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Psychiatric treatment research has too frequently neglected anger. "Anger management" is widely used to tamp anger down. Yet understanding and expressing anger often have clinical and interpersonal value. Few data address anger in the context of treating patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The authors hypothesized the clinical utility of anger expression rather than suppression, particularly using interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), which focuses on interpersonal handling of emotions. IPT effects on anger have barely been researched. Secondary data analyses examined anger items from a randomized, 14-week trial of prolonged exposure (PE), IPT, and relaxation therapy (RT) for 110 unmedicated patients with PTSD (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00739765). Anger-related variables from the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) were analyzed with limited mixed-effects models. Anger decreased across treatments, with greater reductions in IPT compared with RT on CAPS anger when analyses controlled for overall PTSD improvement (p=0.035). The PE group × time interaction approached significance, suggesting less CAPS anger reduction over time for PE than for IPT. RT (vs. IPT) patients reported higher end-point BDI-II irritability (p=0.046) and less IIP reduction in anger-related interpersonal difficulties (p=0.017). Men had consistently higher CAPS anger scores than women (p=0.042). In this secondary data exploratory study lacking a primary anger scale, anger levels on several instruments improved across PTSD treatments with improvement in PTSD. The effect was greatest for IPT, which focuses on negative affect and its useful expression, and least for RT, which uses typical anger management techniques.

Political emotions are widely acknowledged as key drivers of political participation and polarization. Yet while it is well established that political emotions matter, far less is known about how they are felt and represented in the body. Across a preregistered, nationally representative study (N = 992), we introduce an embodied approach to political emotion using the validated emBODY-tool, which allows participants to map where in the body they experience sensations when feeling canonical emotions (e.g., anger) and their political counterparts (e.g., "political anger"). Specifically, we address three questions: 1) how political emotions are embodied and differ from their nonpolitical counterparts, 2) whether political dispositions influence how these political emotions are embodied, and 3) how their embodied experience interacts with political dispositions in explaining political attitudes and behavior. Pixelwise bodily sensation maps and aggregated "embodied impact" metrics show that political anger, anxiety, depression, disgust, and hope do not merely mirror their canonical forms, but take on distinct bodily patterns. Political ideology, but not political sophistication, modulates these bodily experiences, with Democrat-leaning participants reporting more intense sensations for negative political emotions, suggesting the presence of "ideological bodies." Crucially, political participation is not explained by how intensely people report feeling emotions, but is instead closely linked to how strongly these emotions are embodied in the body. Together, our findings underscore the body's central role in democratic engagement by showing how political contexts shape embodied emotional experience and how these embodied experiences shape politics and democracy.

The precise engineering of surface-bound organic layers remains a central challenge in materials chemistry, particularly for the construction of mixed monolayers with tunable composition. While the electroreduction of diazonium salts produces robust, covalently anchored films, its inherent limitations (poor control over surface coverage and the lack of dynamic molecular exchange) frequently result in uncontrolled multilayer growth, complicating compositional tuning. In this study, we demonstrate that rational molecular design, specifically the incorporation of extended alkyl spacers, overcomes these limitations by enabling controlled coimmobilization of functional and diluent species and by promoting confinement of film growth to the monolayer regime. Using TEMPO as a model redox-active motif, we compare mixed layers derived from diazonium precursors with and without C12 spacers. Electrochemical characterization reveals that the presence of extended linkers suppresses overgrowth and enables predictable tuning of redox unit surface density through adjustment of the functionalization solution composition while influencing the interfacial arrangement of the grafted species. These results establish clear design principles for the controlled assembly of multifunctional organic interfaces and provide new insight into structure-reactivity relationships in diazonium-based surface modification.

Attachment is a psychobiological system that is deeply intertwined with emotion regulation. The goal of this study was to investigate how one's attachment style modulates physiological responses during emotional experience and acoustic manifestations in vocal emotional expression. Using film-watching emotion elicitation and subliminal priming paradigms, we investigated the impact of attachment styles (secure, dismissive, preoccupied, and fearful) on physiological responses and vocal expression across four basic emotional states: amusement, anger, sadness, and fear. After 44 participants with romantic experiences completed the Experiences in Close Relationship questionnaire, they underwent physiological measurements while watching emotional film clips. They were then acoustically recorded as they spoke Mandarin pseudosentences-grammatical but semantically meaningless-to convey the emotions they perceived from the film clips. Univariate analyses showed the joint effects of attachment and emotion on three physiological measures tied to emotional experience, as well as on 14 acoustic measures associated with vocal emotional expression. Multivariate analyses revealed that, in both physiological and acoustic spaces, the secure group was relatively distinct from the dismissive and preoccupied groups, whereas the fearful group showed considerable variability across emotions. Using random forest classifiers, attachment style was identified with 73% accuracy based on 13 acoustic measures. Redundancy analysis further revealed a congruence between physiological and vocal emotional activations in the secure and fearful groups, whereas a contradiction between the two was observed in the preoccupied group. The results provide solid support for attachment theory, demonstrating that individual differences in emotional experience and expression are closely linked to one's attachment style. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.32191047.

BACKGROUND : Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) offers better oncological outcomes and lower recurrence rates, but is limited in colorectal use owing to concerns about adverse events, especially perforation. This study aimed to explore the clinical burden and risk factors for perforation in a Western cohort. METHODS : Analysis of intraprocedural and delayed perforations from a prospective cohort study including 3770 colorectal ESDs performed at one Belgian and 12 French centers between September 2019 and September 2022. RESULTS:  Intraprocedural perforation (n = 314; 8.3 %) or delayed perforation (n = 22; 0.6 %) occurred in 336/3770 procedures (8.9 %). Conservative management was effective for 308/336 perforations (91.7 %), especially for intraprocedural perforations (n = 304 /314; 96.8 %). Delayed perforation frequently required emergent surgery (n = 18/22; 81.8 %). Multivariable analysis identified factors associated with intraprocedural perforation, including previous resection (odds ratio [OR] 1.9, 95%CI 1.3 to 2.7), lesion size ≥ 50 mm (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.2 to 1.9), poor maneuvrability (OR 2.0, 95%CI 1.4 to 2.5) and severe fibrosis (OR 4.4, 95%CI 3.2 to 6.1). Proximal colonic location and severe fibrosis were associated with increased risk of delayed perforation. A perforation ≥ 5 mm (OR 8.9, 95 %CI 1.0 to 76.5) and fever (OR 9.5, 95 %CI 2.4 to 38.0) or abdominal pain (OR 26.6, 95 %CI 3.3 to 213.8) were associated with surgery after intraprocedural perforation (univariable analysis). No deaths were directly linked to perforation, but one death occurred due to delayed bleeding. CONCLUSIONS:  ESD-related perforations are often manageable conservatively, with surgery being rare; however, delayed perforations remain challenging and often require surgery. Patients should be informed of both the benefits and risks.

War-traumatized adolescents are at heightened risk of persistent anger and emotional dysregulation, which can impair mental health, social functioning, and community adjustment. Evidence-based interventions that specifically address anger in humanitarian settings remain limited. This study aimed to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a culturally adapted cognitive behavioral group intervention for reducing anger among war-affected adolescents in Jordan. A single-arm pretest-posttest design was employed with 50 Syrian and Palestinian adolescents exposed to war-related trauma. Participants completed an eight-session group intervention focused on cognitive restructuring and emotion regulation. Anger severity and emotion regulation were assessed before and after the intervention using validated self-report measures. The intervention demonstrated high feasibility, with full participant retention and strong treatment fidelity. Statistically significant reductions in anger severity were observed following the intervention, alongside improvements in emotion regulation. Outcomes were comparable across nationality and socioeconomic background. The findings indicate that a culturally adapted cognitive behavioral group intervention is feasible and acceptable in a humanitarian context and may reduce anger among war-traumatized adolescents. Although the absence of a control group and follow-up data limits causal interpretation, the intervention shows promise for integration into community and humanitarian mental health services. Future research should evaluate effectiveness using randomized controlled designs with longer-term follow-up.

Virtual reality (VR) nature therapies show promise for emotion regulation, but optimal combinations of settings remain unclear. This within-subjects study examined how cultural familiarity (Hong Kong marine vs. German forest sceneries) and interaction mode (sitting vs. standing) affect mood, embodiment, nature connectedness, and VR presence in 31 participants (mean age 22.5 years, SD 2.1; 18 female, 13 male; no prior VR experience reported by 74%). Using immersive 360-degree VR natural sceneries, we assessed outcomes via standardized scales before and after exposure. Results revealed significant pre- to post-exposure improvements in mood (reduced anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension) and embodiment (enhanced Body Unencumbered Adjustment), suggesting VR nature therapies' potential for treating mood disorders. Standing postures significantly enhanced embodiment compared to sitting, underscoring physical posture's influence on body awareness. Moderate levels of presence and nature connectedness highlighted 360-degree videos' effectiveness for therapeutic benefits. Although no significant effects emerged from scenery changes, findings emphasize VR nature therapies' substantial potential for mental health interventions. Therapists should tailor body positions in VR sessions to optimize embodiment and enhance outcomes. Even simple 360-degree VR implementations can yield meaningful therapeutic effects, warranting further exploration for urbanized populations with limited nature access.

Moral injury (MI) refers to moral, relational, and existential suffering that may follow exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs), including violence, betrayal, systemic injustice, or interpersonal abuse. Although initially conceptualized within military contexts, moral injury has increasingly been documented across civilian, occupational, and clinical populations such as healthcare professionals, first responders, and humanitarian workers. Despite rapid growth in the literature, the construct remains theoretically fragmented and diagnostically undefined, complicating assessment and intervention. This narrative review synthesizes conceptual, empirical, and methodological literature on moral injury with particular attention to its psychological, moral, and existential dimensions. The literature suggests that moral injury is best understood as a multidimensional form of trauma-related harm characterized by moral emotions such as guilt, shame, anger, and betrayal, alongside disruptions in meaning-making, relational trust, and moral identity. These experiences may also involve existential and spiritual struggles related to conscience, responsibility, forgiveness, and reconciliation. Measurement approaches have increasingly shifted toward multidimensional outcome measures that distinguish exposure to morally injurious events from the emotional and existential consequences that follow. Emerging clinical interventions emphasize meaning-oriented, compassion-based, and moral repair processes aimed at restoring moral identity, relational trust, and a sense of purpose. Overall, moral injury represents a distinct but overlapping construct within the broader trauma spectrum that cannot be adequately captured by fear-based models alone. Future progress requires conceptually aligned measurement strategies and integrative clinical approaches that address moral, relational, and existential suffering while recognizing the role of meaning-making and spiritually informed healing processes.

Mercury’s massive metallic core, volatile-rich surface, and extreme space environment establish it as a key end-member in understanding terrestrial planet formation and evolution. With the imminent arrival of the BepiColombo mission, the planet now stands at the threshold of a transformative exploration phase.

Background: Hatha yoga has gained increasing popularity worldwide and has been associated with benefits for mental health and short-term emotional functioning. Objective: The present study examined pre-post changes in mood states following a single Hatha yoga session in adult women participating in community-based exercise programs. Methods: A total of 253 adult women participated in the study. Participants completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire immediately before and after a single 60 min Hatha yoga session. The questionnaire assesses anxiety-tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion, and vigor. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the changes in mood states and the potential differences between the age groups. Results: Significant improvements in mood states were observed following the session. Anxiety-tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion decreased, while vigor increased. No significant time × age group interaction was observed for most mood variables. However, a significant interaction was found for vigor, indicating that women aged 41 and older showed a greater increase following the session. Conclusions: Participation in a single Hatha yoga session was associated with short-term changes in mood states among adult women, suggesting that yoga may represent a potentially beneficial community-based activity for supporting short-term mood regulation.

The detrimental effect of stigma on healthcare for individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is well-established, often resulting in social distance and diminished helping behavior tendencies. However, contemporary neuroscience reconceptualizes addiction as a brain disease, potentially altering emotional responses to stigma. This study examines a seemingly paradoxical possibility: that under specific conditions, perceived stigma is primarily associated with sympathy (rather than anger or fear), which in turn is linked to helping behavior tendencies among nurses. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 348 clinical nurses from tertiary hospitals in China. Participants completed standardized scales assessing perceived stigma of patients with AUDs, causal attributions, emotional responses (including sympathy, anger, and fear), and helping behavior tendencies. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and mediation analysis (PROCESS macro, Model 4) with 5,000 bootstrap samples to test the mediating role of sympathy. Perceived stigma showed a significant positive correlation with sympathy (r= .160, p<.05), which was in turn positively correlated with helping behavior tendencies (r= .269, p<.05). Critically, mediation analysis revealed that sympathy fully mediated the relationship between perceived stigma and helping behavior tendencies. The standardized indirect effect was significant (&#x3b2;= 0.15, 95% CI [0.08, 0.23]), accounting for the total observed relationship, as the direct effect was non-significant. Additionally, compared to non-psychiatric nurses, psychiatric nurses perceived patients as significantly less dangerous and reported lower levels of fear and anger, along with a stronger intention to help and a lower tendency to avoid patients. Challenging conventional perspectives, this study supports a dual-pathway model in which perceived stigma can indirectly associated with professional helping behavior tendencies through the elicitation of sympathy. While other emotions like anger and fear were also measured, the findings highlight the pivotal role of cognitive-affective processes, shaped by neurobiological understandings of addiction, in determining nursing care. Specifically, sympathy, but not anger or fear, was found to mediate the stigma-helping relationship. Enhancing neuroscience-informed education and targeted empathy training, particularly for general nurses, could transform stigmatizing attitudes into supportive care, ultimately improving outcomes for patients with AUDs.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. While a reversible increase in serum creatinine is a recognized class effect, the spectrum and severity of renal adverse events (AE) associated with these agents remain incompletely characterized. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the French national pharmacovigilance database from 2016 to January 2024 to identify reports of renal AE associated with the CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib, abemaciclib, and ribociclib. Cases were classified as pseudo-renal failure, renal failure in the context of dehydration, or renal failure without dehydration. Among 42 cases of renal AE identified, abemaciclib was implicated in 48%, palbociclib in 33%, and ribociclib in 19%. Pseudo-renal failure, attributed to inhibition of tubular creatinine transporters, was observed in one case. Seventeen cases of renal failure occurred in the context of dehydration, predominantly associated with abemaciclib and gastrointestinal toxicity. Twenty-four cases occurred without dehydration, with some confirmed as acute tubular necrosis (ATN) or tubulo-interstitial nephritis (TIN) on biopsy. Most cases were serious and required hospitalization. Renal replacement therapy was needed in three cases. CDK4/6 inhibitor was discontinued in 85% of the cases with a favorable outcome in the majority of the cases. A positive rechallenge was observed in 4 cases including true acute kidney injury in 2 cases. CDK4/6 inhibitors may cause functional and true renal impairment, ranging from mild, reversible creatinine increases to severe acute kidney injury. When performed, renal biopsy showed ATN and TIN. Close monitoring of renal function including cystatine-C based GFR evaluation and characterization of renal injury are essential to optimize patient safety.

Primary cilia disruption profoundly alters vascular integrity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released during ciliary decapitation have emerged as potential mediators of these effects, yet their functional contribution remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by deciliated endothelial cells on endothelial responses and evaluated their clinical relevance. EVs released by HUVECs and circulating EVs isolated from patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) were collected by differential centrifugation. The presence of ciliary markers was then assessed by Western blot analysis. Pharmacological ablation of primary cilia in HUVECs induced the release of EVs enriched in ciliary markers. EVs from deciliated cells did not alter nitric oxide bioavailability but triggered a significant and sustained increase in cytosolic reactive oxygen species, independent of xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase activity. By contrast, EVs from intact cilia exerted protective effects, enhancing endothelial migration and preserving barrier integrity during TNF-&#x3b1;-induced hyperpermeability. Loss of cilia abolished these protective actions, revealing a functional dichotomy determined by EV origin. Circulating EVs from OSAS patients with endothelial dysfunction showed a trend toward increased acetylated &#x3b1;-tubulin expression, suggesting that cilia EV signatures may represent emerging biomarkers of vascular impairment in OSAS. These findings reveal EVs from deciliated endothelial cells as previously unrecognized modulators of endothelial behavior, capable of directing vascular responses toward protection or oxidative damage according to ciliary status. Our study uncovers a mechanistic connection between cilia dynamics, EV signaling, and endothelial dysfunction.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is often underdiagnosed, highlighting the need for scalable diagnostic alternatives. The SUNSAS study compared a new device for at-home diagnosis of OSA (artificial intelligence [AI]-supported analysis of mandibular jaw movements [MJM]) with polysomnography (PSG) for time to diagnosis and treatment, and patient-reported outcomes. This prospective, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label study was conducted in France (October 2021-October 2024). Adults aged 18-80 years with suspected OSA were randomised (1:1) to undergo diagnostic testing using MJM monitoring (Sunrise) or PSG. Primary endpoints were assessed using hierarchical testing: 1. daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS] score) at 3 months post-diagnosis and time to diagnosis; 2. time to treatment; and 3. daytime sleepiness at 3 months post-randomisation. Secondary endpoints included quality of life (Short Form-36, Quebec Sleep Questionnaire), work productivity (Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire), and positive airway pressure therapy adherence at 3 months after treatment initiation. Of 849 participants randomised (58&#xb7;7% male, median age 50 years, body mass index 28&#xb7;0 kg/m2, apnoea-hypopnoea index 15&#xb7;2/h), 774 received a diagnosis: 133 no OSA, 239 mild OSA, 220 moderate OSA, and 182 severe OSA. Median time to diagnosis (15 vs. 106 days) and to treatment initiation (50 vs. 124 days) were significantly shorter with MJM analysis versus PSG (both p < 0&#xb7;01). MJM-based diagnosis was noninferior to PSG in reducing ESS at 3 months after diagnosis (-2&#xb7;26 vs. -2&#xb7;29; 95% confidence interval [CI] for difference -0&#xb7;85, 0&#xb7;79; p = 0&#xb7;01), and superior at 3 months post-randomisation (between-group difference: -1&#xb7;51 (95% CI -2&#xb7;17, -0&#xb7;85); p < 0&#xb7;01). Secondary endpoints also favoured the MJM group. OSA diagnosis based on MJM monitoring with AI-supported analysis is noninferior to PSG in reducing daytime sleepiness at 3 months after diagnosis, while significantly accelerating time to diagnosis and treatment initiation, resulting in earlier improvement in daytime sleepiness. Sunrise, with support from the French Ministry of Health through the Forfait Innovation programme.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) frequently co-occur. However, evidence on the clinical effects of stimulant treatment in ADHD-BPD comorbidity remains limited. This prospective study aimed to investigate the longitudinal effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on borderline personality features in adults with ADHD-BPD. Thirty-six adults diagnosed with ADHD who also met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition criteria for BPD were treated with MPH and followed for at least 16 weeks. Clinical ratings of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition BPD criteria and psychometric measures assessing symptom severity and personality functioning were obtained at baseline and follow-up. Twenty-four participants (66.7%) completed the follow-up. Follow-up duration ranged from 3.9 to 12.3 months, with a mean duration of 7.8&#x2005;&#xb1;&#x2005;2.48 months. The number of BPD criteria significantly decreased after treatment (r&#x2005;=&#x2005;0.82, P&#x2005;<&#x2005;0.001). Nineteen participants no longer met the diagnostic threshold for BPD, and 10 achieved remission (&#x2264;2 BPD criteria). Baseline anger dysregulation (P&#x2005;=&#x2005;0.009) and mood stabilizer use (P&#x2005;=&#x2005;0.029) were associated with continued MPH treatment. Our findings preliminarily suggest that MPH, especially combined with mood stabilizers, may be associated with clinical benefits and acceptable tolerability in patients with comorbid ADHD-BPD. While causal conclusions cannot be drawn, replication in randomized controlled trials is warranted.

Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) is an uncommon aggressive lymphoma with generally favorable outcomes; however, 15-20% of patients develop refractory disease. Reliable baseline prognostic biomarkers remain lacking. We evaluated the prognostic value of radiomic parameters derived from baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT in newly diagnosed PMBL. This post-hoc analysis included 180 treatment-na&#xef;ve patients from the multicenter LYSA cohort (2007-2017) treated with rituximab plus ACVBP, R-CHOP14, or R-CHOP21. Twelve 3D PET-derived radiomic features were extracted using Oncometer3D. Inter-parameter correlations were assessed using Spearman coefficients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses determined optimal cut-offs. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox regression models. Four clusters of correlated features were identified: activity, tumor burden, massiveness/fragmentation, and dispersion. Among these, total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV), maximal inter-lesion distance (Dmax), and median peripheral centroid distance (medPCD) demonstrated the strongest prognostic associations. TMTV and Dmax were significantly associated with shorter PFS and OS, while medPCD predicted OS. In multivariable analysis adjusted for IPI, bulky disease, B symptoms, and treatment regimen, a composite radiomic score (2-3 high-risk features vs 0-1) independently predicted OS (HR 7.76, 95% CI 1.59-37.74) and showed a strong trend for PFS. The composite score outperformed conventional clinical risk factors. Baseline PET-derived radiomic features capturing tumor burden, spatial dispersion, and compactness provide independent prognostic information in PMBL. A three-parameter radiomic score outperformed conventional risk factors and identified a high-risk subgroup at diagnosis, warranting prospective and external validation before clinical implementation.

Prior studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggest preserved recognition of positive emotions despite deficits for negative ones, but this dissociation may reflect methodological limitations (valence-asymmetry: positive-valence being limited to happiness/joy in basic-emotion sets). This study tested whether emotion-recognition deficits in MS are valence-specific or more generalized using dynamic stimuli and reduced valence-asymmetry, assessed across two sensory modalities. Exploratory analyses also examined cognitive status and correlations with cognitive/affective measures. Fifty relapsing-remitting persons with MS (pwMS) and 50 matched controls completed an emotion-recognition task involving dynamic audio and video stimuli. The task assessed recognition of all six basic emotions and 14 complex emotions. Cognitive and affective measures were collected; exploratory analyses examined cognitive status and associations with these variables. PwMS showed significantly lower recognition accuracy across multiple emotions compared to controls. In the video condition, group differences were stronger for negative emotions (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;.62, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;.001), whereas no significant group difference was observed for positive emotions. Only a single significant deficit (anger: OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;.52, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;.027) was found in the audio condition. Video subgroup analyses indicated reduced recognition in cognitively impaired pwMS for selected items, whereas pwMS without cognitive impairment did not differ significantly from controls. Findings support a predominant vulnerability for negative emotion-recognition in MS. In the absence of a significant group-level difference, the frequently reported preservation of positive emotion-recognition cannot be attributed to methodological artefacts alone. More broadly, individual patient characteristics, including cognitive functioning, may contribute to heterogeneity in emotion-recognition performance in MS.

The influence of specific task demands on metacognition in socio-emotional processing, particularly emotion recognition, remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to address this gap by examining differences in metacognitive monitoring (MM) using self-rated confidence (SRC), metacognitive accuracy (MA), and objective vocal emotion recognition ability (ERA) across discrete emotions. To this end, we used a categorical emotion recognition task. A hundred participants listened and were asked to identify one of six vocal emotions (anger, sadness, surprise, happiness, fear, and neutrality) in eighteen semantically neutral sentences. Immediately following each recognition response, participants provided a retrospective SRC. A series of one-way repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed a significant main effect of emotion on MM, MA, and ERA. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons indicated no significant differences between specific emotions for MM. Conversely, significant differences between emotions were observed for both MA and ERA, which exhibited a similar pattern of variability. Notably, sadness demonstrated the highest calibration and accuracy, while fear showed the poorest performance on both measures. Our findings suggest that the differences in MA between emotions are primarily attributed to the accuracy of ERA variations rather than the variations in MM. These results indicate that specific emotional content acts as a distinct task demand, influencing performance and metacognitive outcomes. Future research should explore the underlying mechanisms of MM in emotion recognition by comparing various MA indices across tasks and domains to provide a more comprehensive understanding of MA in the social domain.

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders, including a wide range of clinical, neuropathological, and genetic entities, whose late-onset forms remain underdiagnosed in clinical practice. Although FTLD is less frequent than Alzheimer's disease (AD) in older adults, recent epidemiological studies indicate that its incidence increases with age, peaking around the seventh decade, thereby challenging the traditional view of FTLD as a disorder predominantly affecting younger individuals. In older patients, diagnostic accuracy is reduced by the frequent absence of typical early-onset features. Late-onset FTLD often presents with less characteristic clinical phenotypes, including attenuated behavioural symptoms, misleading memory impairment suggestive of AD, and subtle motor or language manifestations, all of which contribute to delayed recognition. From a neuropathological perspective, late-onset FTLD displays distinct features compared with earlier-onset forms, including less pronounced frontotemporal atrophy, a higher frequency of mixed pathologies, and the presence of age-related lesions, which may influence clinical expression. In clinical practice, the identification of FTLD in older adults relies on a multimodal approach integrating detailed clinical and neuropsychological evaluation with structural or functional neuroimaging. In the absence of FTLD-specific biomarkers, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of AD are frequently used to support the diagnostic process, primarily to identify or exclude concomitant AD pathology, although their interpretation requires caution in this age group. Genetic analyses may also contribute to the diagnostic assessment, particularly in presentations compatible with the behavioural variant of FTLD, including late-onset cases. Overall, integrating clinical, neuropsychological, imaging, biomarker, and genetic data is essential to improve the recognition of late-onset FTLD and optimize patient management in this population.