Cardiac autonomic regulation has been proposed as a critical psychophysiological linkage supporting cognitive and social cognition. While heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) has demonstrated robust effects on stress reduction, its potential role in supporting social cognition-particularly theory of mind (ToM)-and the underlying psychophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of a six-session HRVB intervention with preset-paced breathing on social cognition and executive functions in young adults with high perceived stress, and explored whether HRVB-induced changes in cardiac autonomic activity may serve as a psychophysiological mechanism linking the intervention to improvements in social cognition beyond executive function changes. As a manipulation check, participants receiving HRVB (n = 32) showed significant reductions in heart rate, respiratory rate, and perceived stress, accompanied by increased cardiac parasympathetic activity and decreased cardiac sympathetic activity, compared with the control group (n = 32). Significant group × time interaction effects were observed for distinct ToM performances, as well as for executive functions. Importantly, exploratory parallel mediation analyses further revealed that HRVB-induced changes in cardiac autonomic activity mediated improvements in overall ToM performance, whereas changes in cardiac sympathetic activity uniquely mediated improvements in cognitive ToM, even after controlling for executive function changes. Together, these findings provide intervention-based evidence suggesting that HRVB-induced modulation of cardiac autonomic activity is associated with a psychophysiological mechanism preferentially supporting social-cognitive function-particularly ToM-beyond executive control. HRVB may therefore represent a promising psychophysiological intervention for enhancing social-cognitive function in stress-vulnerable and high-arousal populations.
Phosphorylated tau181 (p-tau181), an Alzheimer's disease biomarker, was recently evaluated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We investigated plasma p-tau181 in 202 ALS/ALS-FTD patients and 94 healthy controls, assessing cognitive performance, motor function, and longitudinal dynamics. Plasma p-tau181 and NfL were significantly elevated in ALS, with p-tau181 increasing over 1 year while NfL remained stable. Neither marker correlated with cognitive performance, and only NfL was associated with disease severity and progression. Plasma p-tau181 was higher in patients with predominant lower motor neuron involvement. The results indicate that p-tau181 reflects peripheral processes in ALS, providing a complementary, mechanistically distinct biomarker from NfL.
Sustained attention is a complex cognitive function required for the successful performance of tasks such as walking, cycling, driving, conversations and other prolonged tasks. Deficits of this function are associated with frailty, falls, and general cognitive decline in older adults. Sustained attention declines with age and is impaired in many neurological disorders. However, little is known about the underlying neurophysiological characteristics of sustained attention deficits in neurogeriatric patients and their interaction with other cognitive domains. Electroencephalography (EEG) provides a non-invasive and scalable method to assess neural dynamics with high temporal resolution. EEG parameters have shown promise as objective markers of cognitive dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative conditions, but their specific relevance as surrogate markers of sustained attention in neurogeriatric patients remains unclear. Identifying reliable EEG-based surrogate markers could facilitate early detection, risk stratification, and targeted interventions. Therefore, this study aims to investigate EEG-based parameters as potential surrogate markers of sustained attention in neurogeriatric patients. The study "Studying Neurocognitive Systems for Sustained Attention in Neurogeriatrics Patients" (SENSE-AGE) is a prospective, explorative, observational study and will include 120 geriatric participants. At admission, participants will perform a Go-NoGo task, a Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and resting-state condition during EEG recording, using a 32-channel system. Task-based event-related potentials (ERPs) and frequency-band power will be extracted. Neuropsychological tests characterize global and domain-specific cognition and will examine associations between sustained attention, broader cognitive performance, and EEG parameters. Questionnaires will assess fatigue, sleep, health-related quality of life, and subjective cognition. A subgroup of 50 participants will be re-evaluated at the end of the inpatient stay, after 2-3 weeks of standardized geriatric complex treatment. The main hypotheses of the study are: sustained attention (i) correlates with ERP amplitude and latency; (ii) correlates with EEG power; (iii) improves after an inpatient multiprofessional complex treatment at both the task-performance and neurophysiological level. The study protocol describes an experimental approach to investigate sustained attention in a neurogeriatric cohort combining a behavioral approach with EEG recordings. The results may help defining objective and quantitative surrogate markers of sustained attention in this vulnerable cohort.
Covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) is a frequent and clinically relevant complication of liver cirrhosis, affecting approximately 30-70% of patients. Despite the absence of overt neurological symptoms, CHE is associated with impaired quality of life and increased risks of falls, traffic accidents, hospitalization, progression to overt HE (OHE), and mortality. The pathophysiology of HE, including CHE and OHE, is multifactorial and involves complex interactions among hyperammonemia, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, gut dysbiosis, bile acid dysregulation, and sarcopenia along the gut-liver-brain axis. Several diagnostic tools are available, including psychometric batteries, computerized neuropsychological assessments, the Stroop test, critical flicker frequency, and the inhibitory control test. However, time and resource constraints hinder their routine implementation in real-world clinical settings, leading to substantial underdiagnosis of CHE. Although treatment strategies for CHE have not yet been fully established, non-absorbable disaccharides and rifaximin have emerged as promising ammonia-lowering therapies and microbiota-targeted interventions for improving cognitive function and reducing the risk of progression to overt HE. Early recognition and multidisciplinary intervention for CHE are essential to prevent disease progression and improve clinical outcomes. This review summarizes the current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical significance, and therapeutic approaches for CHE in cirrhosis, with the aim of enhancing its recognition and optimizing patient management.
We examined how concussion impacts sensorimotor memories used to adapt goal-directed reaches to unpredictable hand-held loads. Recently concussed individuals underwent computerized cognition testing and a robotic test of sensorimotor adaptation as soon as possible after injury, on return to activity, and after three months. Control subjects were tested at similar intervals. During robotic testing, subjects moved a robot handle repeatedly between two targets; the handle resisted movement with spring-like forces that changed unpredictably between trials, allowing us to model how performance memories contribute to trial-by-trial adaptation. Because symptom severity varied markedly at Session 1, we bisected the concussed cohort based on initial reaction time. Although Session 1 data revealed abnormally high limb compliance estimates in more severely concussed individuals relative to controls, we did not find group differences in how memories contribute to adaptation in any session. However, control group models revealed a practice effect affecting memory model coefficients; this may have masked concussion's initial effects on how memories contribute to adaptation. Although a practice effect and a heterogeneous concussed cohort preclude strong conclusions, our study demonstrates feasibility of the robotic assessment and indicates procedural improvements that may increase its sensitivity and specificity to concussion-related changes in how memories contribute to adaptation.
ObjectiveTo map the evidence on the exposure to screens as a determining risk factor for impaired child development up to the age of 6.IntroductionScreens of all kinds fill family life and shape many children's routines from ever younger ages. Exposure to screens has potential negative effects, and it is important to map that evidence to update the nursing diagnosis.Inclusion CriteriaScoping review based on JBI framework (2024). The Population was children aged 6 or younger; the Concept was the negative effects of screen exposure; and the Context was any type of screen exposure across all environments where children live. Included all full-text primary, secondary, and grey literature in English, Portuguese, or Spanish from the past decade.MethodsA search was carried out in March 2025 across five databases, yielding 309 articles, with the main results reported in Web of Science, CINAHL, and PubMed. After selection by two independent reviewers, data were extracted from 26 articles.ResultsAll 26 articles were in English and drawn from diverse countries and contexts, with most using cross-sectional or longitudinal observational designs. They reported various developmental issues, organized into five categories: cognitive and language development; motor skills, physical activity and well-being; sleep patterns; socio-emotional skills; and behavioral development.ConclusionsExcessive screen time is linked to deficits in cognition, language, sleep, behavior, and socio-emotional development. Research gaps were identified, including the scarcity of longitudinal studies and limited insight into parental mediation and content type. These results emphasize the need for strategies promoting mindful technology use in early childhood.
BackgroundDementia contributes to morbidity and mortality in aging populations, with infectious diseases as frequent terminal events. In Brazil, data on causes of death in dementia and hospital-based end-of-life care are limited.ObjectiveTo describe causes of death, clinical characteristics, and pharmacological treatment patterns during the last month of life among patients with dementia hospitalized in a geriatric hospital in São Paulo, Brazil.MethodsThis retrospective observational study included all patients with clinically diagnosed dementia who died between 2015 and 2023 in a specialized geriatric hospital. Demographic, clinical, and pharmacological data were extracted from electronic medical records. Causes of death were classified using ICD-10 codes. Associations between dementia subtypes and infection-related deaths were evaluated using logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities. Statistical analyses were performed using R, with p < 0.05 considered significant.ResultsA total of 122 patients were included (mean age 83.6 ± 7.4 years; 61.5% female). Alzheimer's disease was the most frequent subtype (52.5%), followed by vascular (26.2%) and mixed dementia (21.3%). Infectious diseases accounted for 67.2% of deaths, mainly pneumonia (48.3%) and sepsis (18.9%). Antibiotics were prescribed in 76.2% of cases, and antipsychotics in 58.1%. Palliative care measures were documented in 41.0% of cases.ConclusionsInfectious diseases were the most frequent causes of death among hospitalized patients with dementia, with high antibiotic use and limited palliative care documentation. These findings indicate the need for integrated end-of-life protocols and improved recognition of palliative needs.
Cognitive Training (CT) is proposed to improve cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI), but its effect on objective cognition remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023426761) aimed to examine the efficacy of CT on objective CRCI using neuropsychological tests categorised into cognitive domains following international classifications. Secondary objectives were to assess CT effects on self-reported variables. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library (last search in May 2024). Controlled trials performing CT and reporting neuropsychological outcomes were included. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB-2 and certainty of evidence with the GRADE approach. Hedges' g at post-intervention was the primary outcome of the multivariate meta-analysis, calculated as the standardized mean difference between groups at post-intervention. Hedges´ g at pre-intervention was included as a fixed covariate. Fifteen studies were included in the systematic review and 12 in the meta-analysis (control group n = 507; intervention group n = 578). The meta-analysis showed a small, significant effect of CT on executive functioning (Hedges' g = 0.15, 95% CI [0.00, 0.29], p = .047). This result warrants cautious interpretation due to low-quality evidence. No significant effects were found in other cognitive domains or self-reported indices. Although these results contrast with previous meta-analyses, this study includes a larger dataset, enhancing the robustness of the results, and introduces a novel analysis strategy by grouping neuropsychological tests according to international classifications. In conclusion, CT shows a small benefit for executive functioning in CRCI, but high-quality studies are needed to confirm its efficacy.
[Purpose] Although non-cognitive skills have been linked to academic performance, their relevance to physical therapy students remains unclear. This study examined associations between non-cognitive skills and academic performance among Japanese physical therapy students, focusing on metacognition, motivation, professional identity, self-control, and grit. [Participants and Methods] Thirty first-year students enrolled in a four-year physical therapy program completed self-reported questionnaires. Cumulative grade point average (GPA) and GPA for required specialized courses were obtained for the first and second academic years. Correlation analyses examined associations between non-cognitive skills and academic performance. [Results] Metacognitive knowledge and professional identity were positively correlated with GPA in required specialized courses in both academic years. In the second academic year, consistency of interest (grit), self-efficacy, and study skills as measured by the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire were significantly associated with GPA in required specialized courses. [Conclusion] Metacognitive knowledge and professional identity were associated with academic performance among Japanese physical therapy students. These findings suggest that non-cognitive skills may be relevant when examining academic outcomes in physical therapy education.
BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by amyloid-β and tau accumulation, processes increasingly linked to impaired protein clearance and neuroinflammation. The choroid plexus (CP), which regulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and immune signaling, may contribute to these mechanisms. This review aimed to evaluate alterations in CP volume (CPV) in AD and their clinical significance.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to March 2025. Eligible MRI-based studies comparing CPV between AD patients and healthy controls (HCs), as well as investigations examining associations of CPV with demographic, cognitive, structural, and pathological variables, were included. Random-effects models estimated pooled effect sizes, while narrative synthesis explored associations with clinical and pathological features.ResultsSixteen studies (2004 AD; 883 HCs) met inclusion criteria. Pooled findings demonstrated significantly larger CPV in AD relative to HCs (SMD = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.67 to 1.43; p < 0.01). Narrative review indicated consistent links between CP enlargement and worse cognition, hippocampal and cortical atrophy, ventricular expansion, and increased amyloid and tau deposition. CP changes were also associated with impaired glymphatic clearance and systemic inflammation. Notably, enlargement was observed in mild cognitive impairment, suggesting early involvement in the disease course.ConclusionsCP enlargement may represent a neuroimaging feature of AD, reflecting the interplay between impaired clearance mechanisms and neuroinflammatory processes. Given its visibility on routine MRI, CPV may hold considerable potential as an imaging marker for disease stratification and longitudinal monitoring of AD.
BackgroundThe ketogenic diet (KD), characterized by high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and moderate protein intake, has gained attention for its therapeutic potential in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies in AD rodent models report that KD and/or ketogenic supplements attenuate cognitive-behavioral impairments, neuroinflammation, amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, and tau pathology. However, it is unknown whether KD can similarly benefit individuals with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a prevalent condition in which Aβ accumulates in cerebral vessels. CAA is highly comorbid with AD and, on its own, increases the risk of stroke, cognitive impairment, and dementia, yet no effective treatments currently exist.ObjectiveTo determine whether KD can improve cognitive-behavioral and neuropathological outcomes in a mouse model with CAA.MethodsMale Tg-SwDI mice were fed either a standard chow or KD from 3.5 to 7.5 months of age. Following ∼3 months of dietary intervention, glucose and ketone body levels were assessed, then mice underwent a battery of behavioral tests to evaluate locomotor activity, anxiety-related behaviors, and cognition. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess amyloid pathology, vascular density, neuroinflammation, white matter integrity, and hippocampal neurogenesis.ResultsIn addition to KD inducing nutritional ketosis and achieving metabolic benefits, mice on KD exhibited increased activity, enhanced spatial learning and memory, and a trend toward improved spatial working memory. These cognitive benefits were accompanied by an attenuation of amyloid pathology and increased hippocampal neurogenesis.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that a KD may be safe and effective in AD and dementia patients with CAA.
Letter recognition is assumed to involve several levels of analysis, including coarse tuning for category and novelty and more fine tuning for specific features, related to letter orientation. We employed an oddball fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) paradigm with magnetoencephalography (Elekta VectorView, 306 sensors) to study neural discrimination responses in the source space. Using contrasts between native and foreign letters, digits, or inverted native letters, we aimed to isolate the neural responses to visual novelty, category, and orientation during character analysis. The study was conducted with a cohort of 25 adults. The response topography demonstrated bilateral organization, including language-related brain regions such as the ventral occipitotemporal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, and middle temporal areas. Comparing conditions, we revealed right lateralized parietal clusters, associated with novelty tuning, and left lateralized occipitotemporal clusters exhibiting higher activity for letters among digits discrimination, supporting the role of this area in letter processing. No distinct spatial patterns specific to orientation tuning were observed in comparison to novelty and category tuning. We propose that expertise-dependent orientation-specific tuning mechanisms may operate within an embedded neural framework that spatially overlaps with coarse tuning systems, but are characterized by specific spatiotemporal patterns.
Self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (SeLECTS) is a common childhood epilepsy syndrome characterized by spontaneous seizure remission but frequent cognitive difficulties. Previous neuroimaging studies have reported cortical abnormalities in SeLECTS; however, findings remain heterogeneous and are often confounded by antiseizure medications exposure or by reliance on a single morphometric approach. We conducted a multimodal structural MRI study on 30 drug-naïve children with SeLECTS and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Voxel-based morphometry was used to quantify gray matter volume, surface-based morphometry was employed to assess cortical thickness, gyrification, and sulcal depth, and a lateralization index was used to evaluate hemispheric asymmetry. Exploratory correlation analyses were performed between these results and clinical variables as well as scores from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Patients showed increased bilateral pontine gray matter volume compared to controls. SBM identified widespread cortical thinning in frontoparietal and left temporal regions, increased gyrification in the right lateral orbitofrontal and left superior frontal gyri, and reduced right medial temporal sulcal depth. Atypical leftward lateralization was observed in the supramarginal, angular, and middle occipital gyri. Right pontine volume positively correlated with disease duration, while left superior frontal gyrification negatively correlated with verbal IQ. Drug-naïve children with SeLECTS exhibit a complex pattern of cortical dysmaturation and subcortical structural variations. These findings suggest that the neuroanatomical signature of SeLECTS extends beyond the Rolandic cortex, involving subcortical nuclei and widespread developmental pruning pathways. While the mechanistic links to cognition remain speculative, these structural markers provide a framework for future longitudinal studies.
The present study aims to incorporate an active learning pedagogy model that is both educator-friendly and cost-effective, to enhance the effectiveness of basic medical science teaching in the undergraduate dental curriculum. This is an exploratory educational study that focuses on students' perceptions of the hybrid case-based learning and small-group teaching approach, along with student and faculty feedback on the use of artificial intelligence in case generation. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic coding. Students reported overwhelmingly positive perceptions of enhanced subject knowledge, clinical reasoning, and examination preparedness, while fostering collaborative learning under the facilitation of subject experts. Faculty reported highly positive perceptions of using artificial intelligence to generate case vignettes that align with the learning objectives, while also highlighting the significance of human oversight. The integration of innovative AI-generated, faculty-validated case study materials delivered through small-group facilitated learning was well received by both students and educators, as evidenced by their feedback. This approach supports active learning, enhances higher-order cognition, strengthens practical applicability, and augments learner engagement, offering a feasible, cost-effective pedagogical model for teaching basic medical sciences in the dental curriculum.
Cognitive reserve (CR) reflects variability in cognitive adaptability that modifies the impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology on cognition. However, blood-based biomarkers of CR have not been established in prodromal AD. We operationalized CR as memory reserve, defined by the attenuation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phosphorylated tau threonine 181 (pTau181)-memory association and aimed to identify blood DNA methylation (DNAm) loci involved in memory reserve. We studied 92 amyloid-positive participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) with blood DNAm, CSF pTau181, and memory (PHC_MEM) measured at the same visit. Memory was residualized after adjustment for age, sex, APOE 𝜀4 allele count, and estimated immune cell-type proportions. For each CpG, linear models tested DNAm, pTau181, and DNAm×pTau181 interaction; inflation was corrected using the bacon method. In addition, we also identified differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Moreover, we constructed a methylation reserve score (MRS) from loci identified in this cohort at baseline and tested its associations with longitudinal memory using linear mixed-effects models in 88 participants with follow-up information. After removing low-variability CpGs, we identified six CpGs with suggestive DNAm×pTau181 interaction (p value < 1 × 10-5, none passed a 5% false discovery rate) and 11 DMRs passing multiple-comparisons correction. The suggestive CpGs and significant DMRs mapped to genes implicating synaptic function, vascular/blood-brain barrier integrity, and immune regulation, with minimal marginal associations with pTau181 or memory, consistent with a moderation model rather than mediation. In this cohort, higher baseline MRS was associated with attenuation of the pTau181-memory association and with slower subsequent memory decline, independent of age, sex, education, APOE ε4, and baseline pTau181. Blood DNAm that moderates the pTau181-memory association may reflect epigenetic correlates of memory reserve (i.e., differential susceptibility to tau-related memory impairment), rather than reflecting variations in pTau181 levels. These DNAm patterns can be summarized as a MRS that, in this cohort, was associated with longitudinal memory trajectories in MCI. Further validation in independent cohorts is warranted.
Dopaminergic neurons are fundamental in governing motivation, movement, and many aspects of cognition. The targeted modulation of dopaminergic signaling serves as a cornerstone in developing therapeutic interventions for conditions such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction. Despite the pivotal role of dopaminergic neurons, the ultrastructure of dopaminergic synapses remains poorly understood. Here, we establish and utilize a cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy process to investigate the micro/nanoscale architecture and organelle content of dopaminergic varicosities. Using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging, we demonstrate the ability to resolve in situ complex structures of the TRiC/CCT chaperone and the vacuolar-type ATPase. We combine our experimental setup with pharmacological treatments using dopamine or haloperidol, showing bidirectional modulation of vesicular content and mitochondrial calcium phosphate deposition. These findings contribute to our understanding of the composition and (re)organization of dopaminergic varicosities and provide a methodological platform for further studies of the structure and cell biology of dopaminergic neurons and their responses.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common clinical chronic inflammatory respiratory disease, in which immune imbalance serves as a core component of its complex pathogenesis. In recent years, the gut-nose axis has emerged as a novel pathway mediating immune crosstalk between the intestinal tract and the nasal cavity, garnering significant academic attention. Gut microbial metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, bile acids, and polyamines) are profoundly involved in the pathophysiology of AR by reshaping the nasal mucosal immune microenvironment via systemic circulation and neural pathways and regulating the Th2/Treg balance, innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), and mast cell functions. This article systematically reviews the immunomodulatory mechanisms of core gut microbial metabolites, explores their impact on nasal mucosal epithelial barrier function and immune cell activity, and summarizes metabolite-based clinical intervention strategies, including postbiotic therapy (bioactive compounds derived from microbial cells or metabolites), precision nutritional interventions, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Additionally, the paper analyzes current challenges such as heterogeneity and dose-response effects, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the immunomodulatory mechanisms of the gut-nose axis and a reference for developing novel precision strategies for the prevention and treatment of AR.
BackgroundLucid episodes (LEs) in advanced dementia are significant clinical events yet are challenging to investigate as they are characterized by a transient and unexpected recovery of abilities and present variably across individuals. Prospective observational studies of LEs in people living with advanced Alzheimer's disease and related dementias currently rely on expert reviewers/informants to detect and confirm LEs, in a process that is arduous and not always feasible.ObjectiveWe seek to examine the utility of data-driven methods for within-person LE detection and determine if such methods need to be individualized.MethodsWe fit multiple latent class analysis (LCA) models to examine longitudinal segments (n = 1283) from video-observations of participants living with advanced dementia (N = 3) who had informant validated LEs using previously established procedures. Fitted models included both individually specified classes and classes constrained to be equal across participants. Estimated classes were compared to the prior informant validations.ResultsModel fit was best with a three-class model, fit separately for each individual. Multiple model fit measures deteriorated when class definitions were constrained to be equal across participants. For each participant, there was a clear candidate lucid class containing the majority of validated LEs.ConclusionsThis report demonstrates the potential for using LCA for data-driven detection of LEs and demonstrates that detection may require participant-level modeling.
BackgroundPrevious work has shown that proper name recall from the Logical Memory (LM) task is sensitive to PET and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in older adult populations. These findings indicate potential utility in identifying preclinical AD.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to validate previous findings of the association of proper name recall and blood-based plasma pTau217.MethodsParticipants came from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention study. We fit linear mixed effects models of longitudinal LM and proper name recall as a function of most recent pTau217 values. Follow-up analyses added interaction terms to models for group differences in sex and APOE ε4 allele carriage. As an exploratory aim, logistic regression models were used to examine if proper name recall aided in predicting clinical diagnosis.ResultsParticipants with higher concentrations of pTau217 showed a steeper decline on both conventional LM and proper name recall. APOE ε4 allele carriers with higher concentrations of pTau217 showed a greater decline in longitudinal task performance, while there was no significant interaction for sex, indicating that men and women with high pTau217 show similar rates of decline.ConclusionsOur findings validate that proper name recall is sensitive to blood-based pTau217. Measuring proper name recall may be an efficient marker assessing early cognitive change that could be leveraged when designing future cognitive tests.