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Research shows that spreading conspiracy theories impacts leaders' reputations; yet, it remains unclear how leaders are viewed when their theories are debunked. Across four studies (N = 1437), we explored whether conveying a conspiracy theory, regardless of its accuracy, influences followers' impressions of leader dominance, competence and warmth. Participants evaluated leaders who either incorrectly perceived (false-positive) or incorrectly misperceived (false-negative) a conspiracy about the cause of a simulated crisis. During intergroup conflict, false-positive leaders were seen as less warm, similarly competent, yet more dominant than false-negative leaders. The dominance gap grew when the consequences of overlooking a conspiracy were more severe. Conversely, in the absence of conflict, false-positive leaders were perceived as less warm and competent than false-negative leaders. These findings support an error management approach to conspiracy theories: Leaders who spread conspiracy theories, even if later debunked, are still perceived as strong leaders, particularly in conflict settings.
Various pathological conditions can result in retinal degeneration and, in extreme cases, blindness. Unfortunately, current treatments for many of these conditions are not effective, and ongoing research encounters numerous obstacles due to the complex nature of these diseases, which involve multiple simultaneous mechanisms that cannot be controlled by a single factor. Therefore, there is an urgent need to propose and test new molecules that could exert protective effects at multiple levels. Traditionally, growth hormone (GH) has been viewed as a detrimental factor contributing to develop retinopathies. However, recent investigation has debunked this notion, revealing that GH treatment exerts strong neuroprotective effects during retinal injury. It is crucial to recognize that these actions are not exclusive to GH, since other related molecules may also be involved. Therefore, it is important to collect relevant existing evidence regarding GH axis translational research in order to understand its potential as a therapeutic option for retinal degeneration.
Scalp incision bleeds profusely due to its high vascularity. In other regions of the body, studies have debunked the initial concern of poor wound outcomes thought to be associated with thermal skin injury if diathermy is used to make skin incision and found that skin incision with diathermy led to reduced incisional blood loss. Studies on cranial operations involving scalp incisions in which incisional blood loss is more likely are scarce. The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of scalp incisions using either cutting micro-needle diathermy (MND) or the traditional stainless-steel scalpel (TSSS) during craniotomy. The study was a hospital-based, prospective, randomized comparative study. Consented adult patients who had craniotomy were randomized into either cutting MND or TSSS group. Outcome measures were volume of blood loss per wound length and incision duration per wound length during scalp incision, 30-day surgical site infection (SSI), and scar appearance at 3 months postoperatively. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, and statistical significance was set at p -value <0.05. A total of 56 patients were recruited for the study, with 28 patients in each group. The mean age of the patients was 36.21 ± 13.90 years. The mean volume of incisional blood loss per wound length was 3.21 ± 2.06 and 4.65 ± 3.25 mL/cm in MND and TSSS groups, respectively ( p  = 0.053). In the MND group, the mean incision duration per wound length was 0.39 ± 0.18 minutes/cm, while it was 0.35 ± 0.10 minutes/cm in the TSSS group ( p  = 0.364). Five patients (22.7%) and four patients (16.7%) developed SSI in the MND and TSSS groups, respectively ( p  = 0.885). At 3 months postoperatively, the mean scar score was 9.06 ± 0.94 in the MND group and 8.63 ± 1.26 in the TSSS group ( p  = 0.255). The study revealed no significant difference in the outcomes of craniotomy scalp incision between the two methods of making scalp incision. The study concludes that the use of diathermy in making scalp incision is not inferior to the use of the traditional scalpel, and the method of scalp incision may be left to the discretion of the surgeon.
The science of parental monitoring has fractured into two opposing schools of thought. One school sees the importance of monitoring as thoroughly demonstrated; the other school sees it as thoroughly debunked. This paper argues that both schools are wrong and in truth the science of parental monitoring remains a largely unmapped frontier with many open questions worthy of investigation. We begin by explaining how the field reached this peculiar status quo and why it can no longer be abided. Next, we discuss the most important open questions - (1) does monitoring matter? (importance), (2) how does monitoring work? (mechanisms), (3) when does monitoring happen? (timescale), and (4) what does monitoring look like in an online world? (era). Finally, we recommend several lines of attack that could break the field's stalemate, heal the fracture, and deliver clinically meaningful advances. The time is now for fresh looks at parental monitoring.
Misleading graphs can give readers a distorted view of the underlying data. We want to know how to most effectively correct misleading graphs and if it matters whether a correction uses the full-design of the original or a clean design with all embellishment and colors removed. We focus on vocationally educated young adults, a group that is vulnerable to misinformation and has so far been underrepresented in research. We use a mixed-method approach with a qualitative think-aloud task (n = 10, data collected in April 2023) and a quantitative survey (n = 130, data collected between July and October 2023). The think-aloud task showed that vocational students use a combination of calculating and estimating to process graphs, which contradicts existing literature, and that their perception is heavily influenced by context. The survey showed that graph corrections work in reducing misleading effects and also have a learning effect such that students are less misled by new misleading graphs of the same type. There was no difference between full-design and clean design corrections. These results imply that vocationally educated young adults can benefit from seeing corrections of misleading graphs.
Despite research highlighting the influence of rape attitudes and other juror traits on trial outcomes, few studies have examined such relationships within intimate partner rape trials, prioritising instead decision-making in so-called "date rape" cases. The current study, therefore, sought to investigate the relationship between juror demographic traits, their pre-trial legal attitudes, and rape myth beliefs, upon subsequent verdict decisions made in an intimate partner rape trial. The study adopted a mock trial paradigm, with methodological enhancements aimed at increasing ecological validity. Mock jurors (N = 435) completed a series of attitudinal and demographic questions online before observing a recreation of a genuine intimate partner rape trial and subsequently rendering their verdict. Results revealed that ethnicity, educational attainment, and rape myth acceptance, though not varied legal attitudes, were all significant predictors of the verdict selections that jurors made. Caucasian, university-educated mock jurors and jurors who rejected rape myths to a greater extent were those most likely to find the defendant guilty. Female jurors were also significantly more likely to return a guilty verdict before, though not after, controlling for variation in rape myth beliefs. These findings offer further support to the wealth of existing literature that suggests jurors' pre-trial rape myth beliefs, alongside other demographic characteristics, appear to predispose juror judgements and decision-making, and extend upon past literature in identifying a similar trend within intimate partner rape trials. Findings highlight the need for targeted juror reforms, such as myth-debunking juror education, before such recommendations are made. Before such recommendations are made, further enhancements to mock-trial procedures to maximise ecological validity, alongside greater research among genuine trial jurors, are warranted.
Rapid advances in large language models (LLMs) have been accompanied by a striking increase in public and user attribution of mentality to AI systems. This paper offers a structured analysis of these attributions by distinguishing three frameworks for thinking about AI mentality and their implications for interpretation. First, I examine "mindless machines" views, focusing on architectural debunking arguments that claim mechanistic or algorithmic descriptions render folk-psychological explanation redundant. Drawing on Marr's levels of analysis, I argue that such arguments are often too quick, though they highlight an important distinction between "deep" folk-psychological concepts that are sensitive to implementation and "shallow" concepts such as belief and desire that are more architecture-indifferent. Second, I assess "mere roleplay" views that treat mental-state ascriptions to LLMs as useful heuristics akin to engagement with fiction. I argue that this stance is psychologically unstable in anthropomimetic systems designed to elicit unironic anthropomorphism, and theoretically incomplete insofar as roleplay analogies typically presuppose an underlying agent. Third, I develop a "minimal cognitive agents" framework under which LLMs may warrant limited, graded attributions of belief- and desire-like states. I suggest that moving from binary to multidimensional, continuous conceptions of belief can preserve distinctions between humans, LLMs, and simpler systems while better capturing emerging interpretive practice and its normative stakes.
Advancing plant behavior research requires robust experimental design, falsifiable hypotheses, sufficient replication, and stringent controls. A recent study claims that Picea abies trees collectively anticipate solar eclipses via electrical signaling. Despite widespread media attention, these claims rely on speculative interpretations and unsubstantiated evolutionary assumptions. Systematic evaluation shows no causal link between electrical activity and solar eclipse, and an absence of reliable environmental cues or adaptive benefits. Instead, the elevated electrical activity is more parsimoniously explained by temperature shifts and lightning strikes. Moreover, the proposed mechanisms of intertree communication and gravitational memory lack empirical support and theoretical grounding. This case exemplifies how compelling narratives can overshadow scientific rigor, underscoring the need for critical appraisal and methodological robustness in plant behavior research.
Myths about gifted education persist widely among educators, families, and society, often leading to misconceptions that hinder the accurate identification and appropriate support of gifted individuals. Such myths may negatively affect educational policies and psychological well-being of gifted students. Despite the critical role these beliefs play, there is a scarcity of culturally valid instruments currently exists in Türkiye to systematically assess prevalent myths about giftedness. Addressing this gap, the present study aimed to develop and psychometrically validate a scale for measuring myths related to giftedness within the Turkish cultural context. This contributes not only to educational psychology but also to cross-cultural research on cognitive biases and social perceptions. The study was conducted in two phases. In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on data collected from 350 participants to explore the underlying factor structure of the scale. Study 2 involved confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with 249 participants to verify the factor model identified in Study 1. The scale’s internal consistency and reliability were examined using Cronbach’s α, ordinal α, McDonald’s ω coefficients, and corrected item-total correlations. Ethical approval was obtained and informed consent was secured from all participants. EFA results supported a unidimensional factor structure comprising 25 items, accounting for a significant proportion of variance. CFA confirmed this structure with acceptable model fit indices (χ²/df = 2.622, CFI = 0.946, TLI = 0.941, GFI = 0.982, AGFI = 0.973, RMSEA = 0.081, 95% CI [0.074, 0.088], SRMR = 0.095). The scale demonstrated strong reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.884; ordinal α = 0.920; McDonald’s ω coefficients ranging from 0.885 to 0.894). Item-total correlations ranged between 0.31 and 0.64, indicating good item discrimination. The Myths About Giftedness Scale is a psychometrically promising tool that can effectively identify prevalent misconceptions about giftedness among families, educators, and stakeholders. After examining the psychometric properties of the scale on a more homogeneous and random sample, its application can inform educational practices and policies, promote accurate identification of gifted individuals, and support psychological well-being. Moreover, the scale’s cultural adaptation enables meaningful cross-cultural comparisons and advances research on social cognition related to giftedness. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-026-04060-0.
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The first part of this 2-part practical review critically appraised 8 common perioperative practices in reconstructive microsurgery, revealing that several were unsupported by evidence. This second part evaluated the remaining 9 frequently cited dogmas in microsurgical reconstruction. A comprehensive review of all major databases was performed to identify studies addressing vein grafts, number and sequence of anastomoses, vasodilator selection, flap choice for osteomyelitis, vessel selection in trauma, caffeine use, postoperative mobilization, and showering with drains after surgery. Evidence was synthesized and graded using the GRADE system. Vein-grafted free flaps demonstrated modestly higher failure rates, but overall high success, particularly when used in complex cases. Dual venous anastomoses provided benefit in high-risk or large flaps, whereas a single vein is sufficient in most limb reconstructions. No clear superiority exists for artery- versus vein-first anastomosis; both are effective if performed correctly. Papaverine is not indispensable, as other agents achieve comparable vasodilation. Muscle flaps are not inherently superior to fasciocutaneous flaps for osteomyelitis. Avoiding "zone of injury" vessels is unnecessary if intraoperative assessment shows good quality, and the use of tranexamic acid is safe as an adjunct to reduce bleeding. Moderate caffeine intake does not compromise flap outcomes, and early mobilization (including discharge) does not increase complications and supports enhanced recovery. Showering under running water 48 hours or more after surgery, with/without drains, does not increase the risk of surgical site infection. Several dogmas in reconstructive microsurgery lack robust evidence. Adoption of flexible, evidence-based strategies can improve patient outcomes and streamline perioperative protocols.
Numerous studies have shown that medical learners experience poorer wellbeing than their counterparts in the general population. Over the last decade, medical learner wellbeing has become front-of-mind for educators and administrators, which has helped drive systematic improvements in learning and working environments. However, as awareness has grown on the importance of learner wellbeing, a parallel narrative has emerged that questions whether these initiatives are impacting the development of medical competency. In this article, the authors argue that the false dichotomy of wellbeing vs competency stems from a historical medical culture that prized self-sacrifice and "toughness" as markers of competence. There is no doubt that professional growth in medicine requires elements of discomfort and uncertainty. However, the line between productive stress and harm has historically been blurred and pushed by medical training. This culture of "toughness" consequently reinforces a harmful hidden curriculum that dissuades learners from raising appropriate concerns about excessive workloads and mistreatment. However, the evidence is clear that enhanced learner wellbeing promotes competency and patient safety, rather than detracts from it. The authors, therefore, propose a set of actionable steps to support both the personal health and professional development of learners. This includes distinguishing between necessary and unnecessary discomfort, integrating wellbeing into continuous quality improvement, fostering open and safe dialogue between learners and faculty, as well as committing to a cultural shift in medical education that embeds wellbeing into structural systems and policies. Through recognizing wellbeing as an integral part of competency, learners can be supported to become highly skilled, resilient, and compassionate members of the health workforce.
The rapid growth of reports claiming the top-down synthesis of free-standing borophene from boron has generated substantial ambiguity regarding the true nature of the resulting materials. Here, representative sonication- and milling-based processing routes were investigated through multimodal structural, chemical, and optical characterization. Boron powders were treated by bath sonication in water, hydrogen peroxide, dimethylformamide, and isopropanol, as well as by ball milling under air and argon atmospheres. In all cases, no evidence of known borophene polymorphs was observed. Instead, the treatments produced fragmented β‑boron grains coated by defect-rich BxOy/B2O3 and boric-acid-derived surface species. Sonication promotes oxidation and hydrolysis, while ball milling induces partial amorphization and ultrathin oxide-layer formation. The observed photoluminescence originates from defect states in oxidized boron networks rather than from quantum confinement in putative borophene nanosheets. Processing in dimethylformamide can also induce solvent carbonization, potentially leading to misassignment of carbonaceous fluorescent species as boron nanostructures. These findings challenge current interpretations of top-down borophene synthesis and establish experimentally grounded criteria for distinguishing borophene from defect-mediated β‑boron-derived nanostructures.
Conceptually, pitting hereditary mutations, pervading all cells of the body since conception, against the same sporadic mutations, acquired by tumor cells only later in life, could give valuable insights into tumorigenesis and tumor progression. This research sought to explore RET p.Cys634-driven tumorigenesis and progression which, preceding the time of clinical detection, cannot be measured directly. Comparative study of 14 previously untreated index patients with hereditary medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and 15 previously untreated patients with sporadic MTC who presented with a diagnosis of MTC, for which they underwent initial neck surgery at a tertiary referral center. After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, only few variables continued to differ significantly between RET p.Cys634-driven hereditary and sporadic MTC: age at thyroidectomy (medians of 33.5 vs. 54 years; P <0.001), and multifocal growth (79 vs. 7%, and medians of 2 foci vs. 1 focus; both P <0.001). The present investigation suggests that tumor progression in MTC before clinical detection is a function of the time passed since tumor onset, whereas tumor onset is defined by the transformatory strength of the RET mutation. This notion, debunking the myth of immanent tumor 'aggressiveness' or "risk" imparted by RET mutations in favor of the concept of genetically encoded tumor onset, emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and intervention, ideally while tumors are still confined to the thyroid.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate the short-term pre-post change in cannabis risk knowledge after a brief curriculum-integrated school intervention delivered under routine educational conditions. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental single-group pre-post study without a control group in a secondary education setting (n = 151; ages 15-17). Three standardized 1 h classroom sessions delivered by health professionals, focused on health literacy, risk perception, myth debunking, and peer pressure. Pre-post change in a knowledge scale (0-15). Wilcoxon signed-rank test; effect size r. Results: Knowledge scores increased from a median of 8 (IQR 7-10) at pretest to 13 (IQR 12-14.5) at posttest. The median paired change was +5 points (IQR 3-6; Hodges-Lehmann estimate 5.0, 95% CI 4.5 to 5.0), with improvement observed in 96.7% of students (146/151); the effect size was large (r = 0.867). Associations with family and clinical variables were considered exploratory due to low subgroup frequencies. Discussion: In this single-group pre-post study, the intervention was associated with short-term improvement in cannabis risk knowledge. These findings should be interpreted as evidence of short-term within-subject change in a proximal cognitive outcome under uncontrolled conditions, not as evidence of intervention effectiveness, sustained learning, behavioral change, or broader practical impact. Conclusions: Brief curriculum-integrated cannabis education may be a feasible format for generating short-term gains in risk knowledge, but controlled studies with longer follow-up, psychometrically stronger outcome measures, and implementation data are needed to assess the durability and behavioral relevance of these changes.
This study examines the effectiveness of logic-focused messages that debunk correlation-causation fallacies in COVID-19 vaccine misinformation, testing two conditions-one with and one without a modus tollens argument-against a fact-focused strategy emphasizing medical study findings. A single-factor, between-subjects experiment with 377 participants showed that the logic-focused condition without a modus tollens argument was more effective than the fact-focused approach at reducing both the perceived credibility of misinformation and misperception through perceived argument quality. Correction-source credibility moderated the link between perceived argument quality and misperception reduction, such that lower trust in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) strengthened the effect. The study contributes to the elaboration likelihood model and heuristic-systematic model, showing that logic-focused corrections promote central processing via stronger perceived argument quality, while source trust influences the effectiveness of that processing. Practically, the findings highlight the value of logic-focused vaccine messaging, particularly for audiences with low CDC trust.
Recent advancements in the treatment options for breast cancer survivors have significantly enhanced the survival rates, however, post treatment challenges remain. These long-term complications include lymphedema, sarcopenia, and psychological distress, that significantly results in reduced quality of life (QoL) in early and later stages of treatment, making demands for effective rehabilitation options, one of which is Resistance Training (RT). RT is a form of exercise that engages muscles by opposing forces to enhance muscular growth, strength and endurance. This is usually performed under trained individuals or structured home-based workouts with minimal equipment, enhancing metabolic health and overall well-being of the individual. Though once disregarded due to concerns of worsening lymphedema, it is now said that RT is indeed a safe and beneficial intervention. Many studies show that RT rebuilds muscular strength, decreases fat accumulation, and prevents chemotherapy-induced sarcopenia. In contrast to the previous beliefs, RT has now been shown to effectively reduce swelling, ultimately improving the lymphatic flow. Besides physical gains, RT plays a significant role in uplifting emotional and psychological wellbeing, thereby reducing anxiety and depression, along with boosting confidence and self-esteem. This commentary underscores the overlooked role of RT in post-treatment recovery by debunking myths and emphasizing the need for structured implementation. Integrating RT into post treatment care for survivors can assist in improving recovery and functional health in breast cancer survivors.
Traditional deep neural networks exhibit high computational complexity during training and lack biological interpretability due to their reliance on backpropagation-based methods. Spiking Recurrent Neural Network (SRNN) performs well in processing spatio-temporal information by using discrete spike events. It attracts increasing attention in neural computing due to its biological plausibility and hardware implementation. To improve the performance of SRNN, we propose an excitation-inhibition balanced shallow SRNN (EI-SRNN), which is inspired by the balance of excitation and inhibition in the brain, by optimizing the input currents of reservoir neurons to achieve a tight balanced state. The proposed EI-SRNN achieves optimal accuracy while maintaining low computational complexity, debunking the conventional trade-off between accuracy and robustness. We analyze the neural encoding ability and information memory capacity of the EI-SRNN and compare the performance of the model under different degrees of excitation and inhibition. Our experiments demonstrate that EI-SRNN can have higher neural coding capacity and memory capacity under tight balanced excitatory and inhibitory balanced states, so it can achieve better accuracy while possessing stronger robustness. Furthermore, when the reservoir is dominated by excitatory influences, performance declines faster than when the reservoir is dominated by inhibitory influences.
Prior studies have identified key factors contributing to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, including concerns over vaccine safety, potential side effects, and mistrust in the health care system. According to the World Health Organization, vaccine hesitancy is among the top 10 threats to global public health. Previous research has suggested that vaccine hesitancy is a significant barrier within the Hispanic population, particularly in Texas. This longitudinal study examined the relationships of daily stance, misinformation, and topics in vaccine-related English and Spanish Facebook posts with daily vaccination rates in Tarrant County, Texas, during 2021 and 2022. The goal was to identify the predictors associated with vaccination uptake and inform targeted social media interventions, with particular attention to the Hispanic population. COVID-19 vaccine-related English and Spanish Facebook posts from Tarrant County were collected for 2021 and 2022. The study analyzed 12,395 English posts and 1123 Spanish posts. Posts were annotated using GPT-4 for stance, misinformation, and relevant topics, including vaccine availability, safety, and side effects. Category prevalence was compared across English and Spanish posts and across years. Linear regression models were used to examine associations between post characteristics and daily vaccination rates in the total and Hispanic populations. Regression analysis identified distinct predictors of Hispanic vaccination uptake, including encouraging posts (P=.02) and religion-related posts (P=.007), which were not significant predictors for vaccination uptake in the general population. A substantial proportion of Spanish discouraging posts focused on vaccine side effects (13/70, 19%) and health system distrust (24/70, 34%), suggesting concerns that may be especially relevant within the Hispanic community. Predictors associated with higher uptake in both the Hispanic and total populations included posts related to vaccine availability (P=.01), vaccine safety (P=.006), and misinformation debunking (P<.001). Posts related to vaccine availability, vaccine safety, and debunking misinformation were associated with higher vaccination uptake. Encouraging posts and religion-related posts were associated with higher vaccination uptake in the Hispanic population, suggesting meaningful cultural nuances. These findings support the value of culturally tailored social media messaging in public health campaigns.