From 1973 to 2007, private sector union membership in the United States declined from 34 to 8 percent for men and from 16 to 6 percent for women. During this period, inequality in hourly wages increased by over 40 percent. We report a decomposition, relating rising inequality to the union wage distribution’s shrinking weight. We argue that unions helped institutionalize norms of equity, reducing the dispersion of nonunion wages in highly unionized regions and industries. Accounting for unions’ effect on union and nonunion wages suggests that the decline of organized labor explains a fifth to a third of the growth in inequality—an effect comparable to the growing stratification of wages by education.
Part I: The Conceptual Challenge of European Governance Chapter 1. Introduction: Network governance in the European Union Rainer Eising and Beate Kohler-Koch Chapter 2. The evolution and transformation of European governance Beate Kohler-Koch Part II: The Transformation of European Governance: Variations on a Theme Chapter 3. Transformation in European environmental governance Andrea Lenschow Chapter 4. Regulating genetic engineering in the European Union: a post-structuralist perspective Herbert Gottweis Chapter 5. European social policy: towards multi-level and multi-actor governance Gerda Falkner Chapter 6. Economic and Monetary Union in Europe: a transformation of governance Kenneth Dyson Chapter 7. Planes, trains, and automobiles: transport governance in the European Union Mark Aspinwall Chapter 8. Governance transformation in the professional services sector: a case of market integration 'by the back door'? Jill Lovecy Part III: The European Union and the Transformation of National Patterns of Governance Chapter 9. National patterns of governance under siege: the impact of European integration Vivien Schmidt Chapter 10. Business, governance structures and the EU: the case of Denmark Niels Chr. Sidenius Chapter 11. Perceptions of governance in Greek state retreat: implementing policy change against policy-making persistence George Pagoulatos Chapter 12. Reshuffling power. The liberalisation of the EU electricity markets and its impact on the German governance regime Rainer Eising Part IV: Theoretical, Normative, and Comparative Perspectives on European Governance Chapter 13. Defending state autonomy: intergovernmental governance in the European Union Klaus-Dieter Wolf Chapter 14. Government, governance, governmentality: understanding the EU as a project of universalism Thomas O. Hueglin Chapter 15. Governance in the European Union. A comparative assessment Rainer Eising and Beate Kohler-Koch
This book analyses the crucial features of unionised labour markets. The models in the book refer to labour contracts between unions and management, but the method of analysis is also applicable to non-union labour markets where workers have some market power. In this book, Alison Booth, a researcher in the field, emphasises the connection between theoretical and empirical approaches to studying unionised labour markets. She also highlights the importance of taking into account institutional differences between countries and sectors when constructing models of the unionised labour market. While the focus of the book is on the US and British unionised labour markets, the models and analytical methods are applicable to other industrialised countries with appropriate modifications.
AIMS: Since atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications, estimations on the number of individuals with AF are relevant to healthcare planning. We aimed to project the number of individuals with AF in the Netherlands and in the European Union from 2000 to 2060. METHODS AND RESULTS: Age- and sex-specific AF prevalence estimates were obtained from the prospective community-based Rotterdam Study. Population projections for the Netherlands and the European Union were obtained from the European Union's statistics office. In the age stratum of 55-59 years, the prevalence of AF was 1.3% in men (95% CI: 0.4-3.6%) and 1.7% in women (95% CI: 0.7-4.0%). The prevalence of AF increased to 24.2% in men (95% CI: 18.5-30.7%), and 16.1% in women (95% CI: 13.1-19.4%), for those >85 years of age. This age- and sex-specific prevalence remained stable during the years of follow-up. Furthermore, we estimate that in the European Union, 8.8 million adults over 55 years had AF in 2010 (95% CI: 6.5-12.3 million). We project that this number will double by 2060 to 17.9 million (95% CI: 13.6-23.7 million) if the age- and sex-specific prevalence remains stable. CONCLUSION: We estimate that from 2010 to 2060, the number of adults 55 years and over with AF in the European Union will more than double. As AF is associated with significant morbidities and mortality, this increasing number of individuals with AF may have major public health implications.
This paper studies the effects of unions on the structure of wages using an estimation technique that accounts for misclassification errors in reported union status and potential correlations between union status and unobserved productivity. The model is estimated separately for five skill groups using a panel data set formed from the U.S. Current Population Survey. The results suggest that unions raise wages more for workers with lower levels of observed skills. Union workers are positively selected from the population of workers with lower levels of observed skill and negatively selected from the population with higher observed skills. Copyright 1996 by The Econometric Society.
PART 1 STATE BUILDING, DIFFERENTIATED INTEGRATION AND A MULTISPEED EUROPE 1. The EU as a policy-making state: a policy system like any other? Jeremy Richardson 2. The EU as a system of differentiated integration: a challenge for theories of European integration? Frank Schimmelfennig and Berthold Rittberger 3. The politics of multispeed integration in the European Union Christian B. Jensen and Jonathan B. Slapin PART 2: INSTITUTIONAL PROCESSING 4. The European Commission Arndt Wonka 5. The EU's multilevel parliamentary system Berthold Rittberger and Thomas Winzen 6. The Councils of the EU: intergovernmental bargaining in a supranational polity Daniel Naurin 7. The shadow of case law: the Court of Justice of the European union and the policy process Susanne Schmidt 8. The distribution of power among institutions Robert Thomson 9. The EU budget: which fiscal capacity at the European level? Henrik Enderlein , Ole Funker, and Johannes Lindner 10. EU agencies Berthold Rittberger and Arndt Wonka PART 3: VARIEGATED POLICY-MAKING 11. EU enlargement Frank Schimmelfennig 12. The EU as an international actor Michael Smith 13. European regulation Mark Thatcher 14. European macroeconomic governance Erik Jones and Gregory W. Fuller 15. Covert integration in the European Union Adrienne Heritier 16. Implementation Christoph Knill PART 4: CHANNELS OF REPRESENTATION 17. European elections and the European voter Mark Franklin and Sara B. Hobolt 18. Shooting where the ducks are: EU lobbying and institutionalized promiscuity Sonia Mazey and Jeremy Richardson 19. Bypassing the nation state? Regions and the EU policy process Michael Keating, Liesbet Hooghe, and Michael Tatham 20. Political Representation and democracy in the EU Sandra Kroger
Researchers have discovered how microscopic imperfections and atomic vibrations can be used to control a powerful quantum effect in an advanced material。 The effect can turn alternating electrical signals from the environment directly into the kind of current electronic devices need, without traditional components。 As temperature changes, the signa
Scientists have directly watched angular momentum move through a crystal for the very first time — and discovered a bizarre twist along the way。 Using ultra-powerful terahertz laser pulses, researchers triggered tiny atomic rotations inside a quantum material and found that the direction of rotation can unexpectedly flip as momentum is transferred。
NASA’s Fermi telescope has detected what may be the first confirmed gamma-ray signal from a superluminous supernova — one of the most extreme explosions in the universe。 Scientists believe the blast was powered by a rapidly spinning magnetar, an exotic neutron star with unbelievably strong magnetic fields。 The event, called SN 2017egm, erupted 440
Scientists used some of the most advanced plasma simulations ever created to uncover how the universe builds enormous magnetic fields out of turbulence。 The discovery could reshape our understanding of stars, black holes, neutron star collisions, and dangerous solar eruptions
A new room-temperature quantum device uses twisted light to entangle photons and electrons, overcoming one of the biggest hurdles in quantum technology。 The breakthrough could pave the way for smaller, cheaper quantum systems with applications ranging from secure communications to future AI and computing platforms
NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has uncovered unusual chemistry in interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, including the first direct detection of methane on a visitor from another star system。 The comet also contains exceptionally high levels of carbon dioxide, making it unlike most comets born in our solar system。 Scientists believe the methane was hidden
A breakthrough lithium-extraction method could help solve one of clean energy’s dirtiest problems。 Researchers at Columbia Engineering have developed a fast new technique that pulls lithium directly from salty underground brines using a temperature-sensitive solvent, avoiding the giant evaporation ponds that can take years and drain precious water
With the case confirmed, it is the fly's first breach of the US-Mexico border
June's night sky delivers several must-see events, starting with a close encounter between Venus and Jupiter after sunset。 Mercury joins the pair to form a rare three-planet lineup, while the Moon puts on a special show by passing in front of Venus for viewers in parts of the Americas。 The month also marks the start of astronomical summer and the r
A new AI-powered chip from UC Davis can analyze light and chemicals using a device tiny enough to fit almost anywhere。 By combining smart silicon sensors with machine learning, it achieves lab-style spectral analysis without the bulky equipment
Scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory recreated part of the intense chaos inside a nuclear fireball to better understand how radioactive fallout forms。 Their experiments revealed that the way vaporized materials cool can dramatically change the particles that eventually form, especially for volatile elements like cesium