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Current sociological interest in “real utopias” demands a critical evaluation of potential academic contributions to the subject. The following is a sociological critique of the real utopian project of abolishing the antithesis between town and country. The analysis uncovers a fundamental dilemma in theorizing how to transform this antithesis. On one hand, social and natural scientists have acknowledged that modern urbanization and the urban–rural divide contribute to the creation of a rift in the relationship between humans and the natural environment. On the other hand, modern cities, based on arguments about the efficiency of urban density, are defended by a wide variety of scholars. Nevertheless, in turning to a socioecological framework of analysis based on the work of Marx and Engels and metabolic rift theory, this dilemma can be resolved. This framework emphasizes that modern cities are the result of interdependent development, which is expressed through the antithesis between town and country. This antithesis is the intervening mechanism in which the metabolic rift is spatially observed and carried out. That the ecological rift is now planetary demands a real utopian project in which dramatically different social and spatial relations are theorized.
Research Article| April 01 1988 The Antithesis of Virtue: Sallust's "Synkrisis" and the Crisis of the Late Republic William W. Batstone William W. Batstone Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Classical Antiquity (1988) 7 (1): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/25010876 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation William W. Batstone; The Antithesis of Virtue: Sallust's "Synkrisis" and the Crisis of the Late Republic. Classical Antiquity 1 April 1988; 7 (1): 1–29. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/25010876 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentClassical Antiquity Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1988 The Regents of the University of California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Abstract In this chapter we argue that certain salient contrasts that Frederick Wiseman presents non-verbally and multimodally in his Direct Cinema documentaries can be understood as antitheses that play an argumentative role. In this type of documentary, which renounces the use of voice-over narration and music, a filmmaker has to rely on cinematography and editing in combination with participants’ spoken language to guide viewers’ interpretations. We argue that the ways in which certain sequences and shots are filmed and edited as well as the way dialogue, image, and sound combine within the shot create multimodal meanings that can be accounted for in terms of antithesis and can thereby contribute to the argument developed by the filmmaker. We focus on instances of visual and multimodal antithesis in five of Wiseman’s early films ( Titicut Follies , High School , Hospital , Juvenile Court , and Primate ) and one later film ( Zoo ).
This article examines the infamous white supremacist novel, The Turner Diaries. Our analysis illustrates the rhetorical force of a fictional novel, as well as the author's efforts to constitute an audience that avoided any overt attempt to reveal the nature of that audience. We suggest that the constitutive functioning of the novel is most productively explored by examining various elements of the novel as an example of what Burke termed “identification by antithesis.” We close by offering insights into how this case study, and the use of identification by antithesis, extends our understanding of the constitutive functions served by rhetoric.
Plants have followed two principal (and contrasting) strategies of adaptation to the irregular supply of water on land, which are closely bound up with scale. Vascular plants evolved internal transport from the soil to the leafy canopy (but their 'homoihydry' is far from absolute, and some are desiccation tolerant (DT)). Bryophytes depended on desiccation tolerance, suspending metabolism when water was not available; their cells are generally either fully turgid or desiccated. Desiccation tolerance requires preservation intact through drying-re-wetting cycles of essential cell components and their functional relationships, and controlled cessation and restarting of metabolism. In many bryophytes and some vascular plants tolerance is essentially constitutive. In other vascular plants (particularly poikilochlorophyllous species) and some bryophytes tolerance is induced by water stress. Desiccation tolerance is adaptively optimal on hard substrates impenetrable to roots, and on poor dry soils in seasonally dry climates. DT vascular plants are commonest in warm semiarid climates; DT mosses and lichens occur from tropical to polar regions. DT plants vary widely in their inertia to changing water content. Some mosses and lichens dry out and recover within an hour or less; vascular species typically respond on a time scale of one to a few days. Contents Summary 327 I. Introduction 328 II. The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum 329 III. Desiccation-tolerant plants: taxonomic distribution and functional characteristics 331 IV. Anatomical and physiological requirements and implications of desiccation tolerance 333 V. Time-scale considerations and ecological adaptation 340 VI. Conclusion 344 Acknowledgements 344 References 344.
The paper aims to identify one of the communication techniques which creative designers may use in the annual review/annual report and accounts, described by Hopwood in 1996 as a “largely unresearched document”. It offers a new dimension to add to existing work on graphs, accounting narratives, readability and visual images. Using analytical methods from within artistic disciplines, the paper examines the use of antithesis in structure, visual material and text of Reuters 2000 Annual Review and Report and Accounts. It is suggested that the framing and communicative power of such techniques may supplement the accounting disclosures. Further possible applications and lines of enquiry are outlined.
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Abstract Two trends have emerged in burnout research that have resulted in a broadening of the topic. First, the concept of burnout has been expanded to embrace all professions, whereas it was previously considered to exist only in the human services. Second, in line with the growth of positive psychology, there has been a shift in focus toward its antithesis, namely engagement, which can be defined as a positive affective-motivational state of fulfilment in employees. As a new construct, the body of literature on this subject is limited. However, this paper offers a comprehensive review of the empirical findings that are available to date. It examines the origins of research on engagement and goes on to explore the likely antecedents and consequences of this construct. In doing so it highlights the value of engagement not only as a state of well-being but also as a predictor of high performance.
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Alienation is a central concept in Rosa’s critical social theory. Rejecting the idea of freedom as self-determination, he introduces instead self-efficacious subjectivity as the antithesis of alienated agency. He thereby loses sight of a component historically central for theories of alienation: a critically reflective relationship by individual subjects to their own life-activity. Without such a relationship, I argue, subjects may be entrapped by their particular life-orienting commitments and convictions concerning what it means to lead ethically good lives. I conclude that Rosa’s rejection of the idea of self-determining agency impairs the critical scope and vision of his critical social theory.
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Entropy can be defined as the antithesis of well-formed true reports that agree with each other and with the material facts accessible through the experience of one or more competent observers. The abstract convergence (strictly formal, logical agreement) of true narrative representations (TNRs)—ordinary valid reports of facts of experience—makes them formally more complete than fictions, errors, lies, and nonsense. A limit of absolute entropy is theoretically reached if all resemblance to a TNR is lost. As argued here, TNRs—formally defined along the lines of Peirce's exact logic—provide the necessary foundation for functional human languages and for biosemiotic systems. The theoretical concepts of pragmatic mapping—the fitting of a TNR to whatever facts it represents—and the constructive cycle of abstraction that enables a child to discover the systems underlying such mappings are introduced and illustrated from child development and then shown to apply to the human neuroarchitecture, genetics, fetal development, and our immune systems. It is also argued that biological disorders and disease conditions logically must involve corrupted (damaged, undeveloped, or otherwise incomplete) representations at one or many levels.
This article discusses the degree to which the Chinese government can control the internet and, more than that, to what degree the internet can be used as a means for control. Using a framework suggested by Lessig, an analysis will be provided of how the Chinese government establishes internet control from legal, economic, social, and technical perspec tives. 1 The concept of the Panopticon prison, invented by Jeremy Bentham and mediated by Michel Foucault, will be used as a metaphor to show that the Chinese government has all the tools at its disposal to further enforce control over the internet.
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The now taken-for-granted notion that data lead to information, which leads to knowledge, which in turn leads to wisdom was first specified in detail by R. L. Ackoff in 1988. The Data-Information-KnowledgeWisdom hierarchy is based on filtration, reduction, and transformation. Besides being causal and hierarchical, the scheme is pyramidal, in that data are plentiful while wisdom is almost nonexistent. Ackoff’s formula linking these terms together this way permits us to ask what the opposite of knowledge is and whether analogous principles of hierarchy, process, and pyramiding apply to it. The inversion of the DataInformation-Knowledge-Wisdom hierarchy produces a series of opposing terms (including misinformation, error, ignorance, and stupidity) but not exactly a chain or a pyramid. Examining the connections between these phenomena contributes to our understanding of the contours and limits of knowledge.
Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in patients younger than 50 years are increasing, but screening before the age of 50 is not offered in Europe. Advanced-stage diagnosis and mortality from colorectal cancer before 50 years of age are increasing. This is not a detection-bias effect; it is a real issue affecting the entire population. Three independent computational models indicate that screening from 45 years of age would yield a better balance of benefits and risks than the current start at 50 years of age. Experimental data support these predictions in a sex- and race-independent manner. Earlier screening is seemingly affordable, with minimal impediments to providing younger adults with colonoscopy. Indeed, the American Cancer Society has already started to recommend screening from 45 years of age in the United States. Implementing early screening is a societal and public health problem. The three independent computational models that suggested earlier screening were criticized for assuming perfect compliance. Guidelines and recommendations should be derived from well-collected and reproducible data, and not from mathematical predictions. In the era of personalized medicine, screening decisions might not be based solely on age, and sophisticated prediction software may better guide screening. Moreover, early screening might divert resources away from older individuals with greater biological risks. Finally, it is still unknown whether early colorectal cancer is part of a continuum of disease or a biologically distinct disease and, as such, it might not benefit from screening at all. The increase in early-onset colorectal cancer incidence and mortality demonstrates an obligation to take actions. Earlier screening would save lives, and starting at the age of 45 years may be a robust screening option.
Abstract Observations on the effect of unemployment on health include note that the clustering in certain geographic areas of low income, job insecurity and poor housing are the experience of the same groups of people. Considerable difficulties exist in isolating the different aspects involved. Nonetheless, it is argued (1) that the effects of each separate strand are dependent upon and reinforced by the others; (2) that it is possible to clarify the ways in which the elements interrelate; and (3) that it is the whole pattern that most satisfactorily explains currently available data on unemployment and health.
The critical transition in social policy in nineteenth-century Britain, it is still generally believed, was the change from individualism to collectivism. Yet since Dicey came under fire in the late 1950s, there has been no accepted consensus about how and when this transition came about. Dicey himself, who was not strictly a historian but a theorist of jurisprudence, held a naive view of how things happen, how policy changes and is translated into law: a great thinker thinks, and converts disciples, who in turn contrive to turn the master's thoughts into the dominant wisdom or accepted common sense of the age, which then finds its way on to the Statute Book. In this way he arrived at his famous tripartite division of the nineteenth century into three periods of public opinion, government policy, and legislation: the first, up to 1825 or 1830, the period of Old Toryism, legislative quiescence, or Blackstonian optimism, dominated by Sir William Blackstone; the second, from about 1830 to 1865 or 1870, the period of Benthamism or Individualism, dominated by Jeremy Bentham and his disciples; and the last, from 1865 or 1870 to the time of his lectures on Law and Opinion published in 1905, the period of Collectivism, dominated, it seems, by no great thinker of powerful mind and principle, but merely by the pragmatic need to propitiate the emerging and increasingly powerful working-class voter. It is surprising that Dicey could not find a great thinker on whom to serve an affiliation order for fathering collectivism.