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Minibeam radiotherapy (MBRT) is a form of spatially fractionated radiation therapy that uses arrays of submillimetric beamlets to generate highly heterogeneous dose distributions composed of alternating high-dose peaks and low-dose valleys. A growing body of preclinical evidence demonstrates that MBRT can maintain, and in some cases improve, tumor control while markedly reducing normal tissue toxicity. Beyond its physical characteristics, MBRT induces distinct biological responses, including vascular modulation, immune activation, redox signaling, and intercellular communication, supporting its characterization as a biologically distinct irradiation paradigm rather than a simple dosimetric optimization strategy. Despite these promising findings, important challenges remain for mainstream clinical implementation. Conventional dosimetry protocols and treatment planning systems are not designed to resolve submillimetric dose patterns, requiring high-resolution detectors, biologically meaningful dose metrics, and Monte Carlo-based planning approaches. In addition, inconsistent definitions of key parameters such as peak dose, valley dose, and peak-to-valley dose ratio (PVDR) limit reproducibility and comparison across studies. Considerations related to motion and delivery accuracy may also become relevant in certain applications, particularly for extracranial treatments, where preservation of the intended spatial dose modulation may influence therapeutic outcomes. Recent veterinary studies, early human applications, and expanding preclinical evidence continue to support MBRT as a promising strategy for widening the therapeutic window of radiotherapy.

Room-temperature spin control in semiconductors is fundamental to spin-optoelectronics. Although inversion symmetry breaking offers one path for spin control in semiconductors, strong spin dephasing at elevated temperatures remains a persistent limitation. Hidden spin polarization without global symmetry breaking provides another promising material design strategy, but robust spin stabilization from this effect has yet to be experimentally realized. Here we show spin stabilization at room temperature in two-dimensional hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites through hidden spin-valley locking. We use functional non-primary ammonium cations to induce symmetry-breaking distortions in the metal-halide layers, producing giant local spin splitting while preserving global inversion symmetry. Time-resolved circular dichroism measurements reveal optically generated spin-polarized carriers that persist for 686 ps in (AzOH)2PbI4 and 4.7 ns in the lead-free analogue (AzOH)2SnI4 at room temperature, without an external magnetic field. First-principles calculations suggest that these long lifetimes arise from hidden spin valleys, enhanced dielectric screening and reduced spin-orbit-induced scattering in the Sn-based compound. Our design paradigm unlocks inversion-symmetric semiconductors with ultralong spin lifetimes, broadening the materials options for light-driven spin control.

Carbon (C) released from decomposing plant litter constitutes a major component of soil CO2 efflux at the land surface, yet its contribution is rarely constrained separately from heterotrophic respiration of stable soil organic matter in global C budgets and Earth system model evaluations. We combined a global dataset with high-resolution field observations to quantify the contribution of litter-derived soil respiration (Rs) using litter-input and litter-removal experiments, and to project its current distribution and future dynamics with machine-learning models. On average, litter-derived Rs accounted for 30.9% of total Rs. Higher contributions were estimated for experiments of shorter duration, highlighting the important role of fast-cycling C alongside soil organic matter turnover. Litter-derived Rs varied substantially among ecosystems (grasslands > croplands > forests > wetlands) but did not differ significantly between tropical and temperate climates. Land surface slope exerted a stronger control than climatic or edaphic factors across both mountain and non-mountain regions, suggesting a pronounced topographic regulation. High-frequency field measurements further confirmed this pattern, with litter-derived Rs at mountain ridges being 1.5 times that in valleys. Global projections indicated a higher litter-derived Rs at low latitudes and greater vulnerability in cold climates under SSP 1-2.6 and SSP 5-8.5 scenarios. These findings demonstrate that litter decomposition is a substantial source of soil CO2 flux that is strongly controlled by terrain. Accounting for this CO2 pathway improves our understanding of how landscape heterogeneity influences terrestrial C cycle and enhances future predictions of ecosystem responses to climate change.

Large left atrial volume (LAV) is a strong predictor of advanced left atrial substrate and is associated with less successful outcomes following pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) alone. Prespecified variables of the aMAZE trial were evaluated to access for the impact of LAV and left atrial appendage ligation on atrial fibrillation (AF) outcomes. The aMAZE trial (REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02513797) was a multicenter, randomized-controlled study evaluating the effects of LAV on freedom from atrial arrhythmias (AA) following PVI-only compared with LARIAT and PVI (LARIAT+PVI). In total, 610 drug-refractory patients with nonparoxysmal AF were randomized 2:1 to LARIAT versus PVI alone. Freedom from AA was assessed 12 months postprocedure. LAV was independently assessed by a core laboratory from cardiac computed tomography performed before ablation. There were 404 patients in the LARIAT+PVI group and 206 in the PVI-only group. Logistic regression performed within each subgroup for primary effectiveness with LAV demonstrated that the recurrence of AA after PVI was directly related to increasing LAV. Freedom from recurrence of AA in the LARIAT+PVI arm was independent and preserved irrespective of LAV. Similar results were seen with LAV index. A tercile analysis of early persistent AF (perAF) patients (AF >7 days and <6 months) and LARIAT+PVI in the highest (>148 cm3) LAV tercile showed statistically significant freedom from AA compared with PVI-only (69% versus 49%; P=0.02). Significant differences (P<0.04) between groups in the early perAF cohort began at an LAV of 130 cm3 and an LAV index of 65 cm3/m2. The correlation of LAV with PVI effectiveness in this study demonstrates that AA recurrence after PVI alone is directly related to increasing LAV. Freedom from AA after left atrial appendage ligation in addition to PVI is independent of increasing LAV, and left atrial appendage ligation may therefore provide an adjunctive benefit in patients with nonparoxysmal AF and enlarged LAV.

Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represents the most severe form of peripheral artery disease, yet long-term cardiovascular outcomes after endovascular revascularization compared with claudication remain poorly defined. Using the TriNetX global research network (114 health care organizations), adults undergoing endovascular lower-extremity revascularization for CLTI or intermittent claudication were identified. Propensity score matching for demographics, comorbidities, and cardiovascular medications yielded 3727 matched pairs. Major adverse cardiovascular events (all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or stroke) and secondary outcomes were assessed at 1, 3, and 5 years. At 5 years, patients with CLTI experienced a significantly higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events compared with those with claudication (34.9% vs 30.7%; P < .001), along with greater all-cause mortality (18.7% vs 15.6%; P < .001), heart failure hospitalization (15.0% vs 13.0%; P = .001), major bleeding (15.1% vs 13.3%; P = .002), and acute kidney injury (26.4% vs 22.2%; P < .001). Rates of stroke or transient ischemic attack were similar between groups, whereas repeat revascularization was lower among patients with CLTI (45.9% vs 51.2%; P = .002). These findings were consistent at 1- and 3-year follow-up. Chronic limb-threatening ischemia patients undergoing endovascular revascularization experience significantly worse short- and long-term cardiovascular outcomes compared with claudication, underscoring the need for intensified cardiovascular risk stratification and secondary prevention in this high-risk population following peripheral intervention.

Electron behaviors-including how electrons interact with energy, matter, and magnetic fields-form the foundation of many biomedical imaging modalities, including X-ray imaging, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), optical imaging, electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). These interactions allow visualization of internal structures, molecular processes, tissue composition, oxygenation, redox biology, and high-resolution cellular or surface features. This narrative review provides an overview of key electron-associated mechanisms and their applications in biomedical imaging. Advanced MRI methods, including magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical exchange saturation transfer, relayed nuclear Overhauser effect imaging, dynamic nuclear polarization, and hyperpolarized 13C MRI, are highlighted as examples of molecular and metabolic imaging. By comparing modalities across contrast mechanism, spatial and temporal scale, penetration depth, sensitivity, clinical utility, and technological maturity, this review provides a framework for understanding established imaging approaches and contextualizing emerging biomedical imaging technologies.

To correlate the optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings and multifocal electroretinogram (mf-ERG) responses with visual acuity (VA) in patients with macular dystrophies. A cross-sectional study including 62 eyes of 31 patients diagnosed with macular dystrophy was conducted. All participants underwent assessment of corrected-distance VA, mf-ERG responses (data analysis were restricted to ring 1), and OCT parameters, including central macular thickness (CMT) and the integrity of the inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) junction. The correlations between VA with mf-ERG responses and OCT parameters were analyzed. A statistically significant moderate correlation was found between corrected-distance VA and CMT (r = 0.497, P < .001), the mf-ERG amplitudes of N1 (r = 0.469, P < .001), N2 (r = 0.517, P < .001), and P1 (r = 0.494, P < .001), the mf-ERG latencies of N2 (r = -0.301, P = .017), and the integrity of the IS/OS junction (r = -480, P < .001). There was a statistically significant weak negative correlation between corrected-distance VA of the studied eyes with mf-ERG latencies of N1 (r = -0.269, P = .034) and P2 (r = -0.283, P = .026). Regression analysis showed that CMT and IS/OS junction integrity were the most significant predictors of VA, alongside mf-ERG amplitudes and latencies. CMT and the integrity of the IS/OS junction are strong structural indicators for visual function in patients with macular dystrophies. Moreover, mf-ERG is considered to play a crucial role in identifying early functional impairment before irreversible anatomic changes occur.

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Tugai forests represent key riparian ecosystems of the arid landscapes of Central Asia, where vegetation dynamics are strongly influenced by seasonal hydrological variability and increasing anthropogenic pressure. Assessing the population structure of dominant shrub species can provide important insights into the condition and resilience of these floodplain ecosystems. This study examines the demographic structure, vitality, and morphological variability of Lycium dasystemum populations in the Syr Darya River valley. Field surveys were conducted in six subpopulations located in Tugai forests differing in hydrological conditions and levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Population structure was assessed using ontogenetic spectra, ecological density, and regeneration indices, while vitality indices and morphological traits were analyzed to evaluate population condition and phenotypic variability. Species turnover dominated &#x3b2;-diversity patterns (&#x3b2;sim up to 81%), indicating floristic differentiation among the studied communities. Clear spatial differences in demographic parameters were detected among subpopulations. Subpopulations occurring in relatively stable habitats showed more balanced ontogenetic spectra, higher vitality indices, and signs of active regeneration, whereas subpopulations exposed to stronger anthropogenic pressure were characterized by demographic imbalance, reduced recruitment, and lower ecological density. Morphological analyses revealed moderate phenotypic plasticity, suggesting that some traits may be associated with local floodplain habitat conditions. These findings indicate that maintaining suitable floodplain moisture conditions and regulating grazing pressure may contribute to the persistence of L. dasystemum populations and the conservation of Tugai vegetation in the Syr Darya basin.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) are endemic zoonotic pathogens in Senegal, transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks, respectively. Understanding the seasonal and spatial dynamics of their vectors is essential to improve targeted surveillance. This study investigated the abundance, diversity, and viral infection status of vector populations in a transboundary region (Matam) and a non-transboundary region (Thi&#xe8;s) over two seasons from September 2022 to March 2024. We collected mosquitoes using CO2-baited CDC light traps and sampled ticks directly from domestic small ruminants. A total of 6558 mosquitoes across 23 species and 1904 ticks representing seven species were morphologically identified. Mosquito abundance peaked significantly during the rainy season. Conversely, tick diversity increased during the dry season, with Hyalomma rufipes emerging as the predominant species. Crucially, RVFV was detected exclusively in Aedes vexans mosquito pools from the transboundary Matam region, emphasizing the epidemiological risk associated with cross-border livestock mobility. Viral RNA of CCHFV was detected in multiple tick species across both regions and seasons, confirming a sustained, multi-vector enzootic cycle. These findings demonstrate persistent RVFV and CCHFV circulation in Senegal and highlight the critical need for integrated, season-specific vector surveillance frameworks.

Catatonia in youth with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) may present with co-occurring psychotic symptoms and complicate medication selection, particularly when catatonic symptoms persist despite benzodiazepine treatment. Pediatric evidence guiding antipsychotic use during active catatonia remains limited. We describe antipsychotic medication use and treatment patterns in a 20-patient case series of youth with NDD, catatonia, and psychotic symptoms. We performed a retrospective chart review of youth treated at Nationwide Children's Hospital between 2017 and 2025. Inclusion required documented NDD, catatonia diagnosed by child and adolescent psychiatrists using the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale, psychotic symptoms prompting antipsychotic treatment, and receipt of at least one antipsychotic. Clinical Global Impressions ratings were abstracted from clinical documentation, including baseline Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) and Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) after benzodiazepine treatment and after the first antipsychotic trial, acknowledging that timing was not standardized. Catatonia course, predominant catatonia form, intervention sequencing, adverse effects, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), clozapine use, and 30-day readmission were abstracted descriptively. Twenty youth were included (median age 14.0 years; IQR 13.0-15.2), and 50% were female. Numeric full-scale IQ (FSIQ) values were available for 14/20 (70%); median FSIQ was 64.5 (IQR 48.5-69.0; range 43-75), and 13/14 (93%) had FSIQ < 70. Baseline severity was high (median CGI-S 6; range 5-7; n = 20). The catatonia course was acute in 1/20 (5%), subacute in 11/20 (55%), and chronic/relapsing in 8/20 (40%). The predominant catatonia form was mixed in 14/20 (70%), excited/agitated in 5/20 (25%), and hypoactive in 1/20 (5%). After benzodiazepine treatment, 15/20 (75%) had CGI-I &#x2264; 3, 4/20 (20%) had CGI-I = 4, and 1/20 (5%) had CGI-I &#x2265; 5. After the first antipsychotic trial, 12/20 (60%) had CGI-I &#x2264; 3, 6/20 (30%) had CGI-I = 4, and 2/20 (10%) had CGI-I &#x2265; 5. ECT was used in 12/20 (60%), and clozapine in 7/20 (35%). ECT and antipsychotic treatment were frequently concurrent or occurred within overlapping treatment phases. Thirty-day readmission occurred in 5/20 (25%). In this cohort, antipsychotic treatment occurred amid high baseline severity, variable catatonia trajectories, and frequent concurrent interventions. Worsening after the first antipsychotic trial was documented in a minority of patients, but findings should be interpreted cautiously given the small sample, retrospective design, absence of a control group, overlapping treatment phases, and the inability to separate medication effects from the underlying illness course. Causal attribution to any single intervention is not possible.

The family Scoliidae is composed of parasitoid wasps of notable ecological and agronomic importance, particularly for their role in the natural control of soil-dwelling beetle larvae within agroecosystems. This study provides the first record of Campsomeriella whitelyi (Kirby, 1889) in Chile, a species originally described from the Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru. The specimens analyzed, previously identified as Campsomeris servillei (Gu&#xe9;rin-M&#xe9;neville, 1831), were found to correspond to Campsomeriella whitelyi, whose known distribution in Chile was restricted to the extreme north. Their identity was confirmed through morphological analysis, which revealed the presence of a distinct yellow band on the fourth abdominal tergite and an elongated posterior tibial spur-diagnostic characters consistent with the original description of the species. This record from the Coquimbo Region represents the southernmost known expansion of the species. Specimens were collected between 2017 and 2025 in horticultural and rainfed agroecosystems associated with the Elqui River Basin (Coquimbo Region, Chile), using entomological nets in targeted sampling efforts. The edaphoclimatic conditions of the area-characterized by light-textured soils, winter humidity, and a high availability of hosts-appear to have favored the establishment of this wasp in a previously unreported environment. Through MaxEnt modeling, areas of high environmental suitability were identified in Chile's Norte Chico region. From an agronomic perspective, this finding opens opportunities to incorporate Campsomeriella whitelyi as a functional component in integrated pest management (IPM) programs, particularly in the biological control of Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) larvae that affect root, bulb, and minor fruit crops. Its adaptation to semi-arid agricultural environments suggests potential resilience under climate change scenarios, as well as a low impact on non-target species. This study contributes to applied entomology and functional conservation, promoting the integration of beneficial Hymenoptera into sustainable agricultural systems of north-central Chile.

Ectoparasites may negatively affect their hosts throughout life, especially during breeding and other energetically demanding periods. In birds, feather-feeding ectoparasites may reduce host condition and performance during seasonal migrations. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of wing-collected chewing lice (Phthiraptera) and their associations with two groups of avian hosts, Charadriidae and Scolopacidae. We examined 1403 individuals from 20 migratory shorebird species to estimate louse prevalence and abundance, and a subsample of lice was identified using microscopic examination and DNA barcoding. In total, 26 lice species were identified across all hosts. Measures of louse prevalence and abundance varied widely among host species (9%-94% infested individuals and 0.2-26.4 lice per individual). Infestation differed significantly between age classes (higher in first-year than in adult birds) and between habitats used by birds during migration (higher at an artificial reservoir than in a natural river valley). Notably, louse abundance was negatively associated with condition (fat load and size-corrected body mass) in a time-constrained long-distance migrant, the wood sandpiper Tringa glareola, whereas no such pattern was found in a short-distance migrant with fewer time constraints during migration, the common snipe Gallinago gallinago. Our findings suggest that chewing lice may negatively influence avian hosts during critical stages of the annual cycle, such as migration, but these effects may be modulated by host behavior, particularly migration strategy.

Dengue fever is a growing menace in Somalia, a climate change prone region with a weak healthcare system. An imperative of public health is effective forecasting models. This paper will provide a detailed comparative analysis comparing mechanistic, statistical, and hybrid models in order to find the best forecasting model to use in this data-sparse situation of dengue fever. We utilized raw reported annual incidence data of dengue (1990-2021, N&#x2009;=&#x2009;32) obtained from Our World in Data. Due to the lack of standardized case definitions and high under-reporting inherent to Somalia's surveillance system, forecasts represent the projected reported burden rather than true infection rates. The data was divided into a training and a testing set (1990-2016 and 2017-2021, respectively). We tested a mechanistic Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model, 8 single time series models (ARIMA, ETS, TBATS, and NNAR), and 12 hybrids using an averaging ensemble strategy. Although the time series models (individually) offered the basics of predictive power, the hybrid ARIMA-TBATS model was the most successful and it surpassed the other models. It performed the highest accuracy statistics on the testing data with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 6.49% and a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 663.81 and outperformed the best single model (TBATS) which had a MAPE of 7.14%. The basic reproduction number ( R 0 ) calculated by the SIR model was 1.015 which shows that the disease is endemic. This paper concludes that the ARIMA-TBATS hybrid should be the most empirically effective tool out of the ones considered when planning to forecast dengue in Somalia. Real-World Application: This ARIMA-TBATS framework is designed to serve as the mathematical engine for a National Dengue Early Warning System (DEWS) in Somalia, allowing public health officials to physically preempt outbreaks by routing medical supplies, mobilizing fumigation teams, and distributing bed nets to high-risk zones months before peak incidence occurs.

Background/Objectives: Sexualized drug use (SDU) and chemsex have emerged as a growing public health concern globally, reflecting complex intersections between sexual practices, psychoactive substance use, and structural vulnerabilities. In Brazil, however, evidence on healthcare access among individuals who engage in SDU/chemsex remains limited and fragmented. This scoping review aimed to map and analyze the available literature on healthcare access in this population, identifying barriers, facilitators, and gaps in care. Methods: The review followed the Arksey and O'Malley framework and Joanna Briggs Institute recommendations, with searches conducted in six databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS, and PsycINFO) for studies published between 2014 and 2025. Results: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria, predominantly quantitative and concentrated in large urban centers. Findings indicate that healthcare access is shaped by persistent structural and symbolic barriers, including stigma, discrimination, fear of disclosure, and limited professional preparedness. Care remains largely centered on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) services, with insufficient integration of primary care, mental health, and substance use services, contributing to fragmented care. Significant gaps were identified, including the underrepresentation of women, transgender, and non-binary populations, and the absence of studies focusing on healthcare professionals. Conclusions: Substance use patterns reflect both global trends and local specificities, particularly the prominence of alcohol and cocaine in Brazil. This review provides the first synthesis of Brazilian evidence on chemsex from a healthcare access perspective. The findings highlight critical inequities and support the need for integrated, stigma-free, and context-sensitive care within the Brazilian Unified Health System. Based on these findings, the VIP-SDU/Chemsex Model is proposed as a multilevel framework to explain how structural, symbolic, and programmatic factors shape access and health outcomes.

This study assesses pinna shape similarity using excitation-inhibition (EI) patterns as a compact feature embedding of interaural spectral symmetry, motivated by auditory brainstem models. Pinna-related impulse responses were extracted from head-related impulse responses (HRIRs) along the median plane and converted into EI patterns. Ear similarity was quantified with Euclidean distances over EI peak values. Clustering of 144 individuals first separated them into spectral clusters (S-clusters) based on interaural spectral difference (ISD), distinguishing spectrally balanced from imbalanced ears. To isolate morphology from spectral asymmetry, the 119 individuals with balanced ISD were re-clustered into five morphological clusters (M-clusters). Representative average ear shapes (RAES) were derived for each M-cluster and used to synthesise HRIRs with a common head and torso but different pinna morphologies. A virtual listening experiment provided a preliminary perceptual test of whether these EI-derived differences affected median plane elevation localisation. Listeners who achieved reliable externalisation showed reduced accuracy when the RAES had larger conchae than their own ears, with errors increasing with concha antihelix valley to intertragic notch mismatch. These results suggest that EI-based clustering captures pinna morphology relevant to elevation localisation.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) most commonly affects distal extremities; atypical truncal presentations may be underrecognized and can mimic cardiopulmonary pathology. A 27-year-old male developed chronic, severe anterior chest wall pain characterized by marked tactile allodynia, episodic erythema, and environmental trigger sensitivity. An extensive multidisciplinary evaluation excluded cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, dermatological, infectious, and structural etiologies. The clinical phenotype met Budapest criteria for CRPS type I, including disproportionate pain, symptoms across multiple domains, and objective signs on examination, without an alternative diagnosis better explaining the presentation. Symptoms were refractory to multimodal therapy, prompting a spinal cord stimulation (SCS) trial followed by permanent implantation after significant trial benefit. The patient experienced sustained analgesia and functional improvement at 3, 12, and 24 months, with only minor stimulation-related limitations. This case demonstrates that CRPS may present in an atypical anterior chest wall distribution. Explicit Budapes criteria documentation and a reproducible exclusionary workup strengthen diagnostic confidence. SCS may provide durable relief for refractory atypical CRPS phenotypes. https://thejns.org/doi/10.3171/CASE26152.

Clinical implementation of lattice radiotherapy (LRT) remains constrained by the absence of standardized, automated tools for comprehensive post-plan dosimetric analysis within commercial treatment planning systems (TPS). Herein, an automated script-based tool was developed using the Eclipse Scripting API (ESAPI) to enable rapid, standardized calculation of key LRT-specific metrics, including peak-to-valley dose ratio (PVDR), equivalent uniform dose (EUD), and ablative dose ratio (ADR). A modular computational architecture comprising four functional layers was implemented: (1) user interface for protocol configuration, (2) computation layer integrating multiple PVDR algorithms, (3) data service layer providing direct read-only access to three-dimensional dose and anatomical data via ESAPI, and (4) reporting module. To accommodate ESAPI security restrictions, a dual-script architecture incorporating a preprocessing sphere segmentation module was established. Validation was performed using a retrospective cohort of 12 lung cancer LRT patients, with accuracy assessed against manual TPS measurements and established reference values. Concordance between automated and manual TPS measurements was high. Standard dose-volume parameter extraction exhibited perfect agreement. For spatially explicit PVDR analysis, mean absolute error relative to manual profile assessment was 0.034 (absolute VPDR units). EUD calculations deviated less than 3% from published reference data. Evaluation time per plan was reduced from 15.41&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;3.20&#xa0;min (manual) to 1.97&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;0.34&#xa0;min (automated), representing a 7.8-fold efficiency gain with elimination of inter-operator variability. This ESAPI-based tool automates and standardizes dosimetric evaluation of LRT, addressing a practical workflow bottleneck. Integration of multiple calculation methods within a deterministic framework establishes a shareable benchmark for consistent multi-institutional analysis, providing a foundation for future investigations correlating detailed dosimetric parameters with clinical outcomes in spatially fractionated radiotherapy.

Background/Objectives: Emerging viral zoonoses represent a growing threat to global public health, with most newly emerging infectious diseases originating from animal reservoirs. Recent outbreaks of monkeypox, Ebola virus disease, Marburg virus disease, Rift Valley fever, and avian influenza highlight the capacity of zoonotic viruses to cross species barriers, spread internationally, and generate substantial health, social, and economic consequences. This review examines the ecological, epidemiological, and biological determinants of viral zoonotic emergence and transmission, with particular emphasis on vaccination and outbreak prevention strategies. Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted using a predefined literature search strategy across major scientific databases. Peer-reviewed epidemiological, clinical, and public health publications published between January 2000 and February 2026 were screened and selected according to predefined relevance criteria. Results: The emergence of viral zoonoses is driven by complex interactions among animal reservoirs, environmental and climatic changes, human behavior, and viral adaptation. Although transmission pathways and clinical outcomes differ among pathogens, common determinants of spillover and outbreak amplification were identified. Current evidence supports the importance of integrated surveillance, genomic monitoring, vaccination strategies, and community engagement as key components of preparedness and response. Emerging preventive approaches targeting pathogen transmission, including transmission-blocking strategies and vector-associated microbiota interventions, may provide additional opportunities for disease control. Conclusions: Strengthening preparedness for emerging viral zoonoses requires coordinated One Health approaches integrating human, animal, and environmental health. Future priorities include the development of next-generation vaccines, expansion of digital and genomic surveillance systems, improved equitable access to vaccines, and innovative interventions aimed at reducing zoonotic spillover and interrupting pathogen transmission.