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Part I: The Conceptual Challenge of European Governance Chapter 1. Introduction: Network governance in the European Union Rainer Eising and Beate Kohler-Koch Chapter 2. The evolution and transformation of European governance Beate Kohler-Koch Part II: The Transformation of European Governance: Variations on a Theme Chapter 3. Transformation in European environmental governance Andrea Lenschow Chapter 4. Regulating genetic engineering in the European Union: a post-structuralist perspective Herbert Gottweis Chapter 5. European social policy: towards multi-level and multi-actor governance Gerda Falkner Chapter 6. Economic and Monetary Union in Europe: a transformation of governance Kenneth Dyson Chapter 7. Planes, trains, and automobiles: transport governance in the European Union Mark Aspinwall Chapter 8. Governance transformation in the professional services sector: a case of market integration 'by the back door'? Jill Lovecy Part III: The European Union and the Transformation of National Patterns of Governance Chapter 9. National patterns of governance under siege: the impact of European integration Vivien Schmidt Chapter 10. Business, governance structures and the EU: the case of Denmark Niels Chr. Sidenius Chapter 11. Perceptions of governance in Greek state retreat: implementing policy change against policy-making persistence George Pagoulatos Chapter 12. Reshuffling power. The liberalisation of the EU electricity markets and its impact on the German governance regime Rainer Eising Part IV: Theoretical, Normative, and Comparative Perspectives on European Governance Chapter 13. Defending state autonomy: intergovernmental governance in the European Union Klaus-Dieter Wolf Chapter 14. Government, governance, governmentality: understanding the EU as a project of universalism Thomas O. Hueglin Chapter 15. Governance in the European Union. A comparative assessment Rainer Eising and Beate Kohler-Koch

This book analyses the crucial features of unionised labour markets. The models in the book refer to labour contracts between unions and management, but the method of analysis is also applicable to non-union labour markets where workers have some market power. In this book, Alison Booth, a researcher in the field, emphasises the connection between theoretical and empirical approaches to studying unionised labour markets. She also highlights the importance of taking into account institutional differences between countries and sectors when constructing models of the unionised labour market. While the focus of the book is on the US and British unionised labour markets, the models and analytical methods are applicable to other industrialised countries with appropriate modifications.

AIMS: Since atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications, estimations on the number of individuals with AF are relevant to healthcare planning. We aimed to project the number of individuals with AF in the Netherlands and in the European Union from 2000 to 2060. METHODS AND RESULTS: Age- and sex-specific AF prevalence estimates were obtained from the prospective community-based Rotterdam Study. Population projections for the Netherlands and the European Union were obtained from the European Union's statistics office. In the age stratum of 55-59 years, the prevalence of AF was 1.3% in men (95% CI: 0.4-3.6%) and 1.7% in women (95% CI: 0.7-4.0%). The prevalence of AF increased to 24.2% in men (95% CI: 18.5-30.7%), and 16.1% in women (95% CI: 13.1-19.4%), for those >85 years of age. This age- and sex-specific prevalence remained stable during the years of follow-up. Furthermore, we estimate that in the European Union, 8.8 million adults over 55 years had AF in 2010 (95% CI: 6.5-12.3 million). We project that this number will double by 2060 to 17.9 million (95% CI: 13.6-23.7 million) if the age- and sex-specific prevalence remains stable. CONCLUSION: We estimate that from 2010 to 2060, the number of adults 55 years and over with AF in the European Union will more than double. As AF is associated with significant morbidities and mortality, this increasing number of individuals with AF may have major public health implications.

This paper studies the effects of unions on the structure of wages using an estimation technique that accounts for misclassification errors in reported union status and potential correlations between union status and unobserved productivity. The model is estimated separately for five skill groups using a panel data set formed from the U.S. Current Population Survey. The results suggest that unions raise wages more for workers with lower levels of observed skills. Union workers are positively selected from the population of workers with lower levels of observed skill and negatively selected from the population with higher observed skills. Copyright 1996 by The Econometric Society.

PART 1 STATE BUILDING, DIFFERENTIATED INTEGRATION AND A MULTISPEED EUROPE 1. The EU as a policy-making state: a policy system like any other? Jeremy Richardson 2. The EU as a system of differentiated integration: a challenge for theories of European integration? Frank Schimmelfennig and Berthold Rittberger 3. The politics of multispeed integration in the European Union Christian B. Jensen and Jonathan B. Slapin PART 2: INSTITUTIONAL PROCESSING 4. The European Commission Arndt Wonka 5. The EU's multilevel parliamentary system Berthold Rittberger and Thomas Winzen 6. The Councils of the EU: intergovernmental bargaining in a supranational polity Daniel Naurin 7. The shadow of case law: the Court of Justice of the European union and the policy process Susanne Schmidt 8. The distribution of power among institutions Robert Thomson 9. The EU budget: which fiscal capacity at the European level? Henrik Enderlein , Ole Funker, and Johannes Lindner 10. EU agencies Berthold Rittberger and Arndt Wonka PART 3: VARIEGATED POLICY-MAKING 11. EU enlargement Frank Schimmelfennig 12. The EU as an international actor Michael Smith 13. European regulation Mark Thatcher 14. European macroeconomic governance Erik Jones and Gregory W. Fuller 15. Covert integration in the European Union Adrienne Heritier 16. Implementation Christoph Knill PART 4: CHANNELS OF REPRESENTATION 17. European elections and the European voter Mark Franklin and Sara B. Hobolt 18. Shooting where the ducks are: EU lobbying and institutionalized promiscuity Sonia Mazey and Jeremy Richardson 19. Bypassing the nation state? Regions and the EU policy process Michael Keating, Liesbet Hooghe, and Michael Tatham 20. Political Representation and democracy in the EU Sandra Kroger

We summarize the potential impact that the European Union's new General Data Protection Regulation will have on the routine use of machine‐learning algorithms. Slated to take effect as law across the European Union in 2018, it will place restrictions on automated individual decision making (that is, algorithms that make decisions based on user‐level predictors) that “significantly affect” users. When put into practice, the law may also effectively create a right to explanation, whereby a user can ask for an explanation of an algorithmic decision that significantly affects them. We argue that while this law may pose large challenges for industry, it highlights opportunities for computer scientists to take the lead in designing algorithms and evaluation frameworks that avoid discrimination and enable explanation.

Soil plays a central role in food safety as it determines the possible composition of food and feed at the root of the food chain. However, the quality of soil resources as defined by their potential impact on human health by propagation of harmful elements through the food chain has been poorly studied in Europe due to the lack of data of adequate detail and reliability. The European Union's first harmonized topsoil sampling and coherent analytical procedure produced trace element measurements from approximately 22,000 locations. This unique collection of information enables a reliable overview of the concentration of heavy metals, also referred to as metal(loid)s including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, Sb. Co, and Ni. In this article we propose that in some cases (e.g. Hg and Cd) the high concentrations of soil heavy metal attributed to human activity can be detected at a regional level. While the immense majority of European agricultural land can be considered adequately safe for food production, an estimated 6.24% or 137,000 km 2 needs local assessment and eventual remediation action. • The concentration of heavy metals including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, Sb, Co and Ni in soil of the EU was assessed. • An estimated 6.24% or 137,000 km 2 agricultural land needs local assessment and eventual remediation action. • A need for a comprehensive monitoring of HM in soil in the European Union is proposed. • Establishment of harmonized screening values for soil contamination in the EU is suggested.

Jacob Viner's The Customs Union Issue was originally published in 1950 by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. It set the framework for the contemporary debate over the benefits or otherwise of preferential trading agreements such as the European Union, NAFTA, and APEC. Viner developed the concepts of trade creation and diversion in this work as he pioneered the analysis of the global politics of trade agreements. This revival of Viner's classic work includes an introduction that places this book in the context of his life's work and the post-WWI economic and political situation. The introduction also traces the reception of Viner's work and discusses its continuing relevance for international economists, political scientists, and historians. Available in OSO:

The Soviet Union was the first of Europe's multiethnic states to confront the rising tide of nationalism by systematically promoting the national consciousness of its ethnic minorities and establishing for them many of the institutional forms characteristic of the modern nation-state. In the 1920s, the Bolshevik government, seeking to defuse nationalist sentiment, created tens of thousands of national territories. It trained new national leaders, established national languages, and financed the production of national-language cultural products.This was a massive and fascinating historical experiment in governing a multiethnic state. Terry Martin provides a comprehensive survey and interpretation, based on newly available archival sources, of the Soviet management of the nationalities question. He traces the conflicts and tensions created by the geographic definition of national territories, the establishment of dozens of official national languages, and the world's first mass "affirmative action" programs.Martin examines the contradictions inherent in the Soviet nationality policy, which sought simultaneously to foster the growth of national consciousness among its minority populations while dictating the exact content of their cultures; to sponsor national liberation movements in neighboring countries, while eliminating all foreign influence on the Soviet Union's many diaspora nationalities. Martin explores the political logic of Stalin's policies as he responded to a perceived threat to Soviet unity in the 1930s by re-establishing the Russians as the state's leading nationality and deporting numerous "enemy nations."

Hix (European and comparative politics, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK) presents an introduction to the political system of the European Union. Assessing a variety of explanatory theoretical models, he describes the organization and operation of executive, legislative, and judicial governance. He then offers separate chapters analyzing the influence of public opinion, parties and elections, and interest representation on EU politics. Finally, he looks at the formation of policy in the areas of market regulation, expenditures, economic and monetary union, citizen freedom and security policies, and foreign policy.

The purpose of this correspondence is to generalize a result by Donoho and Huo and Elad and Bruckstein on sparse representations of signals in a union of two orthonormal bases for R/sup N/. We consider general (redundant) dictionaries for R/sup N/, and derive sufficient conditions for having unique sparse representations of signals in such dictionaries. The special case where the dictionary is given by the union of L/spl ges/2 orthonormal bases for R/sup N/ is studied in more detail. In particular, it is proved that the result of Donoho and Huo, concerning the replacement of the /spl lscr//sup 0/ optimization problem with a linear programming problem when searching for sparse representations, has an analog for dictionaries that may be highly redundant.

McCann P. and Ortega-Argilés R. Smart specialization, regional growth and applications to European Union Cohesion policy, Regional Studies. The aim of this paper is to achieve two objectives. Firstly, it examines the smart specialization concept and explains the challenges involved in applying this originally sectoral concept to an explicitly spatial and regional setting. Secondly, it explains the ways in which this might be achieved so as to make the concept suitable as a building block of a reformed European Union cohesion policy.

Political Parties in the European Union provides a comprehensive assessment of the importance of party politics to the functioning of the European Union which the authors argue has frequently been und

This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of the zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2013 in 32 European countries (28 Member States and four non-Member States). Campylobacteriosis was the most commonly reported zoonosis. After several years of an increasing European Union (EU) trend, the human campylobacteriosis notification rate has stabilised. In food and animals no EU trends were observed and the occurrence of Campylobacter continued to be high in broiler meat at EU level. The decreasing EU trend in confirmed human salmonellosis cases observed in recent years continued. Most Member States met their Salmonella reduction targets for poultry. In foodstuffs, the reported EU-level Salmonella non-compliance in fresh poultry meat decreased. Human listeriosis increased further, showing an increasing EU trend in 2009-2013. In ready-to-eat foods Listeria was seldom detected above the legal safety limit. Also during 2009-2013, a decreasing EU trend was observed in confirmed yersiniosis cases. Positive findings for Yersinia were mainly reported in pig meat and products thereof. The number of confirmed verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) infections in humans increased. VTEC was reported from food and animals. A total of 5,196 food-borne outbreaks, including water-borne outbreaks, were reported in the EU. Most food-borne outbreaks were caused by Salmonella, followed by viruses, bacterial toxins and Campylobacter, whereas in 28.9 % of all outbreaks the causative agent was unknown. Important food vehicles in strong-evidence food-borne outbreaks were eggs and egg products, followed by mixed food, and fish and fish products. The report further summarises trends and sources along the food chain of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, rabies, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), West Nile Virus and tularaemia.

Andrew J. Oswald, The Economic Theory of Trade Unions: An Introductory Survey, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 87, No. 2, Proceedings of a Conference on Trade Unions, Wage Formation and Macroeconomic Stability (Jun., 1985), pp. 160-193

UNLABELLED: This report describes the epidemiology, burden, and treatment of osteoporosis in the 27 countries of the European Union (EU27). INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone mass and disruption of bone architecture, resulting in increased risk of fragility fractures which represent the main clinical consequence of the disease. Fragility fractures are associated with substantial pain and suffering, disability and even death for affected patients and substantial costs to society. The aim of this report was to characterize the burden of osteoporosis in the EU27 in 2010 and beyond. METHODS: The literature on fracture incidence and costs of fractures in the EU27 was reviewed and incorporated into a model estimating the clinical and economic burden of osteoporotic fractures in 2010. RESULTS: Twenty-two million women and 5.5 million men were estimated to have osteoporosis; and 3.5 million new fragility fractures were sustained, comprising 610,000 hip fractures, 520,000 vertebral fractures, 560,000 forearm fractures and 1,800,000 other fractures (i.e. fractures of the pelvis, rib, humerus, tibia, fibula, clavicle, scapula, sternum and other femoral fractures). The economic burden of incident and prior fragility fractures was estimated at <euro> 37 billion. Incident fractures represented 66 % of this cost, long-term fracture care 29 % and pharmacological prevention 5 %. Previous and incident fractures also accounted for 1,180,000 quality-adjusted life years lost during 2010. The costs are expected to increase by 25 % in 2025. The majority of individuals who have sustained an osteoporosis-related fracture or who are at high risk of fracture are untreated and the number of patients on treatment is declining. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the high social and economic cost of osteoporosis, a substantial treatment gap and projected increase of the economic burden driven by the aging populations, the use of pharmacological interventions to prevent fractures has decreased in recent years, suggesting that a change in healthcare policy is warranted.

Summary form only given. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the oldest specialized agency of the United Nations, far older, in fact, than the UN itself. The ITU is unique in the sense that while it is first and foremost an intergovernmental organization, it very much is a partnership between the public and private sectors. Indeed, given the explosive growth occurring in the telecommunication sector and the transformations occurring around the world, this partnership is its very strength. Radiocommunications is also playing an ever increasing role in the technological evolution which we are witnessing. This article reviews the history of the ITU, the changes in its structure and functioning and measures being considered to further adapt the ITU to the changing telecommunication environment.

This classic book is a powerful indictment of contemporary attitudes to race. By accusing British intellectuals and politicians on both sides of the political divide of refusing to take race seriously, Paul Gilroy caused immediate uproar when this book was first published in 1987. A brilliant and explosive exploration of racial discourses, There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack provided a powerful new direction for race relations in Britain. Still dynamite today and as relevant as ever, this Routledge Classics edition includes a new introduction by the author.

The decision of the European Union to expand to Central and Eastern Europe is a puzzle for rationalist intergovernmentalism. This approach to the study of European integration accounts for most of the preferences of the state actors and many characteristics of the intergovernmental bargaining process but fails to explain why it resulted in the opening of accession negotiations. I introduce the mechanism of rhetorical action in order to show how the supporters of enlargement succeeded in overcoming the superior material bargaining power of their opponents. Through the strategic use of arguments based on the liberal norms of the European international community, the “drivers” caught the “brakemen” in the community trap and, step by step, shamed them into acquiescing in Eastern enlargement.