery of human remains and associated material and a professional report to be generated. All assessments received very high student feedback and provided evidence that these resources were effective for their learning and understanding in a forensic science context. These types of authentic assessments of simulated crime scenes, whilst costly in terms of development time and staff resource, will assist HEI students with crucial experience and problem-solving skills needed in time restricted scenarios to mimic those they will face in future forensic science practitioner employment. Plentiful online resources and some cost-saving suggestions for colleagues if intending to construct similar authentic assessments are also included.
Accurate implant osteotomy positioning in the anterior maxilla remains a clinical challenge because the precision of different surgical guide fabrication methods has not been fully established. Therefore, it is of interest to compare the accuracy of osteotomy preparation using conventional vacuum-formed, desktop 3D-printed and industrially milled surgical guides in standardized anterior maxillary resin models. Thirty identical maxillary resin models with simulated central incisor edentulous sites were allocated into three groups (n=10 each) and osteotomy deviations from a single virtual implant plan were assessed using post-operative CBCT superimposition software for coronal, apical, angular and depth discrepancies. Industrially milled guides showed the lowest mean deviation at both the coronal (0.38 ± 0.14 mm) and apical (0.52 ± 0.18 mm) levels, followed by 3D-printed guides (0.54 ± 0.19 mm and 0.78 ± 0.22 mm), whereas conventional guides showed the greatest deviation. Digitally fabricated guides, particularly industrially milled guides, provided significantly greater osteotomy accuracy than conventional vacuum-formed guides in anterior maxillary implant placement.
This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the regional trueness and precision of three scanning protocols for digitizing complete denture prototypes that have undergone border molding and wash impression procedures. Maxillary and mandibular edentulous typodonts were scanned and used to fabricate complete denture prototypes. The complete denture prototypes were additively manufactured using try-in resin. Both prototypes were utilized to obtain final impressions using polyvinylsiloxane material. Scans of the washed prototypes were made using a desktop E4 scanner (3Shape A/S) to serve as the reference control. Test scans were acquired using an intraoral scanner TRIOS4 (3Shape A/S). Three scanning protocols were employed to digitize the washed prototypes: Intaglio-First (IF), Occlusal-First (OF), and Peripheral Frame (PF), with 10 scans per group (n = 10). Reference meshes were segmented into three regions of clinical interest: overall prosthesis, denture-bearing area (DBA), and dentition. Test scans were superimposed onto reference scans using best-fit alignment in reverse engineering software. Trueness was quantified as the root mean square (RMS) deviation, and precision was assessed as the standard deviation of RMS values among repeated scans. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc comparison was used to analyze the data (α = 0.05). For the maxillary arch, the IF protocol demonstrated significantly superior trueness compared to the PF protocol for the dentition (p = 0.0147) and overall prosthesis (p = 0.0053) regions. The IF and OF protocols also showed significantly higher precision than the PF protocol for maxillary dentition and overall prosthesis regions. No significant differences among protocols were found for the maxillary DBA. For the mandibular arch, no significant differences in trueness or precision were observed among protocols for any region. Trueness values across all protocols and regions ranged from 0.048 to 0.088 mm. Scanning protocol significantly influenced the trueness and precision of maxillary digitized prototypes, with the IF protocol demonstrating superior accuracy. However, this did not hold true for mandibular prototypes. All scanning protocols produced accuracy values that were clinically acceptable for complete denture fabrication, supporting the clinical viability of intraoral scanning for digitizing border-molded denture prototypes regardless of scanning protocol selection.
This paper examines the Japanese legal framework for the secondary use of medical data under the Next Generation Medical Infrastructure Act, focusing on how certified private entities practically implement secure data access. We describe a hybrid analysis model consisting of an on-site analysis center and a remote secure Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI), designed to accommodate different legally defined user categories. By clarifying access conditions for anonymized and pseudonymized data, this study highlights how Japan's approach functionally aligns with the Health Data Access Body (HDAB) concept in the European Health Data Space, while addressing country-specific regulatory constraints. Key challenges include enabling user-provided analytical environments in a secure manner and adapting infrastructure to evolving legal requirements.
BackgroundEarly Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related cognitive vulnerability is characterized by subtle disruptions in attentional and executive processing that may precede overt declines in global cognitive scores. Identifying process-sensitive behavioral markers capable of capturing these early alterations remains a major challenge in psychogeriatric assessment.ObjectiveTo examine whether eye-movement-derived process-level measures, particularly fixation-shift dynamics, are associated with early cognitive vulnerability in older adults and whether they provide incremental value beyond conventional cognitive screening scores in an AD-related context.MethodsThis cross-sectional study enrolled 109 adults aged ≥65 years, categorized as cognitively normal (CN, n = 33), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 35), and dementia due to AD (ADD, n = 41). Participants completed a standardized online interactive cognitive task while eye movements were recorded using a non-head-fixed, desktop-based eye-tracking system. Cognitive-only, eye-movement-only, and combined multimodal models were compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and area under the curve (AUC).ResultsThe combined multimodal model consistently outperformed single-modality approaches. Discriminative performance was high for CN versus ADD (AUC = 0.925) and for CN versus cognitively impaired participants overall (AUC = 0.897). Fixation-shift dynamics emerged as a robust process-level marker, demonstrating particular sensitivity in distinguishing CN individuals from those with MCI.ConclusionsFixation-shift eye-movement dynamics capture early AD-related cognitive vulnerability beyond conventional total cognitive scores. This multimodal framework may support psychogeriatric screening and clinical triage by detecting subtle cognitive inefficiencies that precede measurable declines on standard cognitive tests.
Pathogen genomics plays a central role in infectious disease surveillance and outbreak response. However, information about available training initiatives remains fragmented, limiting visibility into how programmes are structured, delivered, and assessed. We conducted a structured survey to characterise pathogen genomics training initiatives identified through the PHA4GE Training and Workforce Development Working Group and affiliated professional networks. Eighty-one courses were analysed representing pathogen genomics training initiatives from 17 countries. Over half (52%) targeted academic or research audiences and 46% targeted public health professionals. Majority of courses were delivered as short, limited-duration standalone courses. Beginner-level courses accounted for 58% of offerings, whereas only 6% were classified as advanced. Bioinformatics or genomic data analysis was widely represented (72%), while specialised areas such as biostatistics and systems administration were less frequently included. Nearly half (48%) of courses focused on broadly applicable genomic methods rather than being restricted to a single pathogen. Among courses centred on specific organisms, viral pathogen themes were most commonly represented. Over one-third of courses (38%) did not include structured assessments, with only 7% incorporating quizzes or exams. Most courses relied on local computing resources such as laptops or desktops during delivery (93%). Use of high-performance computing (HPC) and cloud platforms was limited during training but was higher after training, with 37% and 39% of courses indicating use, respectively. This landscape analysis identifies structural patterns, including geographic concentration of providers, predominance of introductory formats, variability in assessment practices and in the use of advanced computing infrastructure across training phases. The findings provide empirical insight into characteristics of pathogen genomics training that may inform efforts to strengthen coordinated and sustainable workforce development strategies.
Background GERAS DANcing for Cognition and Exercise (DANCE) was developed with rehabilitation and geriatric medicine expertise for older adults (age 60 +) looking to improve brain health or mobility. This trial aimed to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of delivering virtual GERAS DANCE to older adults in a home-based setting. A single-center, prospective, parallel-group randomized feasibility trial was conducted to assess the feasibility of virtual GERAS DANCE. Fifty older adults were randomized to the virtual GERAS DANCE intervention group or a control group receiving usual care. The progressive dance curriculum was live-streamed with videoconference by a certified GERAS DANCE instructor in 1-h sessions held twice weekly for 6 weeks. Participants used their personal tablets, desktop computers, and laptops. Feasibility was evaluated based on predefined criteria, including process measures (e.g., recruitment and retention rates), outcome measures, resource utilization, and the acceptability of the intervention to participants. One hundred ninety three of 206 individuals met the eligibility criteria, indicating that the inclusion criteria were well-defined and suitable for the target population. The enrollment-to-screening ratio was 25:103, with recruitment completed in 8 weeks. Fifty older adults were randomized, and 46 completed baseline assessments (mean age = 75.02(5.89) years, range 63-92, 92% female). Twelve percent of participants (6 out of 50) required phone support to access the virtual GERAS DANCE classes due to device or Zoom navigation issues. The retention rate was 84%, with participants attending an average of 78% of the virtual classes. Ninety percent of participants rated the program as good to excellent, and 93% felt it provided the right level of challenge. The program was delivered with high fidelity, maintaining consistent, high-quality sessions and adhering to the standardized curriculum. Outcome assessments were completed by 46/50 (92%) participants, with an average duration of 41 min, well below the 60-min target. There were no adverse events related to the program. Pre-determined thresholds for feasibility were met for all outcomes. This study demonstrates that virtual GERAS DANCE is feasible, well accepted, and safe for older adults, laying the groundwork for a future definitive trial. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05202522.