With rising tick-borne disease (TBD) cases and the geographical expansion of tick populations, the need for effective surveillance and public education regarding local risk is crucial. This study assessed the effectiveness of tick-check stations as a tool for tick surveillance, and their impact on community knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) related to ticks and TBD. To assess the effectiveness of tick-check stations for surveillance, we evaluated station engagement and compared tick density estimates, species composition, and life-stage distributions with those obtained through concurrent active surveillance. In addition, we compared submission numbers and tick species and life stages to those collected through a mail-in submission system conducted by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE). To quantify feasibility, we estimated effort per tick and compared effort across simulated sampling scenarios. Finally, in-person surveys were conducted at trailheads to assess baseline tick KAP and to evaluate differences between sites with and without tick-check stations. Engagement with tick-check stations was sustained throughout the study. Temporal tick densities estimated from tick-check station submissions were correlated with density estimates from active surveillance (R = 0.534), and species composition and life-stage distributions did not significantly differ between methods. Tick-check stations required less effort per tick than active surveillance when sampling sites were nearby or tick densities were low, whereas sites that were farther away or had higher tick densities required less effort per tick under a hybrid surveillance approach. When asked to list tick-borne pathogens in Colorado, 47% of survey participants who had read tick-check station signage identified Rocky Mountain spotted fever compared with 20% of participants in the control group (p = 0.007; odds ratio). Notably, a low proportion of survey participants (24%) reported performing tick-checks to prevent tick bites. Tick-check stations can provide tick density estimates comparable to active surveillance while requiring less effort in many scenarios, particularly in low-density settings. Our findings also highlight opportunities for targeted outreach to address gaps in TBD knowledge. As both a surveillance and educational tool, tick-check stations offer a sustainable approach for expanding tick monitoring in resource-limited settings.
Bicycle-sharing systems (BSS) have become an important component of sustainable urban mobility, but their demand remains difficult to model. Usage varies across hours, stations, weather conditions, and types of day, while the available data often provide only a partial view of the underlying demand process. This study proposes an interpretable probabilistic framework to characterize and generate synthetic demand for BiciMad, Madrid's dock-based BSS, using trip-level data from 2018 and 2019. The contribution is not the introduction of new probability distributions, but the calibrated integration of standard probabilistic components into a demand-side generative framework. Trip distances are modeled with Gamma distributions, and hourly trip counts are represented with Negative Binomial distributions conditioned on hour, day type, and precipitation. These components are combined with empirical station-popularity profiles to generate synthetic origin-destination demand under explicit contextual assumptions. Validation against observed data shows that the framework provides calibrated uncertainty estimates, with empirical coverage of the 95% prediction intervals close to the nominal level across contextual scenarios. An external consistency check using 2019 data further shows the practical value of the approach, as it helped identify systematic timestamp misattributions that were later confirmed by the data provider. The proposed framework is not intended as a full capacity-aware operational simulator. Instead, it provides a simple, interpretable, and uncertainty-aware baseline for demand characterization, synthetic demand generation, exploratory disruption analysis, and data-quality consistency checking in dock-based bicycle-sharing systems.
Background checks aim to prevent illegal firearm transfers. Existing research has shown little evidence for the effect of point-of-sale comprehensive background check (CBC) policies on firearm-related violence at the state level, but state-level estimates may mask local variation. To estimate the association between state-level point-of-sale CBC policies and county-level firearm homicide rates in the US. This cross-sectional study used a difference-in-differences analysis with synthetic controls. Six US states that implemented a point-of-sale CBC policy between 2013 and 2019 and did not have a permit-to-purchase policy from 2000 to 2021 (Colorado, Delaware, New Mexico, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington) and 8 eligible control states that did not have a CBC or permit-to-purchase policy from 2000 to 2021 and were similar to treated states in terms of state partisanship (Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, and West Virginia) were included. The unit of analysis was county-years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2021. Analyses were conducted from April 1, 2023, to December 15, 2025. Implementation of point-of-sale CBC policies (that applied minimally to handguns) between July 1, 2013, and July 1, 2019. Annual county-level firearm homicide rates per 100 000 population were directly standardized to the age (<5 years, 10-year age bands from 5-84 years, and ≥85 years) and sex (female or male) distribution of the US population in 2000. The synthetic control method was used to estimate counterfactual posttreatment means. The study population included 750 counties: 59 from Colorado, 3 from Delaware, 33 from New Mexico, 36 from Oregon, 14 from Vermont, 39 from Washington, and 566 from states that did not have a CBC policy (ie, eligible controls). In unadjusted models, state-level CBC implementation was associated with a mean of -2.13 (95% CI, -3.19 to -1.04) firearm homicide deaths per 100 000 population across counties; after adjusting for covariates, a mean of 0.13 (95% CI, -0.88 to 1.13) deaths per 100 000 population were found. While there was some heterogeneity in county-specific estimates in adjusted models (with point estimates ranging from -13.2 to 20.5 deaths per 100 000 population), nearly all 95% CIs crossed the null. This cross-sectional study of the association between state-level CBC policies and county-level firearm homicide rates assessed county-level heterogeneity that may have been masked in prior state-level studies. As in prior state-level studies, no associations were found for adjusted results. Findings suggest opportunities for further research on the design, implementation, and enforcement of CBC policies.
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Aim To synthesise epidemiological and clinical evidence on in-flight barodontalgia in professional aircrew.Methods We searched Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for cross-sectional studies of in-flight barodontalgia. Seven studies (2013-2024) met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted in duplicate, and risk of bias was assessed with the JBI cross-sectional checklist. Given heterogeneity in case definitions, a narrative synthesis (no meta-analysis) was performed.Results Barodontalgia events occurred predominantly during descent (and also on some ascents). Prevalence varied widely across studies (~6% to 55%). Acute dental pain was the leading symptom, sometimes accompanied by headache or transient concentration loss. Overall study quality was moderate.Conclusions In-flight barodontalgia is a relevant occupational health issue for aircrew. Harmonised case definitions and prospective validation of reports are needed. Preventive measures such as routine pre-flight dental check-ups and appropriate return-to-flight restrictions after recent dental treatment (as determined by aeromedical/occupational policy) may help reduce in-flight occurrences.
To evaluate prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening patterns among gay and bisexual men and identify factors associated with screening uptake in this population. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using 2023 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from eight states and one territory that administered key survey modules. Cisgender men aged ≥ 40 years identifying as gay, bisexual, or straight with no prostate cancer history were included. Gay and bisexual men were matched with straight men using propensity scores based on demographics. Predictors of PSA screening within two years were assessed with multivariable regression. Of 19,925 respondents, 593 identified as gay or bisexual; 49.8% reported recent PSA screening compared with 46.2% of straight men. Sexual orientation was not associated with screening differences (p=0.084). Clinician-led discussion was the strongest predictor (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.45; p<0.001), while uninsured status (aOR 0.39; p=0.007) and no check-ups within two years (aOR 0.11; p<0.001) were linked to lower rates of screening. Among gay and bisexual men, age 55-69, discussion of testing, college education, and recent check-ups were associated with increased screening rates. Prostate cancer screening rates did not differ significantly by sexual orientation, suggesting that clinician communication, insurance coverage, and primary care continuity are stronger predictors of PSA testing. Enhancing provider communication through LGBTQ+-affirming training and strengthening primary care continuity may improve early detection of prostate cancer across diverse populations.
Background: Trunk and pelvic strength balance and functional movement quality are relevant factors for musculoskeletal health and injury-prevention monitoring in youth soccer players. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate longitudinal changes in isometric trunk and pelvic strength balance, functional movement quality, and selected muscle imbalance indicators during a physiotherapy-based strengthening programme in adolescent male soccer players. Methods: A longitudinal single-group repeated-measures study was conducted in male soccer players aged 12-18 years. Isometric strength balance was assessed using the Dr. Wolff Back-Check system, and functional movement quality was evaluated using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Complete-case analyses were performed according to available repeated measurements. Results: FMS total scores improved across repeated assessments, whereas the global Back-Check score showed no significant longitudinal change. Component-level and imbalance analyses indicated reductions in adductor-abductor imbalance, and better FMS performance was moderately associated with lower adductor-abductor imbalance. Conclusions: Functional movement quality and selected muscle imbalance indicators demonstrated favorable longitudinal changes during the physiotherapy-based strengthening programme. These findings suggest that physiotherapy-oriented strengthening and movement-control exercises may contribute to improvements in functional movement quality and selected muscle balance indicators in adolescent male soccer players. However, the small repeated-measures subsamples and observational study design limit causal interpretation and generalizability.
South Korea became a super-aged society in 2024, and this demographic shift is unfolding alongside the depopulation of rural municipalities across the country. How spatial inequality and community social capital jointly relate to elderly health-and whether those relationships look different for younger versus older elderly-remains an open question. We investigated associations between two dimensions of community social capital (sense of belonging and neighbor communication), subjective perception of capital-provincial inequality, and self-rated health among Korean elderly, with separate analyses for the Young-Old (aged 60-69) and Old-Old (aged 70+). We used the 2024 Social Integration Survey from the Korea Institute of Public Administration (full sample N = 2588; elderly subsample N = 1020). Random intercept hierarchical linear models accounted for the nesting of individuals within 17 metropolitan cities and provinces. Stepwise models examined social capital antecedents, a healthcare satisfaction indirect association pathway, and the direct association of spatial inequality perception with health. The elderly subsample was stratified into Young-Old (N = 289) and Old-Old (N = 731). A mixed-effects ordered logistic regression with Liang-Zeger cluster-robust standard errors was estimated as a robustness check. Sense of belonging was positively associated with subjective health among the elderly (B = 0.065, p < 0.05) as a net of rurality and socioeconomic controls. Perceived spatial inequality showed a negative association (B = -0.070, p < 0.05). The indirect association pathway through healthcare satisfaction was not supported (Sobel Z = -1.458, p = 0.144). Age-stratified models revealed a striking split: belonging was the dominant predictor for the Young-Old (B = 0.149, p < 0.01), while neighbor communication (B = 0.078, p < 0.05) and spatial inequality perception (B = -0.092, p < 0.01) were significant only among the Old-Old. The ordered logistic robustness check confirmed the negative association of perceived spatial inequality across all specifications. What predicts health in the younger elderly is not what predicts health in the older elderly. Korea's Integrated Community Care Act, set for nationwide rollout in 2026, should account for this divergence-prioritizing psychological community attachment for the Young-Old and face-to-face social contact combined with regional equity for the Old-Old.
Limited health literacy affects millions globally, impairing patient understanding, treatment adherence, and health outcomes. Nurses, as primary healthcare educators, navigate complex communication challenges with vulnerable patients. However, research examining nurses' lived experiences of managing these challenges remains limited, particularly regarding how organizational and systemic factors enable or constrain communication effectiveness. This study aimed to explore registered nurses' experiences, perceived barriers, adaptive communication strategies, and systemic factors influencing nurse-patient communication in acute care settings with diverse patient populations. Descriptive qualitative study employing semi-structured interviews with 18 registered nurses across emergency, intensive care, medical-surgical, and specialized acute care units. Data were analyzed using Braun & Clarke's six-phase thematic analysis approach. Trustworthiness was enhanced through member checking, peer debriefing, comprehensive audit trail documentation, and prolonged engagement with data. Four interconnected themes emerged: (1) Multifaceted Communication Barriers encompassing language limitations, cultural-epistemological incongruence, and foundational knowledge gaps; (2) Strategic Communication Approaches including simplified language, visual demonstrations, teach-back methods, and family engagement; (3) Systemic Obstacles comprising inadequate resources, time constraints, unclear policies, and institutional ambivalence substantially constraining communication effectiveness; and (4) Emotional Labor and Professional Resilience capturing nurses' psychological experiences, moral distress, and coping mechanisms. Effective nurse-patient communication with individuals with limited health literacy requires interventions at individual, interpersonal, and organizational levels. Findings suggest that communication effectiveness is substantially shaped by organisational factors staffing, resourcing, policy, and accountability and that framing communication gaps as primarily individual competence deficits misrepresents what is, in large part, a structural problem. Individual skill and professional effort remain important; however, they operate within organisational parameters that participants frequently experienced as inadequate. Healthcare organisations must allocate dedicated resources, establish explicit patient education policies, and create accountability mechanisms to enable nurses to communicate effectively with patients with limited health literacy.
Improving the quality and equity of oncology care is a strategic priority in Europe. The Organisation of European Cancer Institutes (OECI) Accreditation and Designation Programme provides a unified framework integrating care, research, education, and governance. Its standards emphasise multidisciplinary coordination, digital infrastructures, and patient-centred outcomes. Head and neck cancer remains a major global challenge, with rising incidence and heterogeneous results, highlighting the need for standardised pathways and interoperable data systems. This study describes how a Head and Neck Cancer Unit was redesigned and digitalised to comply with OECI requirements, focusing on elements of the care domain. A structured organisational redesign was undertaken using workflow mapping, a RACI matrix, and Plan-Do-Act-Check cycles. Governance involved clinical leaders, specialised nurses, quality officers, and IT and engineering staff. Guidelines were updated, fast‑track pathways refined, and synoptic forms integrated into the electronic health record using terminologies compatible with OMOP. PROMs and PREMs were deployed through the institutional portal. A modified Delphi survey assessed team consensus. Between January and October 2025, 353 patients were evaluated, 198 through fast‑track referral. Diagnostic and treatment intervals met targets. PROM completion reached 61%. PREMs highlighted strengths in professionalism and multidisciplinary coordination and identified communication and administrative burden as areas for improvement. The Delphi survey showed strong agreement (α = 0.71), particularly for Multidisciplinary participation and nursing collaboration. The redesign, aligned with OECI standards, strengthened governance, digitalisation, and patient‑centred care. The model demonstrates how accreditation can drive sustainable, data‑driven improvement and support integrated cancer networks.
The Teide National Park is a high-mountain ecosystem characterised by a high temperature and solar radiation, together with low humidity. Aside from these extreme conditions, a rich biota inhabits there. In 1996, the first comprehensive inventory of arthropods was carried out and, since then, no further catalogue has been accomplished. The present work aims to update the current check-list of arthropods, as well as establishing sampling sites for further biomonitoring with standardised protocols. A total of 615 taxa has been identified from the specimens recorded during the 2024-2025 field surveys, with 80 of them being new to the Teide National Park. This contribution highlights the outstanding biodiversity in an ecosystem characterised by extreme-conditions.
Suicide is a significant global health issue, adversely affecting individuals, families, and society at large. This cross-sectional research involved 62 suicide attempt survivors in 12 months of the study who had been hospitalized at the MGM Medical College and MY Hospital, Indore, India with a 3 months follow up. Psychiatric examination involved the use of Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) at the time of admission and follow-up check. Major participants were young adults (18-30 years) with a margin of females over males. The most frequent methods of attempt were poisoning and overdosing of drugs and the most prevalent diagnosis was depression. At 3 months, 38 had reported improved health and 42 had endured therapy. We found strong association between family support and better outcomes and continued treatment attendance.
Rapid, validated dietary screening tools are lacking for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), where routine clinical check-ups do not allow sufficient time for extensive dietary assessments typically required to evaluate adherence to dietary recommendations. We developed a 15-item dietary screener (SCI NutriTool) and evaluated its accuracy in classifying non-adherence to a healthy food pyramid compared with a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The SCI NutriTool was developed through literature review and expert consensus. In a validation study, 51 adults with SCI (mean age 57.0 years; 76.5% men; 68.8% traumatic injury) completed the SCI NutriTool twice and a validated 97-item FFQ, which served as the reference method. The SCI NutriTool demonstrated substantial variability in performance across food groups, reflecting its domain-specific screening properties. Sensitivity was high for fruits and vegetables (91.7%), protein-rich foods (90.5%), and sweetened/alcoholic beverages and snacks (82.4%), with relatively high positive predictive values (PPV: 73.7-90.5%), supporting the tool's ability to identify individuals who are likely non-adherent and may benefit from further nutritional assessment or counselling. In contrast, for starchy foods and nuts, oils, and fatty spreads/sauces, sensitivity was low (20.0% and 50.0%), while specificity was modest. This indicates that the tool performs better in correctly identifying adherent individuals in these domains, which is reflected in higher negative predictive values (NPV: up to 94.1%). However, the low sensitivity suggests that individuals with non-adherence may be missed, limiting the tool's usefulness as an early screening trigger for these food groups. The SCI NutriTool's performance varies across food groups, demonstrating a stronger ability to identify non-adherence in protein-rich foods, fruit and vegetables, sweetened and alcoholic beverages, and snacks, but limited discriminatory capacity for others. In particular, it is not suitable for screening non-adherence to starchy foods and fats. Accordingly, it is best used as a triage tool to guide further dietary assessment and targeted nutritional interventions rather than as a standalone diagnostic instrument.
Closed-set heterogeneous domain adaptation (HDA) for Internet of Things (IoT) intrusion detection aims to transfer detection capabilities across environments that differ in devices, telemetry, feature schemas, attack implementations, label taxonomies, and target supervision availability. Although recent HDA methods report strong performance, their deployment meaning is often unclear because improvements over a weak source-only baseline do not show how much target supervision headroom has been recovered or whether adaptation is preferable to direct target-side labelling under the same budget. This paper presents a controlled, anchor-based benchmark for closed-set HDA in IoT intrusion detection. Edge-IIoTset is used as the main fixed target dataset, with transfer from CICIDS2017, UNSW-NB15, CICIDS2017 + UNSW-NB15, and CICIDS2017 + NSL-KDD under single-source and multi-source settings. The benchmark defines fixed resolved contexts, Intersection and Union representation contracts, a five-class closed-set label contract, leakage-safe preprocessing, and an anchor ladder consisting of source-only, correlation alignment (CORAL), matched-budget target-only, and oracle target-only references. Geometric Graph Alignment (GGA) and the Joint Semantic Transfer Network (JSTN) are evaluated as the primary selected native single-source semi-supervised HDA (SS-HDA) and multi-source semi-supervised HDA (MS-HDA) exemplars, while the Prototype-Matching Graph Network (PMGN) and Conditional Weighting Adversarial Network (CWAN) provide 1:10 method coverage checks. Each method-context-ratio configuration is evaluated across twenty fixed seeds, and DA-versus-target-only differences are tested using paired seed-level statistical evidence. A compact second-target confirmatory experiment using ToN-IoT assesses whether the qualitative headroom recovery and same-budget deployment patterns remain visible under a different IoT/IIoT target. The results show that primary native HDA can recover substantial source-only-to-oracle headroom, but not uniformly. At the 1:10 labelled target ratio, GGA recovers 0.633-0.835 of the available headroom across C1-C4, while JSTN recovers 0.776-0.897 in the contemporary-source MS-HDA family and 0.872-0.926 in the mixed-vintage family. Same-budget comparisons show that DA is deployment-competitive only in some contexts; in others, direct target-side supervised learning is stronger. The benchmark therefore shows that closed-set HDA should be evaluated as target-conditioned, context-resolved evidence rather than as a pooled method leaderboard.
In this study, CS-ZnO macrotubes were prepared through co-axial extrusion techniques and were used as a template for the stabilization of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). FESEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and zeta potential analytical tools were used for structural analysis of the catalyst. The catalytic activity was explored against MB, MO, and CR dyes in distilled water (DW), tap water (TW), and seawater (SW) in the presence of NaBH4. All three model dyes were studied alone and in mixtures in the presence of NaBH4. The highest activity was displayed by Ag/CS-ZnO in DW with an apparent rate constant (kapp) of 6.5 × 10-1 min-1, 3.6 × 10-1 min-1, and 2.0 × 10-1 min-1 against MO, CR, and MB dyes, respectively. It was observed that the presence of cations or anions in a water sample can affect the rate of anionic dye degradation. Various experimental parameters, i.e., catalyst dose, initial dye concentration, and NaBH4 effect, were studied. The catalyst recyclability was checked for four consecutive cycles. These results demonstrate that Ag/CS-ZnO macrotubes act as a dip-catalyst and provide a robust, reusable, and environmentally benign catalytic platform for efficient treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater under real-world applications.
Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are systemic immune-mediated diseases, but the features that distinguish cutaneous-dominant psoriasis from musculoskeletal involvement remain unclear. We analyzed four core public cross-sectional datasets spanning whole-blood methylation, PBMC single-cell RNA sequencing summarized at the subject level, skin RNA sequencing, and purified CD4+ T-cell methylation, and used two additional public skin cohorts for external contextual checks to define a disease inflammatory response axis (DIR) and a contrast-resolved systemic state coordinate (CRS) representing systemic immune state variation associated with PsA. In whole-blood methylation, DIR primarily separated healthy controls from psoriasis, whereas CRS separated psoriasis from PsA with minimal correlation to DIR. In untreated-only PBMC single-cell reanalysis, CRS separated PsA from PsO; the source-defined PSX subgroup (joint pain without CASPAR-classified PsA) showed heterogeneous subject-level positioning, with above-band enrichment concentrated at the cell-type level. Cell-type-resolved analyses localized CRS-related shifts to T-cell, monocyte, B-cell, and regulatory compartments and identified multicompartment pathway state remodeling along the CRS continuum. In contrast, skin RNA sequencing mainly captured lesional inflammatory burden and showed only limited additional PsA-related separation within the same tissue state. These findings support a model in which PsA is distinguished from psoriasis by an additional systemic immune state axis rather than by skin inflammatory burden alone.
The abdominal pressure-volume (P-V) relationship during laparoscopic insufflation is curvilinear and subject to substantial inter-individual variability, yet clinical practice relies on universal pressure targets derived from population-level guidelines. The Smart Inline Compliance Module (SICM) is a novel inline retrofit device that acquires intra-abdominal pressure and insufflation gas flow through physically separated sensing circuits, reconstructs insufflated volume by numerical integration of the flow signal, and derives the abdominal P-V curve and its biomechanical parameters in real time. This study reports the first two-arm pilot technical evaluation of the SICM system. Arm A comprised an exploratory biomechanical phantom with three defined stiffness levels (Soft, Medium, Rigid) tested under Continuous and Stepwise insufflation protocols (30 curves). Arm B comprised three female feline cadavers assessed under the same dual-protocol design (18 curves). This study should be interpreted as an early-stage technical evaluation rather than as a definitive validation benchmark. Signal quality was consistently high across both arms (Curve Quality Index: 1.0000 in the phantom arm; 0.9974 ± 0.0009 in the cadaveric arm). Volume integration accuracy was confirmed against an independent offline reference (mean absolute percentage difference: 0.07%). The system extracted reproducible biomechanical parameters under the Continuous protocol: in the cadaveric arm, maximum compliance (Cmax) ranged from 116.8 to 191.4 mL/mmHg across subjects, with intra-session coefficients of variation below 16%; Knee Pressure (Pknee), defined as a working operational index of the compliance transition, was 3.33-4.17 mmHg with CV below 8%. The Rigid phantom and cadaveric datasets showed partial numerical overlap in selected shape-derived parameters, which was interpreted only as an internal consistency check and not as evidence of biomechanical equivalence. The Stepwise protocol exposed the current methodological limits of the parameter-extraction workflow and identified specific targets for the next development iteration. These results are interpreted exclusively within the scope of technical feasibility and preliminary biomechanical characterisation; clinical applicability and optimal pressure guidance require adequately powered in vivo studies.
Accurate prediction of marine and atmospheric environmental variables is important for climate adaptation, ecosystem management, and operational decision-making, yet practitioners still lack clear guidance on which machine-learning models are reliable across heterogeneous environmental tasks. We therefore developed a unified, leakage-aware benchmark across nine datasets, of which seven passed quality checks for modeling, spanning chlorophyll-a, wind speed, hydrographic observations, biotoxins, and bathymetry, and compared representative linear, tree-based, and sequence models under a common evaluation framework. Results show strong heterogeneity across tasks and model classes: tree ensembles are robust baselines for tabular problems, LSTM-based recurrent sequence modeling is most useful when temporal structure is central, and predictive skill depends more on target structure and covariate quality than on model complexity alone. Within the observational settings represented in this benchmark-predominantly Chinese coastal/estuarine and regional marine datasets, plus one atmospheric reanalysis wind task and one global cast archive-quality-controlled chlorophyll-a is comparatively predictable, whereas event-driven biotoxins and bathymetry inversion remain difficult under the current predictors. These findings provide practical guidance for researchers and environmental monitoring practitioners working in similar data regimes, but they should not be assumed to transfer automatically to untested regions such as the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, or tropical open-ocean systems without further validation.
Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) remains the most destructive viral threat to mungbean production in India, with increasing reports of resistance erosion in several released cultivars. Because earlier screening efforts rarely confirmed the identity of the infecting begomovirus, the stability of resistance under current mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) pressure remains uncertain. This study re-evaluated the resistance status of 30 released mungbean cultivars across four environments: Summer 2024, Summer 2025, Kharif 2024, and Kharif 2025, under natural epiphytotic conditions at Kanpur. Disease incidence (PDI) and severity (PDS) were recorded at maturity, and genotypes were categorized for resistance. Species-specific PCR assays confirmed MYMIV as the sole causal agent in all evaluated symptomatic samples of susceptible check DGGV2, and full-length DNA-A and DNA-B sequencing validated four MYMIV isolates consistently associated with field infections. Multi-environment ANOVA revealed significant effects of both genotype and environment for PDI and PDS. Several cultivars including GM-6, ML-131, SML-668, Pusa-9531, Pusa M-0672, MH-1142, IPM 2-3, IPM 205-7, and Shalimar Mung-2 exhibited consistently low disease expression, indicating stable and durable resistance to MYMIV. In contrast, cultivars such as HUM-16, Co-8, IPM 99-125, IPM 512-1, and Pusa-Ratna showed higher environmental sensitivity. Factor analysis of mixed data and Random Forest classification (100% accuracy) robustly separated resistant and moderately resistant genotypes, with PDS emerging as the key discriminatory trait. Conclusively, the study provides a MYMIV-validated, multi-season reassessment of varietal performance and identifies reliable donor lines for resistance breeding and further multi-location validation under MYMIV pressure.