Increasing urbanisation and the effects of climate change have resulted in a decrease in water quality and availability worldwide. At the same time, flooding in urban areas has become one of the most prevalent natural disasters worldwide. Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) are resilient stormwater management solutions that can help reduce flooding by mimicking natural drainage processes and promoting infiltration. Numerous studies have focused on the benefits SuDS provide. But, to date, studies fail to investigate the risks that detention basins pose to groundwater quality, particularly the potential for infiltration of stormwater pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To address this important knowledge gap, this study combines gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques for PAHs characterisation with numerical modelling tools to investigate organic pollutant infiltration patterns. We find that high levels of PAHs originating from urban areas are temporarily stored in SuDS basins and are likely to reach shallow water tables within one year. Multiple factors such as vegetation, precipitation, drainage area size, total organic carbon content in the soil and soil saturation influence the PAHs infiltration rates within the basins. More broadly, this study highlights the need for more research regarding SuDS dynamics to prevent both flooding and groundwater deterioration.
To examine what is known about the role of Temporary Urban Environment Changes (TUECs) in promoting physical activity in urban contexts. We conducted a scoping review in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. We systematically searched MEDLINE (Ovid), Web of Science, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Scopus and PsycINFO, with screening and selection based on predefined criteria. Searches were completed in September 2024. Forty-two studies met the inclusion criteria, mostly published after 2019 and set in high- income countries (primarily the United States and Europe). Five TUECs categories were identified: Open/Play Streets and Ciclovía, pop-up cycle lanes, pop-up parks, parklets/plazas, and other. Walking and cycling were the most frequently supported activities; 38 studies reported a beneficial direction of effect on physical activity and 4 were inconclusive. The evidence base is dominated by observational or cross-sectional designs, with inconsistent theoretical framing and heterogeneous physical-activity measures (mostly self-report or on-site observation, with few device-based measures). Equity dimensions, including reach among inactive groups, deprivation, disability and age, were rarely examined. TUECs offer a flexible and increasingly relevant approach to supporting physical activity in urban environments. This review consolidates a fragmented evidence base and proposes a coherent lens for understanding how temporary spatial interventions are conceptualised, operationalised, and evaluated. As urban areas seek scalable, health-oriented solutions, TUECs deserve closer attention-not as isolated experiments, but as strategic tools within broader public health and urban planning agendas.
In this article, we examine two urban railway projects in Hanoi, Vietnam: Line 2A, operational since 2021, and Line 3, currently partly operational and partly under construction. Despite high hopes for these 'sustainable' transportation projects, little scholarly attention has focused on the inequities and negative impacts associated with their construction and operations. Specifically, the displacements and insecurities faced by Hanoi residents living or working along these lines have been largely overlooked. Drawing on conceptual debates from the recent infrastructure turn, we examine how Hanoi's first two urban railway lines have disrupted the lives and livelihoods of local residents. Our findings are based upon in-depth qualitative fieldwork conducted in 2019, 2022, and 2024, including interviews, a photovoice project along Line 2A, and an ethnographic case study of an alley partly destroyed by Line 3's construction. We find that the land acquisition and construction processes have inflicted infrastructural violence on numerous nearby residents and workers, creating categories of 'lucky', 'unlucky', and 'least lucky' residents. We investigate how some residents are adapting by establishing new livelihoods beneath or alongside the lines, carving out opportunities in otherwise underutilised spaces. We argue that these individuals are engaging in careful urban spatial politics to navigate the impacts of these projects while avoiding conflict with urban officials focused on 'modernisation' discourses. 在本文中，我们研究了越南河内的两个城市铁路项目：自 2021 年起投入运营的 2A 号线，以及目前已部分投入运营，正在建设中的 3 号线。尽管人们对这些“可持续的”交通项目寄予厚望，但学术界很少关注与其建设和运营相关的不公平和负面影响。具体来说，在这些线路沿线生活或工作的河内居民所面临的流离失所和不安全感，在很大程度上被忽视了。基于近年来围绕“基础设施转向” 展开的概念论争，我们考察了河内首批建设的两条城市铁路线路如何对当地居民的日常生活与生计造成了干扰。我们的研究结果基于 2019 年、2022 年和 2024 年进行的深入定性实地考察，包括访谈、2A 号线沿线的影像发声项目，以及对一处因 3 号线建设而部分被损毁的小巷开展的民族志案例研究。我们发现，土地征用和建设过程使众多附近的居民和工人遭受了基础设施暴力，造成了“幸运”、“不幸”和“最不幸运”的居民类别。我们研究了一些居民如何通过在线路下方或沿线开拓新生计来适应变化，并在原本未充分利用的空间中创造机会。我们认为，这些人正在采取审慎的城市空间政治，以应对这些项目的影响，同时避免与秉持“现代化”话语的城市官员发生冲突。.
Green gentrification describes how greening neighbourhoods (e.g. by creating parks, community gardens, etc.) can result in higher-income households moving in and displacing/excluding marginalised residents. While some researchers assert that greening attracts higher-income households, this has rarely been empirically tested. Further, green gentrification research has focussed almost exclusively on greening attracting households to urban neighbourhoods, despite desire for more green space often being cited as motivating households to move to suburbs. Our study surveyed 104 households in gentrified downtown Vancouver and suburban Calgary neighbourhoods, to determine the relative importance of neighbourhood greenness and proximity to green space when they were deciding to move into new-build neighbourhoods. Our results indicate that green factors are of similar importance to non-green factors, such as safety, scenic views, ambience and, in Vancouver, proximity to entertainment and transit. Proximity to green space was more important than overall neighbourhood greenness. Residents in all neighbourhoods placed similar importance on green factors, although more importance was placed on private green space in the suburbs. These findings suggest that neighbourhood greenness and proximity to green space are not the only factors driving high-income households to move in and that green factors have played a similar role in motivating households to move to urban and suburban neighbourhoods. Thus, green-gentrification research needs to consider how preference for greened neighbourhoods intersects with other preferences/constraints to ultimately influence residential location choices. It also needs to widen the geography of green gentrification to understand how greening contributes to exclusion and displacement beyond dense city environments. 绿色绅士化描述了绿化街区（例如通过创建公园、社区花园等）如何 导致高收入家庭迁入并取代或排斥边缘化居民。尽管一些研究人员断言绿化可以吸引高收入家庭，但几乎没有实证研究证实这个观点。此外，绿色绅士化研究几乎完全聚焦于绿化如何吸引家庭迁往城市街区，尽管人们常常将对更多绿地的渴望视为家庭迁往郊区的动机。本文考察了已完成绅士化的温哥华市中心和卡尔加里郊区街区的 104 个家庭，以确定当他们决定搬入新建街区时，街区绿化程度和靠近绿地的相对重要性。我们的结果表明，绿色因素与安全、风景、氛围以及温哥华的娱乐和交通便利程度等非绿色因素同等重要。靠近绿地比街区整体绿化程度更重要。所有街区的居民对绿色因素都同样重视，尽管他们更加重视郊区的私人绿地。这些发现表明，高收入家庭的迁入并不仅仅是因为街区绿化程度和靠近绿地，绿色因素在促进家庭迁入城市和郊区街区方面发挥了类似的作用。因此，绿色绅士化研究需要考虑对绿色街区的偏好如何与其他偏好或限制相交，最终影响居住位置的选择。我们还需要扩大绿色绅士化的地理范围，以了解绿化如何在人口密集的城市环境之外导致排斥和流离失所。.
Quantitative studies show that rural-dwelling cancer patients experience poorer survival than urban residents, but the mechanisms remain unclear. This study explored how rural versus urban residence shaped cancer care experiences among patients interviewed after primary treatment in Northeast Scotland, including treatment access, follow-up, recovery, and ongoing engagement with services. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with adults diagnosed within the previous 6-12 months, post-primary treatment, and attending oncology follow-up at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. Topic guides were informed by a socioecological model of rural cancer disadvantage. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, anonymised, and analysed using the Framework Method. Sampling was purposive for geography, age, and sex. Ethical approval was granted by the North of Scotland Research Ethics Committee (REC 19/NS/0032). Twenty participants (mean age 67; 13 men, 7 women; 9 rural, 11 urban) described experiences of colorectal (n = 12), prostate (n = 3), and other cancers (n = 5). Four themes were identified: (1) impact of distance and travel time-travel amplified fatigue, costs, and uncertainty; (2) access, trust, and communication-variable GP access but high trust in the cancer centre; (3) physical and social infrastructure-benefits of improved roads, direct bus routes, and third-sector support; (4) pros and cons of rural life-rural lifestyle benefits often offset travel burdens. Men tended to rely mainly on partners, while women reported broader networks. Cancer type and age intersected with geography to shape burdens such as continence-related travel constraints after prostate surgery. Geography influenced the burden of accessing rather than the quality of care. Person-centred scheduling, local delivery of peripheral care, transport-aware planning, and collaboration with third-sector providers could mitigate inequities.
This paper opens up and departs from United Nations peacekeeping camps in the city of Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, to grapple with questions around urbanism's temporariness and permanence. Inspired by literature from southern urbanism and camp urbanism that focuses on temporal aspects of the built environment, I trace the various spatio-temporal horizons through which peacekeeping camps come in and out of being. Honing in on a particular moment of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo that registers both its extendedness and acknowledgement of an eventual end, four empirical examples illustrate the overlapping temporal logics shaping the spaces of these contingent camps. I trace these logics in ways that can be analytically useful to understanding how urbanism emerges in the continuous re-making of human settlements between now and later, as well as between the city and elsewhere. In doing so, I develop the notion of 'peace-kept' urbanism to account for dwelling arrangements in places where there is peacekeeping, marked by both ephemerality and endurance and fluctuating in conjunction with multiple spatial and temporal horizons. 本文以刚果民主共和国戈马市的联合国维和营地为背景，探讨城市化的临时性和永久性问题。南方城市化和营地城市化关注建成环境的时间特性，受相关文献的启发，本文追踪了维和营地出现和消失的各种时空界域。我们通过四个实例，对联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团的某个特定时刻进行了研究。这一时刻既体现了其延伸性，也标志着其最终将结束。这四个实例阐释了塑造这些临时营地空间的重叠的时间逻辑。我们以有利于分析的方式追踪这些逻辑，有助于理解城市化如何在现在和将来，在城市和其他地方，在不断重塑人类住区的过程中出现。为此，我们提出了“维和”城市化的概念，以解释维和地区的居住安排，这种安排既短暂又持久，并与多个空间和时间界域一起波动。.
Culture has become a major component of policies to put cities on the global map. This article traces the shifting geographies of urban cultural capital using the lens of major cultural buildings, such as the Guggenheim Bilbao Museum and the Louvre Abu Dhabi, which cities often mobilise to compete for attention, reputation, tourists and investment. Based on a custom-built database containing 438 major cultural buildings opened worldwide between 1990 and 2019, this article finds a strong growth in the number and total cost of these buildings throughout the three decades, far exceeding global GDP growth. What is more, there is a geographical shift from the established cities of high culture in North America and Western Europe towards Asia, with a particular concentration in China and the Gulf region. The growth of investment in culture and its fast-changing urban geographies urge a more profound integration of culture in urban studies and a deeper consideration of the role of cultural capital in making global cities. 文化已成为让城市在全球版图上获得一席之地政策的主要组成部分。本文从毕尔巴鄂古根海姆博物馆和阿布扎比卢浮宫等主要文化建筑的视角，追溯了城市文化资本的地理变化。这些城市经常动员起来争夺注意力、声誉、游客和投资。根据包含 1990 年至 2019 年间在全球范围内开放的 438 座主要文化建筑的定制数据库，本文发现这些建筑的数量和总成本在过去三十年中强劲增长，远远超过了全球 GDP 的增长。此外，地理分布出现了从北美和西欧成熟的高雅文化城市向亚洲的转移，尤其集中在中国和海湾地区。文化投资的增长及其快速变化的城市地理促进了城市研究中更深入的文化融合，并促使人们更深入地思考文化资本在打造全球城市中的作用。.
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a major contradiction in contemporary urban planning. This is the relationship between the entrepreneurial modes of urban politics that shape contemporary planning practice and the interrelated dynamics of economic precarity and informalisation of low-income communities that exacerbate contagion, and therefore enable pandemic spread. Through a review of literature on the urban dimensions of COVID-19, and on the historical relationship between pandemics and urban planning, we develop a framework for analysing the debates that are emerging around planning approaches to addressing contemporary pandemic risk in low-income, informalised communities. We argue that post-pandemic debates about urban planning responses are likely to take shape around three discourses that have framed approaches to addressing informalised communities under entrepreneurial urbanism - a revanchist approach based on territorial stigmatisation of spaces of the poor, an incrementalist approach premised on addressing the most immediate drivers of contagion, and a reformist approach that seeks to address the structural conditions that have produced economic precarity and shelter informality. We further argue that any effort to assess the political outfall of the COVID-19 pandemic in a given context needs to take an inter-scalar approach, analysing how debates over informality take shape at the urban and national scales. 新冠疫情凸显了当代城市规划中的一个主要矛盾。即影响当代规划实践的城市政治创业模式与经济不稳定和低收入社区非正规化这些相互关联因素之间的矛盾，这些因素加剧了传染，从而使流行病蔓延。通过研究有关新冠城市层面的文献，以及关于流行病与城市规划之间历史关系的文献，我们制定了一个框架来分析关于某些规划方案的争论，这些规划方案旨在解决低收入、非正规社区中的当代流行病风险。我们认为，在后疫情时代，关于城市规划响应的争论可能会围绕三种话语形式产生，这些话语构成了在创业型城市化下，应对非正正规社区的方法。这些方法包括：复仇主义方法，该方法基于对穷人空间的领土污名化；渐进主义方法， 此方法基于导致传染病发生的最直接因素的解决；以及改革主义方法，该方法寻求解决导致经济不稳定和住房非正规性的结构性条件。我们进一步指出，任何评估在特定背景下新冠疫情的政治争论的研究，都需要采取跨标量的方法，分析关于非正规性的争论是如何在城市和国家范围内形成的。.
Dockless micromobility sharing systems have wrought significant visual changes to urban streetscapes worldwide. These changes are often described in terms of the 'mess' of micromobility, characterised by dockless vehicles abandoned in roadways, sidewalks, and recreational paths, tossed into waterways, and graffitied, burned, and otherwise vandalised. In this paper, we argue that efforts to govern this dockless micromobility mess - which most frequently comes in the form of parking regulations - effectively impose and enforce normative visual order on the cityscape. Based on an analysis of primary image data and publicly available documents, we identify that efforts at governing docklessness also have the effect of governing the aesthetics of urban space in three ways: through (1) visual-material interventions (e.g. parking corrals and mats, app interfaces); (2) linked strategies of visual verification (digital image capture and assessment) and computer vision (the use of AI and machine learning); and (3) visual erasure (e.g. impounds and bikeshare graveyards). We discuss the implications of the aesthetic effects of micromobility governance for docklessness itself and the utilisation of dockless micromobilities and potential impacts on transportation equity and sustainability, and most significantly, for the right to the city. 无桩微型交通共享系统给世界各地的城市街景带来了重大的视觉变化。这些变化通常被描述为微型交通的“混乱”，其特点是无桩车辆被遗弃在车道、人行道和休闲道路上，被扔进河中，被涂鸦、焚烧或以其他方式破坏。在本文中，我们认为，治理这种无桩微型交通混乱的工作（最常见的形式是停车法规）有效地在城市景观中强加并执行了规范的视觉秩序。根据对原始图像数据和公开文件的分析，我们发现，治理无桩微型交通工具的工作也会通过三种方式影响城市空间的美观：（1）视觉材料干预（例如停车围栏和垫子、应用程序界面）；（2）视觉验证（数字图像捕获和评估）和计算机视觉（人工智能和机器学习的使用）相关的策略；（3）视觉擦除（例如扣押场和共享车辆处理场）。我们讨论了微型交通治理的美学效果对无桩交通本身和无桩微型交通的利用的影响，以及对交通公平性和可持续性的潜在影响，最重要的是对城市权利的影响。.
This paper explores Toronto's urban PATH, a 30 km network of underground pedestrian tunnels and elevated walkways that connect shopping areas, residential towers, mass transit and downtown destinations. Both as a case and heuristic, this paper situates Toronto's PATH as an assemblage of private urban governance forms, exploring emergent and evolving constellations of power and responsibility for governing city space that defy easy distinctions of 'public' or 'private'. As an urban assemblage, the PATH comprises potential and actual entities and associations, and is an accumulation of encounters. Never a stable or static entity, the PATH and its governance, we argue, is provisional, revealing constantly evolving connections, alignments and political-economic potentialities. We contend the PATH serves as a palimpsest of mutating governing relations; a multiplicity of meanings, visions and encounters etched into the built environment. By focusing on public and private vestiges, wayfinding, and visibility, and private verticalising ventures, we highlight how practices, logics, processes, urban actors and their histories collide to form fragile, provisional urban alignments and visions. 本文探讨了多伦多市中心的 PATH 地下城系统，这是一个由连接购物区、住宅楼、公共交通和市中心目的地的地下人行隧道和高架走道组成的 30 公里网络。本文针对多伦多的 PATH 进行了案例启发式研究，将其视为私人城市治理形式的集合，探讨了管理城市空间的新兴的和不断演变的权力和责任组合，这些权力和责任组合对“公共”和“私人”的简单区分提出了挑战。作为一个城市集合体， PATH 由潜在的和实际的实体和团体组成，是遭遇的累积。PATH 及其治理从来不是一个稳定或静态的实体，而是临时的，揭示了不断变化的联系、联盟和政治经济潜力。我们认为 PATH 是变异治理关系的体现；大量意义、愿景和遭遇铭刻于建筑环境中。通过关注公共和私人遗迹、寻路和可见性以及私人垂直化冒险，我们强调实践、逻辑、流程、城市参与者及其历史如何相互碰撞，形成脆弱的、临时的城市联盟和愿景。.
Teen drivers' exposure to crash risk depends on where and how much they drive. Of the few published studies examining driving patterns and crash exposure, none focused on teen drivers, the highest crash risk group of all ages. This study used activity space measures to analyze everyday driving activities, resultant crash exposure, and associated factors for teen drivers aged 16-17. Using driving-related GPS-trajectory data collected from 76 teens for one month, we used a network-based activity space measure to categorize teens into three groups. We estimated each teen's crash exposure by analyzing their travel frequency on specific roads and crash density on those roads for the broader young population. Lastly, we applied a cumulative link mixed model to assess the influence of demographic, road, and urban-social environmental characteristics on crash exposure and their variations across three driving activity-based teen groups. Our findings revealed that the geographic extent of teens' everyday driving, measured through their activity space, varied extensively, resulting in varying crash exposure levels among them. The results suggested that teens' exposure to crashes was associated with both the extent of their driving activity space and the road and urban environments in which they drive. Teens, who mostly drove within smaller geographic spaces experienced greater crash exposure while driving on primary roads and in poor neighborhoods compared to those driving extensively but mostly on highways. These findings have implications for urban planning and policymaking, identifying urban environments, particularly those crash-prone for teen drivers, and informing strategies to mitigate crash risks. 青少年驾驶员遭遇交通事故风险的概率，与其行驶地点及驾驶时长密切相关。现有已发表的相关研究中，探讨驾驶规律与事故风险暴露的文献本就寥寥无几，且这些研究均未将目光投向青少年驾驶员这一全年龄段事故风险最高的群体。本文借助活动空间测度手段，分析青少年驾驶员（16–17 岁）日常驾驶活动、由此产生的事故风险暴露情况以及相关因素。我们采集了 76 名青少年连续一个月的驾驶相关 GPS 轨迹数据，并运用基于网络的活动空间测度方法，将这些青少年分为三组。我们分析青少年在特定道路上的行驶频率，以及这些道路上更广泛的年轻人群体的事故密度，以此来估算每位青少年的事故风险暴露情况。最后，我们运用累积链接混合模型，评估了人口统计学特征、道路特征及城市社会环境特征对事故风险暴露的影响，以及这些影响在基于驾驶活动划分的三个青少年群体间的差异。我们的研究结果表明，基于活动空间测度的青少年日常驾驶地理范围存在较大差异，进而导致群体间事故风险暴露程度各异。结果显示，青少年的事故风险暴露程度，与其驾驶活动空间的范围大小，以及驾驶所处的道路环境和城市社会环境均存在关联。相较于驾驶范围广且多走高速的青少年，主要在较小的地理范围内驾驶的青少年，在主干道和环境差的社区驾驶时，事故风险暴露程度更高。这些研究结果对城市规划和政策制定具有重要意义，有助于识别城市环境，特别是那些青少年驾驶员容易发生交通事故的区域，并为制定降低事故风险的策略提供依据。.
This article presents two case studies of Scottish midwives, Mrs Laidlaw from Edinburgh and Mrs Alexander from Aberdeen who used newspaper advertising to promote their establishments. Primarily providing for women wishing to conceal their pregnancies and find alternative provisions for their children, the two providers marketed the discreet nature of their practice. Together their stories contradict the dominant strands of historiography on early nineteenth-century midwifery focussed either on its increasingly professionalised and masculinised nature or its rootedness in community practice, largely resistant to commodification. Instead, this article centres on female care and bodyworkers who found opportunities for entrepreneurship in the commercialised care sector. Through focussing on the services offered and their clandestine nature, it elucidates the experiences of lying-in of unmarried mothers of means. Highlighting the midwives' ability to adapt to the socio-cultural fabric of motherhood, it contributes to the histories of female entrepreneurship and its many forms within the care sector.
The coronavirus pandemic has reignited the debate over urban density. Popular media has been quick to blame density as a key contributor to rapid disease transmission, questioning whether compact cities are still a desirable planning goal. Past research on the density-pandemic connection have produced mixed results. This article offers a critical perspective on this debate by unpacking the effects of alternative measures of urban density, and examining the impacts of mandatory lockdowns and the stringency of other government restrictions on cumulative Covid-19 infection and mortality rates during the early phase of the pandemic in the US. Our results show a consistent positive effect of density on Covid-19 outcomes across urban areas during the first six months of the outbreak. However, we find modest variations in the density-pandemic relationship depending on how densities are measured. We also find relatively longer duration mandatory lockdowns to be associated with lower infection and mortality rates, and lockdown duration's effect to be relatively more pronounced in high-density urban areas. Moreover, we find that the timing of lockdown imposition and the stringency of the government's response additionally influence Covid-19 outcomes, and that the effects vary by urban density. We argue that the adverse impact of density on pandemics could be mitigated by adopting strict lockdowns and other stringent human mobility and interaction restriction policies in a spatially targeted manner. Our study helps to inform current and future government policies to contain the virus, and to make our cities more resilient against future shocks and threats. 新冠疫情重新激起了关于城市密度的争论。大众媒体马上将矛头指向了城市密度，认为其是疾病快速传播的关键因素，对紧凑型城市是否仍然是理想的规划目标提出了质疑。之前关于城市密度与疫情之间关系的研究得出的结论不一。本文针对这场争论提供了一个批判性的视角，分析了城市密度替代措施的影响，并研究了强制封锁和其他政府限制措施的严格度对美国新冠肺炎疫情早期累积感染率和死亡率的影响。我们的结果表明，在疫情爆发的前六个月，城市密度与整个城市地区的新冠肺炎感染结果呈一致的正相关。然而，我们发现，不同的城市密度测量方式得出的城市密度与疫情的关系存在适度差异。我们还发现，相对较长的强制封锁时间与较低的感染率和死亡率有关，而在高密度城市地区，封锁时间的影响相对更为明显。此外，我们发现实施封锁的时机和政府应对措施的严格程度还影响新冠肺炎的传播结果，并且影响因城市密度而异。我们认为，针对特定空间，通过采取严格的封锁以及其他严格的人员流动和交往限制政策，可以减轻因为密度而造成的流行病传播的不利影响。我们的研究有助于为政府当前和未来遏制病毒的政策提供参考，并使我们的城市在面对未来的冲击和威胁时更具有复原力。.
How might concepts of 'value' and 'population' illuminate the present and future of urban density? The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a public debate on density in the city. While some initially blamed density for the spread of the virus, others rightly cautioned against those claims. As the pandemic progressed, an imaginary of density-as-pathology gave way to a more nuanced geographical understanding of the urban dimensions of the crisis, focused on connections, spatial conditions, domestic 'overcrowding' and poverty. Throughout, an interrogation and reflection on urban density and its future unfolded, throwing into question the historical relationship between 'value' and 'population' in understandings of density. I argue for a new politics of value based on shifts in three interconnected domains - governance, form and knowledge - and identify implications for research on density in urban studies. “价值”和“人口”的概念对于城市密度的现在和未来而言有何意义呢？新冠肺炎大流行引发了关于城市人口密度的公开辩论。虽然有些人最初将病毒的传播归咎于密度，但也有人正确地对这类说法提出了警告。随着疫情的发展，那种“密度即病理”的想法让位于在城市层面对这次危机的更细致入微的地理认知，这种认知强调联系、空间条件、家庭“过度拥挤”和贫困等因素。贯穿始终的是，本文对城市密度及其未来进行了追问和反思，并对“价值”和“人口”在密度理解方面的历史关系提出了质疑。我主张基于三个相互关联领域（治理、形式和知识）转变的新价值政治，并确定了城市研究中密度研究的意义。.
Little is known regarding the relationship between the local social environment and multiple long-term conditions (MLTC, also referred to as multimorbidity). We investigated the association between social gifting, the neighbourhood-level latent willingness to gift time for community reciprocity, and four measures of MLTC presence ('2+ long-term conditions (LTCs)', mental-physical MLTC, '3+ LTCs' and complex MLTC). We further explored variations in these relationships across types of urban-rural settlement. We linked participants of the Scottish Longitudinal Study who participated in Census 2011, aged 40-75, with no MLTC before 2010 (n = 98 296), to their hospitalisation records (2010-19) and an established neighbourhood-level index reflecting social gifting. Two-level logistic regression was used to model the onset of MLTC (2010-19), accounting for the clustered data structure of individuals nested within neighbourhoods. Lower social gifting was associated with increased odds of MLTC in all measures, except for '2+ LTCs', with the strongest association observed for mental-physical MLTC. There was a statistically significant interaction between social gifting and types of urban-rural settlement for mental-physical MLTC but not for other measures of MLTC, suggesting that social gifting was more strongly associated with mental-physical MLTC in urban than other areas. The findings highlight the important role of the local social environment in the development of MLTC. Policies targeted at supporting neighbourhood-level social cohesion and social participation may benefit population health, particularly for mental-physical MLTC in urban areas where observed associations were strongest.
UK COVID-19 vaccination policy has evolved to offering COVID-19 booster doses to individuals at increased risk of severe Illness from COVID-19. Building on our analyses of vaccine effectiveness of first, second and initial booster doses, we aimed to identify individuals at increased risk of severe outcomes (i.e., COVID-19 related hospitalisation or death) post the autumn 2022 booster dose. We undertook a national population-based cohort analysis across all four UK nations through linked primary care, vaccination, hospitalisation and mortality data. We included individuals who received autumn 2022 booster doses of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty) or mRNA-1273 (Spikevax) during the period September 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 to investigate the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between demographic and clinical factors and severe COVID-19 outcomes after the autumn booster dose. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), deprivation, urban/rural areas and comorbidities. Stratified analyses were conducted by vaccine type. We then conducted a fixed-effect meta-analysis to combine results across the four UK nations. Between September 1, 2022 and December 31, 2022, 7,451,890 individuals ≥18 years received an autumn booster dose. 3500 had severe COVID-19 outcomes (2.9 events per 1000 person-years). Being male (male vs female, aHR 1.41 (1.32-1.51)), older adults (≥80 years vs 18-49 years; 10.43 (8.06-13.50)), underweight (BMI <18.5 vs BMI 25.0-29.9; 2.94 (2.51-3.44)), those with comorbidities (≥5 comorbidities vs none; 9.45 (8.15-10.96)) had a higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation or death after the autumn booster dose. Those with a larger household size (≥11 people within household vs 2 people; 1.56 (1.23-1.98)) and from more deprived areas (most deprived vs least deprived quintile; 1.35 (1.21-1.51)) had modestly higher risks. We also observed at least a two-fold increase in risk for those with various chronic neurological conditions, including Down's syndrome, immunodeficiency, chronic kidney disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, or cardiovascular disease. Males, older individuals, underweight individuals, those with an increasing number of comorbidities, from a larger household or more deprived areas, and those with specific underlying health conditions remained at increased risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation and death after the autumn 2022 vaccine booster dose. There is now a need to focus on these risk groups for investigating immunogenicity and efficacy of further booster doses or therapeutics. National Core Studies-Immunity, UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council and Economic and Social Research Council), Health Data Research UK, the Scottish Government, and the University of Edinburgh.
Until the 1990s and the spread of air-conditioning, cooling down during the hot, humid and windless summers in the city of Chongqing (Southwest China) was mainly practised outdoors: sleeping on the rooftops of multistorey buildings, playing mah-jongg in the streets, fanning oneself with a hand fan or installing bamboo beds in the compounds' leafy courtyards. With the availability of affordable electricity and the popularisation of mechanical cooling, refreshing oneself has been relocated to the indoors. The transforming practices in and around the house have led not only to an increasing dependency on electricity for cooling but also to a socio-economic stratification. This paper traces the history of heat mitigation in Chongqing since the 1950s. Based on five months of anthropological fieldwork, semi-structured interviews, and oral history, I analyse how Chongqing residents cope with heat in and around the built environment. Practices of cooling are closely intertwined with the architectural history of the city, for example, building design, construction materials, green spaces, or the arrangement of houses. Staying cool in the socialist era buildings from the 1960s meant something different compared to the high-rise buildings in the early-21st century. Theoretically, the paper engages with urban energy landscapes as 'connective tissue' where everyday heat mitigating practices are intertwined with the locally built environment including architecture, energy infrastructure and technologies. By focusing on the material culture involved in cooling, I shift our perspective from the large infrastructure to the small objects that co-constitute the energy landscape of urban heat mitigation. 在中国西南部的重庆市，直到二十世纪九十年代，空调普及之前，在炎热、潮湿、无风的夏季，人们主要是在户外降温：睡在多层建筑的屋顶上，在街上打麻将，用手扇给自己扇风或把竹床搬到绿树成荫的庭院里。随着电力供应价格的下降、供给的稳定，以及机械制冷的普及，乘凉已经转移到室内。房屋内部和周围的改造实践不仅使人们越来越依赖电力来降温，而且还导致了社会经济分层。本文追溯了二十世纪五十年代以来重庆降温消暑的历史。基于五个月的人类学实地调查、半结构式访谈和口述历史，我们分析了重庆居民如何在建筑环境内部及其周围应对高温。降温实践与城市的建筑历史密切相关，例如建筑设计、建筑材料、绿地或房屋布局。与二十一世纪初的高层建筑相比，二十世纪六十年代的建筑在降温方面有着不同的意义。本论文从理论上将城市能源图景视为“结缔组织”，其中日常散热实践与当地建筑环境交织在一起，包括建筑、能源基础设施和技术。通过关注与降温相关的物质文化，本文将视角从大型基础设施转移到共同构成城市降温能源图景的小对象上。.
The United Kingdom Government is committed to reducing alcohol consumption through increasing the availability of alcohol-free and low-alcohol (No/Lo) drinks; however, little is known about whether these products are equally available across different types of neighbourhoods, which may have implications for inequalities in potential health benefits or harms from exposure to No/Lo drinks. This study measured differences in the availability and sales of No/Lo products in small retailers across disparate types of neighbourhoods in Great Britain and over time. A longitudinal geographic design using retail transaction data collected over 20 weeks seasonally distributed between 2018 and 2022. The study was conducted in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales). 11 278 479 alcohol transactions across 1432 small retailers in neighbourhoods with varying levels of socioeconomic deprivation and urbanicity. No/Lo products were defined as alcoholic-mimic beverages containing ≤1.2% alcohol by volume (ABV). Each week, we calculated retail-level outcomes measuring No/Lo product availability defined as product range and sales volume (standardised as the number of serving units). Zero-inflated Poisson regression models were used to assess differences in these outcomes by neighbourhood income deprivation and urbanicity over time. No/Lo sales volume tripled over the study period yet accounted for only 0.25% of total alcohol sales by 2022. In 2018, 34% of retailers reported sales of No/Lo products, rising to 68% by 2022. Retailers in low-deprivation areas were more likely to sell No/Lo products and sold a wider product range compared with those in high-deprivation areas ([incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 2.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.60-3.30 in 2022). No/Lo alcohol sales volume was statistically significantly higher among retailers in the least deprived neighbourhoods (IRR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.14-1.57 in 2022) and rural areas compared with high-deprivation and urban areas, but only in the most recent years. Alcohol-free and low alcohol (No/Lo) product availability and sales increased among small retailers in Great Britain between 2018 and 2022, but these gains have been uneven, with greater access and uptake in more affluent and rural areas. This suggests emerging geographic disparities in access to and sales of No/Lo alternatives and their potential benefits or harms.
City leadership appears key in driving the transition towards a liveable future. Trying to bring specific visions of the future into present decisions and actions is what anticipatory governance is about. However, the literature has highlighted a lack of discussion of the use of anticipatory practices in urban climate governance. What anticipatory practices do cities employ to tackle climate change and work towards a desirable future? What limitations does it involve? The City of Montreal provides an effective case study as, recently, it has been the locus of large projects representative of the three dominant approaches of climate action-climate planning, carbon control and reporting and experimentation. Our results indicate that traditional tools such as reporting, urban planning regulations and bylaws are the strategies urban actors rely on to advance towards desirable futures. And yet, they seem to be missing opportunities to act in the present for these desirable futures, especially to increase equity in urban climate action. This research offers a concrete and empirical exploration of cities' anticipatory practices regarding climate change, ultimately contributing to the literature on anticipatory urban climate governance. 城市领导层似乎是推动城市向宜居未来转变的关键。将具体的未来愿景融入当前的决策与行动，这正是预期治理的核心所在。然而，现有文献指出，城市气候治理领域缺乏对预期性措施应用的相关讨论。城市采取哪些预期性措施来应对气候变化并努力实现理想的未来？这个过程涉及哪些限制？蒙特利尔市提供了有效的案例研究，因为近年来该市已成为代表三种主要气候行动方式（气候规划、碳控制和报告，以及气候实验）的大型项目的所在地。我们的结果表明，报告、城市规划法规和附则等传统工具是城市参与者朝着理想未来迈进所依赖的策略。然而，他们似乎错失了为实现这些理想未来而立即采取行动的机会，尤其是提高城市气候行动公平性的机会。本文对城市应对气候变化的预期性措施进行了具体的、实证的探索，最终可为预期性城市气候治理的研究做出贡献。.
Traditional and faith healers (TFHs) play a prominent role in the care of people with severe mental health conditions (MHCs) in many countries. Consequently, there have been calls for closer collaboration between TFHs and mental health care practitioners. This scoping review aimed to map the literature on the experiences of, and perspectives on, traditional and faith healing for people with severe MHCs in Ethiopia. The review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews. Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases were searched from the earliest available records to May 2024. Online student MSc/PhD theses and catalogued Ethiopian publications up to 2015 were also searched. Studies were included if they were in English and of any study design using primary data collection. Narrative synthesis was chosen for data synthesis. Of the 3,824 records identified, 31 were included. There were 17 qualitative, 12 quantitative, and two mixed methods studies, conducted in most regions in Ethiopia but with more focus on urban than rural settings. Findings were synthesised under the following themes: perceived causes of MHCs; pathways to care and help-seeking preferences; identification and intervention methods used by TFHs; experience of treatment, satisfaction with care, gaps, and barriers; and collaboration between TFHs and mental health practitioners. People with severe MHCs commonly accessed TFHs first and alongside biomedical care. A substantial range of healers was identified but they were not accessible or acceptable to all communities equally. TFH interventions were diverse and some of their practices were reported to be harmful. However, there were few in-depth studies of TFH care processes. Furthermore, there was little evidence about the experience of care from the perspective of people with severe MHCs. Efforts toward collaboration emphasised the need to develop relationships within which differences could be negotiated. Although much is known about the place of TFHs within care pathways for people with MHCs in Ethiopia, there are evidence gaps in relation to the perspectives of people with MHCs and rich contextual understanding of healing processes, both of which are needed for meaningful collaboration to occur.