Conductive gels are promising materials for on-skin wearable bioelectronics owing to their softness, ionic conductivity, and tissue-like interfacial characteristics. However, conventional preformed conductive gels often cannot fully accommodate complex and dynamically deforming skin surfaces, thereby limiting their interfacial adhesion and signal-transmission performance. Inspired by the reversible mechanical switching behavior of sea cucumbers, we developed a thermoresponsive ionic biogel (IBG) composed of gelatin, water, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate. In this system, gelatin forms a physical network with reversible sol-gel transition behavior, while the ionic liquid modulates the network through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions and provides mobile ions for charge transport. This design integrates mechanical compliance, skin adhesion, water retention, and electrical functionality. The IBG can be directly coated onto skin in a flowable state and subsequently undergo mild in situ gelation, forming a soft, adaptive, and ion-conductive bioelectronic interface. The optimized IBG43 exhibits a low modulus, high stretchability, strong adhesion, and good environmental stability, together with stable strain sensing, reliable electrophysiological signal acquisition, and potential for self-powered sensing. This work presents a simple and effective strategy for constructing in situ formable skin-interfaced bioelectronic materials.
Deciphering mechanisms of electrical neural stimulation using multimodal approaches combining electrophysiology and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is pivotal for advancing neuromodulation therapies. However, this paradigm has been hindered by the lack of high-performance neural electrodes that are compatible with ultra-high-field MRI while possessing exceptional electrochemical properties. Here, we report an MRI-compatible fiber neural electrode (MFE) fabricated from structurally optimized conductive polymer fiber emulating brain tissue characteristics. The MFE induces little-to-no MRI artifacts at 11.7 T and combines low modulus, low impedance and high charge-injection limit, enabling precise neural stimulation and recording. Utilizing these MFEs, we investigated frequency-dependent whole-brain responses to electrical stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex in wild-type and autism-model rats, revealing responses potentially relevant to autism intervention. This was achieved through electrical stimulation synchronized with electrophysiological recording and multimodal MRI, including functional MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging (tissue structural assessment) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (metabolite profiling). Our MFE enables previously unattained simultaneous acquisition of multimodal information, providing a powerful tool for in-depth mechanistic studies of neuromodulation.
Although biohybrid robots offer the potential for soft, adaptive actuation by harnessing living muscle, practical operation in cell culture environments is often limited by the requirement of immersed leads or cumbersome stimulation equipment. Here, we present a thin, miniaturized, wireless bioelectronic stimulator that can electrically drive biohybrid robots while maintaining stability in aqueous cell culture media. Built on a 50-µm liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate, the device integrates a planar receiving coil, interconnects, a diode-based rectifier, and a tank capacitor. This enables the device to convert an approximately 4.9-MHz radio-frequency (RF) input into pulsed direct current (DC), which is delivered through integrated stimulation electrodes. The stimulator has a footprint of ~ 32 mm² and a total thickness and mass of ~ 100 μm and ~ 7 mg, respectively. We integrated the stimulator with a nanopatterned carbon nanotube (CNT)/gelatin hydrogel fin seeded with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) to generate propulsion through fin flapping. By optimizing the thickness of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) encapsulation layer, the density was tuned, and the robot remained freely floating and retained shape integrity during operation. This produced autonomous forward locomotion of 74.8 ± 16.4 μm s- 1. The stimulator generated distance-dependent output voltage pulses and enabled external pacing/modulation under the tested conditions, without a marked loss of cardiomyocyte attachment or α-actinin-positive sarcomeric organization. Together, these results provide a proof-of-concept compact, media-compatible, wireless bioelectronic interface toward closed-system biohybrid robotics.
Developing a reliable, long-term electrical interface for implanted bioelectronics is essential for chronic diagnostics, therapeutics, and device maintenance. Here, we introduce the implantable bioelectronic outlet (IBO), a soft, tissue-like electronic interface that enables on-demand, direct ohmic connection between implanted electronics and external devices. IBO is composed of a conducting polymer-coated low-density polymer matrix that is jacketed with a hydrophobic elastomer, allowing repetitive insertion of external electrical contacts without crack propagation. IBO was functional after 1 year of implantation with minimal tissue effects. We demonstrate that IBO enables high-fidelity, bidirectional transmission of signals and power, including low-voltage neurophysiological signals, high-speed digital signals, neurostimulation protocols, and efficient high-current power delivery, validated in small and large animal model studies. The IBO provides a robust and scalable platform for safe, direct, and durable electrical interfacing with implantable bioelectronics.
Facial electrophysiological signals are crucial to human-machine interfaces and health care monitoring. Soft and skin-conformable electrodes enabled long-term and comfortable signal monitoring. However, the appearance of the electrodes affects the wearer's social interactions and self-identity, making daily usage difficult and leaving appearance artifacts. Here, we developed fully invisible and unperceivable on-skin electrodes free from appearance artifacts. Neither the wearer nor observers can detect the visual and tactile presence of the electrodes on the skin. The unperceivable property was confirmed with sensory experiments and physical characterizations of the film on skin. Furthermore, our invisible electrodes did not affect the psychological conditions of the wearers, which confirms the feasibility of artifact-free monitoring in daily lives. Last, we demonstrated the functionality of our electrode with successful monitoring of various facial electrophysiological signals, including electrooculogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG). Our fully invisible electrodes provide a promising direction in developing on-skin bioelectronics, seamlessly integrating health monitoring and human-computer interaction technologies into people's daily lives.
Postoperative wound complications remain a major cause of morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, increased healthcare costs, and reduced quality of life. While traditional wound dressings functioned primarily as passive barriers against contamination and exudate, advances in wound biology have transformed surgical wound management. Tissue repair is now recognized as a dynamic immunometabolic process involving coordinated interactions among immune cells, stromal populations, extracellular matrix remodeling, mechanotransduction, mitochondrial function, redox balance, microbial ecology, and bioelectrical signaling. Consequently, modern wound dressings are increasingly designed as bioactive systems capable of actively modulating the wound microenvironment. Recent developments in biomaterials science, immunoengineering, nanotechnology, extracellular vesicle biology, bioelectronics, and artificial intelligence have enabled the creation of advanced wound platforms, including stimuli-responsive hydrogels, immunomodulatory biomaterials, nanozyme-based dressings, conductive scaffolds, oxygen-generating matrices, extracellular vesicle-loaded systems, and biosensor-integrated interfaces. Therapeutic strategies are progressively shifting from antimicrobial-focused approaches toward immune-regenerative modulation targeting chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, ferroptosis, cellular senescence, and impaired mechanobiological signaling. This review examines emerging surgical wound dressings from mechanistic, translational, and biomaterial perspectives, highlighting current innovations, translational challenges, and future directions. Collectively, these technologies may enable intelligent therapeutic systems capable of sensing and directing tissue regeneration in real time.
Accurate acquisition of bioelectrical signals like electromyography (EMG) and electrocardiography (ECG) is essential for wearable health monitoring and human-machine interaction, yet remains severely compromised by electromagnetic interference (EMI) in ubiquitous electronic environments. To address this, a gradient-impedance Janus bioelectrode is engineered for high-fidelity, EMI-suppressed dual-biosignal sensing. This asymmetric architecture integrates a carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/NiFe2O4/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) magnetic-dielectric aerogel with a highly conductive liquid-metal textile, establishing a continuous impedance gradient from the skin interface to the external ambient. This design enables a synergistic absorption-reflection-reabsorption mechanism, yielding an exceptional shielding effectiveness of 64 dB with low reflection (R < 0.24). By stabilizing the local electromagnetic field and minimizing interfacial impedance, the electrode achieves reliable EMG/ECG monitoring with a signal-to-noise ratio of 16.6 dB under strong EMI. Moreover, a machine-learning framework leveraging fused dual-signal features attains 97.7% accuracy in human motion recognition, substantially surpassing single-modality approaches. This work introduces a signal-integrity-driven paradigm that unifies electromagnetic field management with physiological sensing, paving a general way toward EMI-resilient, high-precision bioelectronics.
Implantable electronics often adopt non-planar electrodes to resolve the conflict between conductivity and deformability. Encapsulation of these electrodes becomes a critical challenge for conventional elastic seals due to the elastic-contact-induced interfacial voids and consequential fluid ingress. Here, we present a viscoplastic interlayer that can adapt to the three-dimensional structures of non-planar electrodes, resulting in intimate contact and hermetic encapsulation. This interlayer is a polymeric composite that consists of a long-chain polyisobutylene as the matrix, a short-chain polyisobutylene as the plasticizer, and maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene as the foreign domains. Its viscoplasticity originates from the chain slippage and permanent disentanglement of the long-chain polyisobutylene, promoted by the plasticizers and confining domains, respectively. When synergized with covalent bonding, the interlayer derives defect-free interfaces between the sealing elastomer and various non-planar electrodes, such as microwires, micropillars, and serpentine electrodes. This intimate encapsulation stabilizes the signal-to-noise ratio of an electromechanical device for 50 weeks in acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions and extends the in vivo duration of signal fidelity for stretchable bioelectronics to a record of 45 weeks. This viscoplastic interlayer provides fruitful implications for improving the long-term stability of implantable bioelectronics.
Reliable and continuous electrophysiological recording is important for health monitoring and human-machine interactions. However, most existing epidermal electrodes suffer from either limited skin-electrode contact during skin deformation and sweating, or unstable connections between soft electrodes and relatively rigid data acquisition systems due to the inherent mechanical mismatch. Besides, their lack of personalization further discourages long-term use, particularly among children, adolescents, and individuals sensitive to stigma. Here, this work presents a paintable, drawn-on-skin dry electrode that forms an ultraconformal interface on hierarchically textured skin topographies with a thickness gradient to minimize interfacial stress, achieving low contact impedance (10.8 kΩ cm2) and high adhesion (~963 kPa) on skin. The resulting electrodes are customizable in shape and color, transforming them from "medical devices" into playful wearable accessories, thus enhancing user compliance and long-term wearability. Moreover, the in situ paintability enables seamless integration with porous silver textile connectors, yielding an interlocked junction with a built-in modulus gradient for stable signal transmission. The versatility of this platform is demonstrated through diverse use cases, including wireless electrocardiogram monitoring during long-term complex daily activities, machine learning-enabled electromyogram for gesture recognition and robotic hand control, and through-hair electroencephalogram detection for neural response analysis. In addition, the absence of image artifact highlights its potential for multimodal MRI imaging and electrophysiology. Overall, this strategy establishes a personalized, scalable platform for next-generation electronic tattoos toward continuous healthcare and interactive bioelectronics.
Chronic wounds remain a major global health challenge despite substantial advances in biomaterials, regenerative medicine, and wound-care technologies. Current therapeutic strategies are largely based on the assumption that chronic wounds represent impaired or incomplete healing responses and therefore require augmentation of regenerative processes. This paradigm has driven the development of increasingly sophisticated wound dressings incorporating extracellular matrix analogs, growth factors, stem cells, extracellular vesicles, biosensors, and bioelectronic components. However, the clinical impact of these innovations has often fallen short of expectations. In this review, we propose a conceptual framework intended to generate experimentally testable hypotheses rather than provide a definitive mechanistic model. Persistent alterations in immune, stromal, vascular, extracellular matrix, metabolic, mechanical, and microbial networks create interconnected feedback systems that resist transition toward regeneration. From this perspective, successful therapy requires not only stimulation of repair mechanisms but also disruption of the processes that stabilize chronicity. We discuss how advances in systems biology, immunomodulatory biomaterials, bioelectronics, artificial intelligence, and precision medicine support the emergence of adaptive therapeutic interfaces capable of sensing, interpreting, and reprogramming pathological tissue behavior. Unlike previous reviews that primarily summarize emerging wound dressings or regenerative biomaterials, this Review proposes a systems-level conceptual framework in which chronic wounds are interpreted as stable pathological tissue states maintained by multiscale biological memory. This perspective integrates biomaterials, systems biology, artificial intelligence, and tissue-state dynamics into a unified translational model that has not previously been presented in the wound-healing literature. Previous reviews have predominantly focused on the design, biological activity, or clinical performance of individual biomaterials. In contrast, the present Review proposes a systems-level framework that integrates wound biology, biological memory, tissue-state dynamics, artificial intelligence, and adaptive biomaterials into a unified conceptual model for precision wound medicine. This state-based model reframes advanced wound dressings as tools for biological state engineering and provides a translational framework for the future of chronic wound management.
High-density organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) arrays are essential for neuromorphic computing and bioelectronic interfaces, but progress has been limited by the low resolution of electrolyte patterning. Although conventional photolithography offers high feature resolution, it involves a fundamental trade-off among spatial resolution, ionic capacitance, and stability in the electrolyte. Here we report an ion compensation-assisted photolithography (ICAP) strategy that yields electrolyte micro-patterns combining high precision, high capacitance and high stability. A molecularly engineered electrolyte forms, under UV exposure, a physicochemical dual cross-linked network with strong solvent resistance and hydrophobicity, which suppresses swelling during both aqueous development and the subsequent ion-compensation step, preserving pattern fidelity. Ion compensation then restores and enhances the mobile-ion content, increasing areal capacitance. The resulting electrolytes achieve a record 2 μm resolution, 15.6 μF cm-2 capacitance, and strong thermal stability from - 50 to 200 °C. Integrated into OECTs, the ICAP-patterned electrolytes suppress crosstalk by 97.6% and boost on/off ratios by 325%, reducing parasitic coupling by more than 40 times compared to unpatterned arrays. The method is compatible with p-type and n-type organic semiconductors and inorganic oxides, providing a versatile route to scalable neuromorphic circuits and advanced bioelectronics.
Fracture healing culminates in restoration of mechanical competence, yet clinical monitoring remains largely dependent on episodic imaging and subjective assessment, which provide delayed structural information and limited insight into the evolving stability of the fracture construct, contributing to uncertainty in clinical decision-making and delayed recognition of impaired healing. Advances in bioelectronics, implantable sensors, and wearable systems are enabling longitudinal assessment of fracture recovery by capturing quantitative signals related to mechanical load transfer, local tissue state, and functional activity in real-world settings. In this review, we synthesize recent developments in sensor-based fracture monitoring and propose a conceptual framework that integrates three complementary dimensions of healing assessment: mechanical competence, biological progression, and functional recovery. Among these, load-path sensing of implant-bone load transfer provides the most direct proxy for fracture stiffness and currently represents the most translationally mature approach, supported by emerging preclinical and early clinical studies. In contrast, biological sensing strategies, including impedance- and dielectric-based approaches, aim to detect earlier changes in callus composition but remain at lower levels of translational readiness, while wearable monitoring technologies offer scalable insights into rehabilitation trajectories but provide indirect measures of fracture stability. Collectively, these approaches support a transition from episodic structural imaging toward continuous, data-driven characterization of healing dynamics. Achieving clinical implementation will require workflow-integrated sensing systems, interpretable analytical frameworks linking sensor outputs to clinically actionable endpoints, and multicentre validation establishing standardized thresholds across fracture types and treatment strategies. Current literature on fracture healing monitoring is largely technology-centric, with limited integration of sensing outputs into clinically actionable frameworks. This review addresses that gap by providing a unified, decision-oriented synthesis that links mechanical, biological, and functional sensing paradigms to the core clinical endpoint of fracture healing, restoration of mechanical competence, and to key management decisions such as weight-bearing progression, follow-up intensity, and early detection of delayed union. By contextualizing existing technologies within a translational maturity (TRL) framework and evaluating evidence from benchtop, preclinical, and early human studies, this work identifies which sensing strategies are closest to clinical implementation and what barriers remain, including the need for standardized protocols, validated decision thresholds, workflow integration, and scalable data interpretation. The translational value of this review lies in defining how continuous, quantitative monitoring can complement or partially replace episodic imaging, enabling earlier, more objective, and individualized fracture care, while providing a roadmap for the development, validation, and clinical adoption of sensor-enabled, data-driven orthopaedic management systems.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with intrinsic dual proton-electron conductivity are highly desirable for energy conversion devices and chemical separation, yet merging these properties within a single crystalline phase remains a challenge. Here, we report two novel Mn(II)-based conjugated MOFs that share similar building blocks, but diverge into distinct topologies: a kagome lattice (kgm) and an unprecedented pseudo bex-d topology (Mn-HHTP-bex-d). These frameworks exhibit sharply contrasting conduction profile: Mn-HHTP-kgm demonstrates excellent electronic conductivity (8.4 × 10-1 S cm-1 at room temperature), but limited proton transport (3.6 × 10-7 S cm-1) at 98% relative humidity (RH), whereas the pseudo bex-d topology exhibits more balanced electronic conductivity (2.4 × 10-5 S cm-1) and proton conductivity (4.5 × 10-5 S cm-1 at 98% RH). Crystallographic and computational studies indicate that the efficient π-π stacking in kgm topology promotes charge delocalization and through-space charge transport for electrical conduction, while the pseudo bex-d topology leverages framework-incorporated water molecules and acetate moieties to establish efficient hydrogen-bonding networks for proton transport. This work highlights the critical role of topological control in modulating mixed-conduction properties and offers valuable insights for designing multifunctional MOFs for ambipolar devices, bioelectronics, and energy systems.
The advancement of high-performance n-type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) is pivotal to advancing organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) for next-generation bioelectronics. While current design strategies predominantly center on non-ionic conjugated polymers, their inherently hydrophobic backbones lead to suboptimal ionic transport characteristics. To address this challenge, we introduce an ionic acceptor design strategy of backbone cationization via B ← N functionalization within bipyridine and bipyrazine frameworks. Leveraging these cationic acceptors, we synthesized two n-type ionic polymer OMIECs, PBPyBF3, and PBPzBF3, which exhibit low-lying LUMO levels as low as -4.0 eV, elevated backbone torsional barriers, and ordered microstructures. Most critically, backbone cationization via B ← N coordination significantly enhances hydrophilicity by inducing a distinct porous film morphology, facilitated by hydrogen bonding with processing solvents. This structural evolution translates to a dramatically improved volumetric capacitance of 581 F cm-3. Consequently, OECTs based on cationic polymer PBPzBF3 exhibit an exceptional normalized transconductance of 38.9 S cm-1 and figure of merit of 215.9 F cm-1 V-1 s-1, ranking among the highest values reported for n-type OMIECs to date. Notably, electrocardiogram sensors integrated with PBPzBF3-OECTs exhibit high signal-to-noise ratios and superior sensitivity. This work establishes fundamental structure-property relationships governing ion-electron coupled transport in conjugated polymers.
Historically, cardiac arrhythmias have been interpreted as intrinsic ion channel disorders of the cardiomyocyte. However, the field is currently undergoing a fundamental paradigm shift, recognizing the brain-heart axis as the ultimate arbiter of electrical stability. Despite a wealth of preclinical evidence, the clinical translation of neuromodulatory interventions has reached a critical juncture, with many trials yielding conflicting or disappointing outcomes. This translational gap underscores a critical need to move beyond an oversimplified, efferent-centric view toward an integrated understanding of the neuro-cardiac hierarchy. This review redefines arrhythmogenesis as an emergent property of multi-level network instability, driven by 3 core mechanistic principles: spatial heterogeneity, temporal dynamics, and convergent remodeling. By synthesizing the anatomical architecture of the cardiac autonomic nervous system, integrating the often-overlooked afferent sensory limb and the intrinsic "little brain", we illustrate how neural circuits translate systemic stressors into localized electrophysiological triggers. We examine the bidirectional neuroimmune crosstalk and neuropeptide dynamics that bridge inflammatory signaling with maladaptive remodeling. Furthermore, we explore how circadian rhythms impose temporal windows of vulnerability, transforming stable substrates into arrhythmogenic ones. Finally, we critically evaluate the therapeutic landscape, from established pharmacological blockade to the nascent frontiers of closed-loop bioelectronics and nanotechnology. By bridging molecular mechanisms with a hierarchical appraisal of clinical evidence, this review provides a roadmap for the next generation of precision neuromodulation designed to restore and sustain neuro-cardiac homeostasis.
Organic bioelectronics relies on materials capable of efficiently transducing signals between ionic biological environments and electronic devices. Conducting polymers are particularly attractive for this purpose due to their mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, mechanical compliance, and chemical tunability. Among them, bis-ethylenedioxythiophene-thiophene (ETE)-based polymers can be synthesized in situ via mild enzymatic reactions, enabling seamless and substrate-free integration with biological systems. Here, we investigate the impact of hydrophilic side-chain engineering on the physicochemical, electrochemical, and biological properties of ETE-based polymers by comparing two polymers which differ only by the presence of a triethylene glycol side chain between the ETE core and the terminal carboxylic group. We show that glycolation leads to increased film hydration and surface roughness without a measurable change in elastic modulus, suggesting competing effects from molecular ordering and ionic cross-linking. In a neuronal cell model, the glycolated polymer exhibits markedly enhanced cytocompatibility and cell adhesion, likely driven by its increased surface roughness and matrix topography. By combining electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, in-operando UV-vis spectroscopy, and electrochemical atomic force microscopy, we correlate ionic transport, swelling behavior, and nanomechanical responses, revealing enhanced electrochemically induced swelling in the glycolated polymer. Finally, when implemented as active channel materials in organic electrochemical transistors, both polymers display comparable performance, although the glycolated polymer shows slightly reduced cycling stability. These findings highlight the complex trade-offs introduced by side-chain glycolation and provide design guidelines for enzymatically synthesized conducting polymers in bioelectronic interfaces.
Real-world data on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are essential to determine whether a class effect exists and to assess the benefit of switching between treatments. Available data remain limited as most studies focused exclusively on patients who failed previous CGRP mAbs and evidence regarding newer agents such as eptinezumab are still scarce. This prospective real-world study included all adult patients enrolled in the FHU InovPain registry who received intravenous eptinezumab 100 mg and after prior treatment with one or more subcutaneous CGRP mAbs, regardless of their response to previous CGRP mAbs. According to the 50% response rate (in terms of monthly migraine days) after 6 months of treatment, a descriptive analysis of switching from subcutaneous CGRP mAbs to eptinezumab was performed. Patients were classified into three subgroups: cross-effectiveness (all CGRP mAbs used were effective), cross-ineffectiveness (all CGRP mAbs used were ineffective), and no cross-response (different responses across CGRP mAbs used). Factors associated with response to CGRP mAbs were investigated by comparing patients with cross-ineffectiveness (with the CGRP mAbs used) to those who responded to at least one CGRP mAb (cross-effectiveness and no cross-response), followed by multivariate logistic regression. A total of 190 patients (83.7% women; mean age 52.2 ± 13.7 years) were included. The 50% responder rate to eptinezumab was 76.0% (95% CI: 67.3-83.1) in patients who had responded to at least one previously used CGRP mAb, compared with 30.4% (95% CI: 20.2-42.8) in patients with no prior response to CGRP mAbs. Cross-effectiveness, cross-ineffectiveness, and no cross-response were observed in 46.8% (95% CI: 39.6-54.2), 28.9%, (95% CI: 22.7-36.0) and 24.2% (95% CI: 18.4-31.7) of patients, respectively. Only two factors were associated with response to at least one CGRP mAb: a lower helplessness score on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (AdjOR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.97, p=0.004) and a lower allodynia score on the ASC-12 (AdjOR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84-0.98, p=0.010). This real-world study confirms the clinical benefit of switching to eptinezumab in nearly one-third of patients who did not respond to previous subcutaneous CGRP mAbs. It also demonstrates a class effect that is not absolute, as nearly one-quarter of patients showed no cross-response between CGRP mAbs. Not applicable.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor that can integrate into neural circuits implicated in tumor progression and treatment resistance. Gabapentinoids are proposed to disrupt such interactions. We analyzed postoperative gabapentinoid use and overall survival (OS) in nationwide adult GBM cohort. This retrospective population-based study utilized the Turkish national healthcare registry, identifying adult patients with pathology-confirmed GBM who underwent surgery between 2016 and 2024. The primary endpoint was OS. Stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting (sIPTW) was applied to adjust for potential confounders, and survival associations were evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Survival curves were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimator, and statistical significance was defined as a two-sided P-value <.05. Of 11,924 patients, 701 (5.9%) utilized postoperative gabapentinoids. In sIPTW-weighted analyses, gabapentinoid utilization was associated with reduced mortality risk (HR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.66-0.84; P < .001). Age-stratified analyses demonstrated effect modification, with survival benefit observed in patients aged ≥55 years (HR 0.70; 95% CI, 0.60-0.81) but not in those <55 years. Within older subgroup, both gabapentin (n = 349; HR 0.70; 95% CI, 0.59-0.83; P < .001) and pregabalin (n = 248; HR 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56-0.83; P < .001) independently improved OS. Dose-response analyses suggested lower-mortality exposure ranges (gabapentin: 1,200-2,400 mg/day; pregabalin: >400 mg/day). In this nationwide cohort, postoperative gabapentinoid use was associated with improved survival in patients with GBM, particularly aged ≥55 years. These findings support targeting neuron-glioma axis and warrant prospective evaluation of gabapentinoids as adjuvant therapies in GBM.
Boron-doped carbon quantum dots (B-CQDs) have been synthesized via a sustainable hydrothermal method using banana peel biomass and boric acid as precursors. Uniform spherical dots with an average size of 2 nm after doping have been revealed through an electron microscope. Optical studies showed a red shift in absorption and photoluminescence peaks. Tauc's plot revealed band gap reduction from 2.73 eV (CQDs) to 2.33 eV (B-CQDs) after boron incorporation due to the modification in the electronic structure. The doped CQDs exhibit enhanced electrochemical capacitance (78 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1) and improved antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli with MIC values of 3.0 mg mL-1. They also maintained excellent cytocompatibility, with over 90% cell viability in the 3T3-L1 fibroblast cell line. DFT simulations supported the experimental findings by revealing that asymmetric boron doping introduces defect states near the Fermi level, thereby reducing the HOMO-LUMO gap. Both experimental and theoretical analysis indicate that boron incorporation alters the electronic configuration. The synergy between green hydrothermal synthesis and electronic modification highlights B-CQDs as eco-friendly nanomaterials for bioelectronic and antimicrobial applications.
Development of wearable devices that are easy to use and comfortable for the wearer enhances their ability to be used in settings where clinical management and support is limited, such as rural communities. This study gathered data that measured the usability of a multimodal wearable bioelectronic device to reliably and accurately monitor vital signs in real time. The participants (n=13) reported that the device was comfortable and adhered well during a 24-hour period, as well as easy to put on. Feedback was also collected to understand how the device might be improved, and participants shared concerns over the ability to expose the device to water (bathing, perspiration related to exercise), the size of the device, and ability to sleep wearing the device. Participant responses were consistent across collection methods (text survey during the 24 hour study period, follow-up paper survey, and follow-up phone survey). These results will inform the continued development and refinement of the device to enhance participant comfort to increase the feasibility of long-term remote management of chronic disease conditions, resulting in improved health outcomes, reduced costs, and improved quality-of-life.