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As top predators, terrestrial carnivores face great risk of pesticide exposure and serve as sentinels of environmental contamination. Additionally, terrestrial carnivores are frequently threatened by intentional or secondary poisoning with highly toxic compounds, such as carbamates and organophosphates. This study employed high-performance liquid chromatography attached to a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) to detect pesticides frequently used worldwide for wildlife poisoning and currently banned in Brazil: two carbamates (aldicarb, carbofuran) and one organophosphate (phorate) and their metabolites, in the liver and vitreous humor of 35 road-killed carnivores found in southeastern Brazil. Herein, we analyzed seven ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), seven crab-eating raccoons (Procyon cancrivorus), four crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous), four maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), four jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), four pumas (Puma concolor), four lesser grisons (Galactis cuja), and one Southern tiger cat (Leopardus guttulus). Pesticides were detected in 34.3% (12/35) of the individuals, with aldicarb found in nine cases, carbofuran in two, and phorate in one. The high prevalence of these banned pesticides in the studied wild carnivores raises concerns regarding their use in the country and the consequent health risks posed to humans, wild, and domestic animals.
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Cosmetics are defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as "articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body…for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance". However, the safety of cosmetic ingredients is the responsibility of the manufacturer and exposure to some of these chemicals can result in unintentional harmful effects in humans. Thus, some states are banning specific chemicals, at the state legislation level, from being used in cosmetics, which includes known endocrine disruptors such as dibutyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In this study, we aim to determine the toxicity pathways significantly affected by the cosmetic ingredients (both banned and non-banned), compared to the non-cosmetics compounds in the Tox21 10K library. The Tox21 10K compound library (which includes 113 banned, 927 non-banned cosmetic ingredients and 8,185 non-cosmetic compounds) was previously screened against a panel of ~ 90 cell-based and biochemical assays. The hit rates (i.e., the percentage of compounds active in an assay) of the cosmetic and non-cosmetic compounds, as well as banned and non-banned compounds, in each Tox21 assay were compared using a Fisher's exact test, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We found that the evaluated cosmetic compounds were significantly more active in 11 antagonist mode assays and 23 agonist mode assays compared to the non-cosmetic compounds. The banned compounds were significantly more active in 7 antagonist mode and 6 agonist mode assays compared to the non-banned compounds. The targets of the antagonist assays included enzymes such as CYP2C19 and aromatase (CYP19A1), and the agonist assays included the Keap1/Nrf2 antioxidant response element pathway. In the present study, we compared the bioactivity profiles of cosmetic ingredients and non-cosmetic compounds (not used in cosmetics), as well as the banned and non-banned cosmetic ingredients, across the Tox21 assays. The analyses revealed distinct molecular pathways for these chemicals which furthers our mechanistic understanding of cosmetics ingredient toxicity and may help direct the selection of cosmetic ingredients in the future with potentially less bioactivity. Not applicable.
Pesticide use is increasing globally, particularly in developing agricultural systems like Bangladesh, raising concerns about occupational exposure and food safety. This study conducted a comparative cross-sectional survey of 600 farmers in Tangail and Sirajganj districts using structured questionnaires during the 2025 cropping season. It assessed pesticide use patterns, farmers' knowledge, safety practices, and self-reported occupational health impacts. Tangail farmers primarily used insecticides, particularly lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin, whereas Sirajganj farmers predominantly relied on fungicides, including propiconazole and azoxystrobin. Moderately hazardous pesticides dominated use in both districts. Three major concerns emerged from the study: widespread over-application of pesticides, low adherence to withholding periods, and the continued use of banned products. Over-application was reported by 54.7% of farmers in Tangail and 68.7% in Sirajganj, while WHP adherence remained low (46.3% and 21%, respectively), and banned pesticides were still used in 12 and 20% of cases respectively, indicating significant behavioral and regulatory gaps. Only 19% of farmers consistently used personal protective equipment, and occupational health complaints were more frequent in Sirajganj, with 50.3% reporting skin irritation. A key finding was a significant knowledge-practice gap, where WHP knowledge inconsistently increased the likelihood of unsafe practices and health complications. This study is novel in providing a comparative assessment of pesticide use and safety behaviors in riverine farming systems, highlighting behavioral inconsistencies despite awareness. These findings indicate that awareness alone is insufficient to ensure safe pesticide practices and highlight the need for behavior-focused interventions, strengthened regulatory enforcement, improved monitoring of pesticide distribution, and promotion of integrated pest management to reduce occupational exposure and food safety risks in similar agricultural settings.
Ethylene oxide (EtO) has been banned in the European Union since 1991 as a fumigant for food commodities. Nevertheless, recurrent contamination incidents, especially since 2020, involving imports from India, have raised significant food safety concerns. Despite regulatory measures, EtO and its metabolite, 2-chloroethanol (2-CE), continue to be detected in a variety of food products, including dried foods, dietary supplements, and food additives. This study presents a QuEChERS-based method involving the conversion of EtO into 2-CE, which is subsequently quantified by isotope dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). In contrast to previously published methods, this protocol utilises an Agilent HP-5ms Ultra Inert column (30 m × 250 μm × 0.25 mm), routinely employed in our laboratory for multi-residue pesticide analysis. The proposed approach is therefore readily adaptable to laboratories already performing multi-residue analyses, as it does not require modifications to existing instrumental configurations. The method was validated in accordance with SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines. A total of 84 samples, primarily imported from India, as well as from Brazil, Argentina, and the United Kingdom, were analysed. 2-CE was detected in four samples, and in two cases, the sum of EtO and 2-CE, expressed as EtO, exceeded the European Union (EU) maximum residue limit (MRL).
The residues of heavy metals, pesticides and mycotoxins in 42 types of traditional Chinese medicine formula granules (TCMFGs) were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the detection rate of seven types of heavy metals was 100%. Among the 143 types of pesticides, 78 were detected, with an average detection rate of 24.72%. Of the 57 types of mycotoxins, 14 were detected, with an average detection rate of 38.30%. Using the hazard index method, a three-dimensional risk assessment framework based on hazard index (HI), prevalence (P), and variability (CV) (HI-P-CV framework) is established. The HI values were 0.73 for heavy metals, 0.03 for pesticides and 0.54 for mycotoxins, individually. The CV values were 59.15%, 59.54% and 42.57%, respectively. The model revealed significant variation in contamination levels among three categories of residues in TCMFGs, indicating hidden risks. Cumulative dietary risk assessment identified 18 varieties with potential health risks, including 10 high-risk varieties. The average cumulative dietary risk was 1.3, indicating a relatively high overall risk of exogenous residue contamination in TCMFGs. Profile analysis indicated that varieties with aerial medicinal parts tend to accumulate heavy metals and should be prioritized for heavy metal contamination monitoring. Varieties with underground medicinal parts, which are rich in polysaccharides, are more susceptible to fungi contamination. The detection of banned pesticides and widespread presence of plant growth regulators highlight the need for stricter regulation of pesticide use.
Since late 2022, the sale of most flavored tobacco products has been prohibited in California, including menthol cigarettes. Tobacco companies responded by introducing 'non-menthol' cigarettes in which menthol was replaced with WS-3, an odorless synthetic cooling agent to elicit cooling sensations similar to menthol. Legislation enacted in 2024 banned the addition of cooling characterizing flavors in tobacco products in California. However, the industry continues to market 'non-menthol' cigarettes in the state, with very similar package designs. The aim of this study was to verify whether cooling agents were removed from these cigarettes. Available Newport-branded 'non-menthol' cigarettes were purchased in California in 2025, extracted and tested for sensory cooling activity by Ca2+ microfluorimetry of HEK293T cells expressing the human TRPM8 cold/menthol receptor. Chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GCMS). 'Non-menthol' and menthol cigarettes marketed in 2023-2024 served as controls. While extracts from Newport 'non-menthol' and menthol cigarettes marketed in California in 2023 produced a TRPM8-mediated Ca2+ increase of 60 ± 8% and 39 ± 3%, (p<0.0001, n=3) respectively, responses elicited by extracts of Newport 'non-menthol' cigarettes marketed in 2025 were indistinguishable from baseline (p=0.48, n=3). Chemical analysis confirmed no menthol or WS-3 above the level of detection (10 μg/cigarette), and no other major commercial synthetic cooling agents. The tobacco industry removed sensory cooling agents from 'non-menthol' cigarettes marketed in California. However, this did not result in the market withdrawal of 'non-menthol' cigarettes in the state. 'Non-menthol' cigarettes in California continue to be marketed with package designs resembling those of former menthol cigarettes, signaling the potential presence of a characterizing flavor.
In recent years, the government of India has banned single-use plastic, as it is more customer-friendly but poses major disadvantages, such as leaching. As impurities can be present in any source, from the raw material to the end product, and so on, these are scientifically termed extractables and leachables. To identify these types of impurities from the pharmaceutical formulation, predominantly parenteral and ophthalmic or any other products available in plastic packaging, a rapid, selective, and simultaneous method for four different analytes has been developed with the help of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and validated completely according to International Council for Harmonization Q2(R1) guidelines. Selected extractables and leachables, namely cyclohexanone, 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol, bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt, and benzophenone, were detected by mass spectrometry and identified using the NIST17 library of the instrument. The developed method was within the range.
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been classified as a reproductive toxicant and endocrine disruptor and will be banned in the European Union (EU) in blood bags starting in July 2030. Alternative plasticizers are being developed, and this study is the first to report on platelets and plasma collected using investigational non-DEHP apheresis sets. Randomized, crossover collections of platelet and plasma products from identical participants in DEHP and non-DEHP sets were performed. Plasma was studied as fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and stored in non-DEHP bags. Additional plasma-only collections evaluated plasma frozen within 24 h after phlebotomy and held at room temperature for up to 24 h (PF24RT24). Platelet and plasma quality parameters were evaluated against the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) criteria. Platelet products (n = 33 pairs) met all FDA/EDQM standards, and in vitro parameters were within the predetermined 20% equivalency margin. FFP products (n = 33 pairs) met the EDQM criteria. Factor VIII retention after ≥30 days of frozen storage was on average 88.4%. All parameters for PF24RT24 products (n = 31 pairs) met the 20% equivalency margin after >31 days of frozen storage. No serious adverse events in study participants were reported. Non-DEHP apheresis disposable sets collect transfusion-quality platelet and plasma components, supporting the phasing out of DEHP and reducing exposure to this plasticizer, without compromising participant safety and quality of the collected products.
Utilisation of alternative fine aggregates becomes crucial due to the demand. Besides, the use of river sand as fine aggregate in concrete is banned in several countries to protect riverbeds and water bodies. Consequently, the usage of crusher sand has been widely adopted. Studies on the combined use of crusher sand with waste glass powder are extremely limited. Hence, the present study focuses on the combined use of crusher sand and waste glass powder used concrete. This study examines the impact of waste glass powder as a substitute for fine aggregates in concrete. Concrete specimens were prepared by substituting crusher sand with waste glass powder in varied quantities of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by weight. The mechanical and durability characteristics of waste glass used specimens were examined. The 10% waste glass used specimens exhibited enhanced compressive strength of 7.26% for 28 days of curing compared to the control specimen. The enhancement in strength is attributed to the particle packing efficiency of finer glass particles and the pozzolanic reaction. The comparable split tensile strength was also observed for WGP10 specimens. Durability assessments revealed decreased water absorption in WGP specimens, with the most noticeable improvements occurring in the WGP10 specimen, where water absorption decreased by 3% compared to 4.5% in the control specimen, resulting in a 29% reduction in porosity. Similarly, the WGP10 specimen exhibited enhanced durability under unsaturated exposure conditions, evidenced by a sorptivity coefficient of 0.0034 mm/√s, representing a 44% reduction compared with the control specimens. The improvements are primarily due to the filler effect of the ground glass particles, which reduce porosity and enhance resistance to external chemical aggression.
Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is a flour additive that strengthens dough and increases bread volume. However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has labeled it as a possible human carcinogen. Despite being banned in many countries, KBrO3 is still found in bread, particularly in resource-limited settings like Ethiopia, which can pose serious health risks. The goal of this study is to develop and validate a sensitive, selective, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for detecting and measuring KBrO3 in bread using a quality by design (QbD) approach. A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed and optimized using the central composite design (CCD) expert. Chromatographic analysis was performed on a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer. The method was validated following the ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Fifteen commercial bread samples were collected from each subcity of Mekelle and analyzed using the developed method. The developed method demonstrated excellent linearity, precision, and accuracy, with recovery rates between 96% and 99%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.015 mg/kg. Bromate residues were detected in all bread samples, with concentrations ranging from 4.5 to 9.15 mg/kg, which is significantly higher than the WHO/FDA safety limit of 0.02 mg/kg. The validated HPLC method provides a reliable and accurate tool for routine monitoring of KBrO3 in bread. The results highlight significant public health risks associated with excessive bromate use in local bread production and call attention to the urgent need for strengthened regulatory controls and enforcement of food safety standards in Ethiopia.
The tobacco industry exploits legislative loopholes by introducing products with novel constituents, sensory features and/or branding to bypass flavour restrictions and maintain appeal, particularly among young populations. Post California's 2022 flavour ban, the leading oral nicotine pouch (ONP) brand (ZYN) started marketing two new 'unflavoured' products, Classic and Original, but it is unknown if they differed from preban products marketed as 'flavour-ban approved' (Chill and Smooth) in their chemical composition, sensory characteristics and human appeal. Nicotine, menthol and synthetic coolants, WS-3 and WS-23, were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Menthol receptors (TRPM8 and TRPA1) activity was measured by calcium-microfluorimetry to assess cooling- and irritation-potential. ONP sensory attributes and appeal were assessed in young adults (21-25 year old) after 5 min standardised use in a double-blind, randomised remote trial. 'Chill' and 'Classic' ONPs contained WS-3 exclusively (0.24±0.02 mg/pouch), with consistent levels across nicotine strengths; 'Smooth' and 'Original' contained neither menthol nor WS-3. Extracts of 'Chill' and 'Classic' robustly activated the cold/menthol TRPM8-receptor with similar potency and efficacy while weakly activating the sensory irritant TRPA1 receptor. Compared with 'Smooth', human participants rated 'Chill' and 'Classic' as having stronger cooling sensations (p<0.05), while 'Classic' was rated as more minty flavoured (p<0.005). Preban and postban ONPs showed similar chemical, sensory and appeal profiles based on WS-3 presence. By using concept names and sensory cues to disguise flavours and additives, the industry exploits regulatory loopholes to sustain marketing of banned products. NCT06506162.
Farm workers experience some of the highest chronic pesticide exposures worldwide, yet potential links with key cardiovascular risk factors remain underexplored. This systematic review focuses specifically on associations between occupational pesticide exposure and hypertension or obesity in farm-exposed adult populations, highlighting two major, modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in a high-risk group. MEDLINE was systematically searched for observational studies of hypertension and/or obesity among adults with farm-related pesticide exposure. Using the PECOS framework, two reviewers independently screened records and extracted data on study design, population, exposure assessment, outcomes, and main findings. Of 355 records, 14 studies met inclusion criteria (10 cross-sectional, 2 case-control, 2 cohort). Most assessed general pesticide use (n = 9), with fewer examining specific pesticide groups, chemical classes, or active ingredients (each n = 4). Obesity was positively associated with organophosphates (n = 3), atrazine (n = 1), and general pesticide exposure (n = 5), while two studies reported inverse associations; no other active ingredient showed consistent effects. General pesticide exposure was associated with hypertension in three studies, but overall evidence for blood pressure was heterogeneous. Occupational exposure to organophosphates, atrazine, and general pesticide use may increase obesity risk among farm workers, suggesting a potential contribution to cardiovascular disease, whereas associations with hypertension remain uncertain. Interpretation is constrained by limited, heterogeneous data and by a predominant focus on compounds now restricted or banned in many high-income settings. Future longitudinal studies should apply standardized, quantitative exposure assessment and evaluate currently used pesticides and mixtures in diverse agricultural contexts.
Nicotine pouches are marketed as a smokeless alternative to traditional tobacco products, delivering nicotine through a powder blend of water, salts, aromatic oils, and other additives. Building on previous work examining nicotine release under simulated use, this study assessed additional substances transferred into saliva during pouch exposure. GC-HRMS analysis revealed a broad range of compounds, including terpenes, benzene derivatives, phenols, ethers, and alcohols. Of sixty-five detected terpenes and terpenoids, only fourteen are authorized under Regulation (EC) No. 1334/2008, and several constituents are known allergens or suspected carcinogens. Phthalates such as dibutyl and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-both banned in cosmetics and recognized environmental pollutants-were also present. Two chlorinated compounds, tentatively identified as 2-(1-chloroethoxy)acetaldehyde and ((chloromethoxy)methyl)benzene, were detected, though their toxicological relevance remains unknown. Quantification of myosmine, a tobacco alkaloid not permitted as a food additive, detected 0.04 mg in pouch types F and 0.03 mg in pouch S, but nothing in V. Nicotine release after 1 h in artificial saliva was highest in F (3.11 mg), followed by V (2.75 mg) and S (1.24 mg). A 50 kg child may be at risk from 25 to 50 mg nicotine, and in a worst-case scenario, consuming about ten strong pouches in an hour could approach a potentially lethal dose. These findings underscore the need for stricter regulation and comprehensive toxicological evaluation of nicotine pouch ingredients.
In 2021, a total of 82 million people used electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) globally. E-cigarette regulations around the globe vary widely from the product being banned in some jurisdictions to being completely unregulated in others. The Tobacco Pack Surveillance System (TPackSS) was initiated in 2012 to monitor tobacco packs available in 14 low- and middle-income countries with the greatest number of people who smoke. The aim of TPackSS is to assess compliance with country-specific tobacco packaging and labeling requirements and identify marketing features and appeals used on tobacco packaging. The objective of this study was to adapt and expand the previous TPackSS protocol to also include disposable e-cigarette devices and their accompanying products: e-cigarette liquids and pods or cartridges. E-cigarettes were added to TPackSS data collection in Indonesia in 2022 and in China in 2023. Collection took place in Jakarta, Medan, and Surabaya in Indonesia and Shanghai, Beijing, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Kunming, and Shenzhen in China. A total of 15 neighborhoods per city in Indonesia and 12 per city in China were visited. The TPackSS protocol developed for tobacco products in 2012 to 2013 was used as the foundation for the adapted protocol for e-cigarettes. The adaptation of the original TPackSS protocol followed an iterative process involving extensive discussions among the TPackSS study team, comprising researchers with expertise in tobacco control and 13 years of experience in tobacco product packaging surveillance. The study adapted the sampling frame and sampling strategy, pack collection procedures, photography guide, shipment and translation procedures, and codebook to account for the unique country contexts for e-cigarettes (eg, regulations, market for e-cigarettes, and retailer landscape) and the heterogeneity of e-cigarette packaging observed. These adaptations were based on the review of peer-reviewed literature, white papers, Euromonitor data, and consultation with researchers with expertise in e-cigarette marketing and with in-country public health professionals. Using Indonesia as a pilot country, the protocol was evaluated and further refined post implementation for use in China. The TPackSS study began in 2012 and was funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies. Data collection took place from September to October 2022 in Indonesia and April to May 2023 in China. Across Indonesia and China, 968 unique e-cigarette products were collected. TPackSS data collection, coding procedures, and study findings are publicly available for use on the TPackSS website. The protocols presented here, which were used in 2 countries with contrasting e-cigarette markets and regulatory requirements, can be adapted for use in other countries. Findings from use of this adapted protocol can inform policy by providing insights into the design features and marketing appeals of e-cigarette products available on the market, as well as compliance with health warning label requirements where applicable.
The rapid proliferation of Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) devices necessitates robust, privacy-preserving intrusion detection systems. While Federated Learning (FL) mitigates data privacy risks through localized training, it introduces vulnerabilities to model poisoning and computational bottlenecks on edge devices. To address these challenges, we propose a secure, hardware-optimized Blockchain-Federated Learning (BC-FL) framework. Deploying a lightweight Hybrid CNN-RNN model on Edge Gateways, we relieve end-sensors of heavy computational tasks. To overcome the 'cold-start' problem, we introduce a Domain-Adaptive Transfer Learning strategy, dynamically adapting a pre-trained binary classifier to a multi-class task (Normal, Mirai, Bashlite). Furthermore, a lightweight blockchain ledger provides an immutable audit trail and a reputation-based isolation mechanism to penalize malicious nodes. Evaluated on the N-BaIoT dataset, the proposed 3-class CNN-RNN model achieves 95.62% overall accuracy, with precision/recall/F1-scores of 0.99/0.91/0.95 for Mirai and 0.93/0.99/0.96 for Bashlite attacks. The framework reduces communication bandwidth by 96% compared to centralized learning. During simulated Byzantine attacks, the reputation mechanism successfully banned malicious nodes, maintaining a robust 95.62% global accuracy. This framework offers a highly scalable, secure, and computationally feasible solution for real-time anomaly detection in resource-constrained IoT edge environments.
Thyrostats increase water retention and absorption in animals; this property is abused in the rearing of meat producing animals to inflate carcase weight in a bid to increase the profits of producers. As such meat is of poor quality, and due to the potential carcinogenic and teratogenic properties of thyrostats, their use has been banned in the EU since 1981. The difficulties encountered in the analysis of these compounds, due to their small size, high polarity, and the endogenous nature of some analytes (2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methylthiouracil), has limited the sensitivity of methods in difficult matrices such as urine, with minimum method performance requirements (MMPR) of 10 µg L-1 for six analytes (2-thiouracil, 5-methylthiouracil, propylthiouracil, tapazole/methimazole, benzylthiouracil and mercaptobenzimidazole). This work describes the development and alternative factorial validation, to the criteria as set out in CIR (EU) 2021/808, of a rapid and sensitive method for the quantitative confirmation of 11 thyrostats, including the endogenous analytes, using an extracted solvent standard calibration curve and post column infusion of NH4F, with decision limit (CCα) values ranging from 0.29 to 0.51 µg L-1.
Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) stimulate erythropoiesis and enhance performance, and were banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency in the year 2011. JNJ-42041935, a potent and selective PHD inhibitor, was administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats, and its metabolites were tentatively characterized using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) in positive and negative ionization modes. Eleven metabolites were identified, with Phase I reactions including monohydroxylation, dechlorination, and decarboxylation, and Phase II reactions comprising methylation, glucuronidation, sulfation, glycine, and taurine conjugation. These results provide insights into JNJ-42041935 biotransformation and support the development of analytical methods for HIF-PHI detection in anti-doping control. Future studies will continue to identify and characterize the valuable metabolites of JNJ-42041935, with a view to providing a more comprehensive understanding of its in vivo metabolic profile and developing improved detection methods.
With regard to the sustainability of plastics, the role of plastic additives can no longer be ignored or underestimated, as additives may play a more significant role in the biological impact of plastics than anticipated. Plasticizers form the largest group of additives, and phthalates are the best-known plasticizers. To date, several low molecular weight phthalates are restricted/banned due to health and environmental hazards, so various substitute plasticizers, especially high molecular weight phthalates such as di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), in particular, are increasingly used. However, the hazard data of DPHP, particularly those for environmental organisms, are very limited. The current study investigated the potential long-term impact of substitute plasticizer DPHP in comparison to that of the previously dominant di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). As model organisms, aquatic arthropods, such as crustacean Daphnia magna, and terrestrial arthropods, such as mealworm Tenebrio molitor and woodlice Porcellio scaber, were chosen. Exposure to phthalates was carried out via 0.5-1000 mg DPHP/DEHP/kg-spiked sediment, soil, or food, depending on the assay. Solvents were used in spiking, and results are presented in relation to the solvent controls. For D. magna, both phthalates induced delayed reproduction in F0 and F1 generations and a smaller parental size at 25 mg/kg. The reduced number of broods (DPHP) and fertility (DEHP) was recorded in the F1 generation. For T. molitor, no adverse effects on organism mass, moult, or development were recorded during 8 week exposure at up to 1000 mg/kg food. For P. scaber, a 2-week exposure to phthalates did not affect immunity but triggered biochemical responses. DEHP exposure induced potential neurotoxicity (increase in acetylcholinesterase) above 50 mg/kg and detoxification (increase in glutathione S-transferase) above 100 mg/kg, simultaneously reducing metabolic activity. DPHP induced detoxification processes, even at 5 mg/kg. In conclusion, DPHP toxicity induction potential was comparable to that of DEHP, indicating that more hazard data are needed to ensure that DPHP is not a regrettable substitution to DEHP.