The effect that blood glucose concentration has on feelings of satiety is unclear. Our aims were to assess satiety and subsequent energy intake following the ingestion of trifle sweetened with sucrose or isomaltulose whilst measuring plasma glucose concentration to confirm glycemic differences between trifles. Seventy-seven healthy adults participated in a double-blind crossover trial where trifle sweetened with sucrose or isomaltulose was consumed on separate days with a two-week washout. Blood was sampled at the baseline, 1 and 2 h postprandially, and satiety assessed using visual analogue scales (VAS). Weighed diet records were taken on test days. A statistically significant difference in blood glucose concentration between trifles was found at 60 min following consumption, with the isomaltulose trifle having a 0.69 mmol/L (95% confidence interval: -1.07, -0.31) lower concentration when compared with the sucrose trifle. Mean satiety response by area-under-the-curve (AUC) was not significantly different between trifles. Mean (SD) appetite scores for the sucrose and isomaltulose trifles were 4493 (2393) and 4527 (2590) mm·min, respectively, with a between trifle difference of -9 (95% CI: -589, 572) mm·min. Mean (SD) energy intake for the remainder of the day following trifle consumption was 3894 kJ (1950 kJ) and 3530 kJ (1926 kJ) after the sucrose and isomaltulose trifles, respectively, and was not significantly different (p = 0.133). The differing glycemic response to trifle was not related to satiety or to subsequent energy intake.
In functional magnetic resonance imaging, multivariate proxies of functional brain networks are commonly extracted using spatial independent component analysis. The theoretical premises of spatial overlap among functional processes and the time-varying nature of functional connectivity prompt the question of how to accurately model spatially overlapping and time-varying functional sources. Well-known functional networks have previously been shown to divide into spatially overlapping and functionally distinct subprocesses termedTemporal Functional Modes (TFM)using temporal independent component analysis on the time courses obtained via spatial independent component analysis. In this model, spatial and temporal modes of organisation interact through a single mixing matrix with fixed coefficients. Here, we introduce a time-resolved version termedTime-Resolved Instantaneous Functional Loci Estimation (TRIFLE)to estimate time-varying changes in source allocation. We analytically demonstrate that the originally fixed TFM mixing matrix can be expressed as the temporal average of a time-resolved mixing matrix, which in turn can be obtained in closed form and provides instantaneous estimates of brain network reconfigurations involved in distinct temporal functional modes. We apply TRIFLE to a high-temporal resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset. We demonstrate that spatial source allocation aligns with expectations based on the experimental task design and that successful and unsuccessful trials have different allocation profiles. The proposed method sheds light on the temporal evolution of brain network reconfigurations while explicitly accounting for potential neuroanatomical overlap.
In the literature, the association between chronic pain syndromes of the spine and sustained "trifle trauma" is a matter of controversy. "Trifle trauma" is identified as a contusion, compression and/or sprain without a definite, acute imaging sign of injury to the bone, the disk or the ligaments of the spine. Most of the time, striking isolated changes to the intervertebral disks are interpreted as preexisting without relevance to an acute injury. However, complex chronic pain syndromes causing permanent and significant functional limitations in daily life and work may occur. Besides the diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the treating physician, the expert confronted with compensation claims very often has to answer questions as to whether "trifle trauma" of the spine may lead to significant and permanent functional limitations or loss with chronic pain syndromes, and what the importance of possible isolated changes in intervertebral disks is. The data from literature dealing with this topic is contradictory and deficient. In this article, we critically examine the causality between "trifle trauma" to the spine and possible permanent chronic complaints based on currently available data from the literature in order to support the process of decision making in questions of litigation and controversial compensation claims.
We describe TRiFLe, a freely accessible computer program that generates theoretical terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) from any user-supplied sequence set tailored to a particular group of organisms, sequences from clone libraries, or sequences from specific genes. The program allows a rapid identification of the most polymorphic enzymes, creates a collection of T-RFs for the data set, and can potentially identify specific T-RFs in T-RF length polymorphism (T-RFLP) patterns by comparing theoretical and experimental results. TRiFLE was used for analyzing T-RFLP data generated for the amoA and pmoA genes. The peaks identified in the T-RFLP patterns show an overlap of ammonia- and methane-oxidizing bacteria in the metalimnion of a subtropical lake.
Saddle Bruise From Mountainbiking - Just a Trifle? Abstract. Using the term of behavioral psychology, this review with case report illustrates how a necrotisizing fasciitis following a blunt soft tissue trauma got misinterpreted as pulmonary embolism. In addition to the most important red flags we describe the typical course of disease and provide relevant tools to differentiate upatient between minor ailments and this life-threatening disease on first presentation of the patient. Zusammenfassung. Dieser Mini-Review mit Fallbericht beschreibt mit Hilfe verhaltenspsychologischer Begriffe, wie eine nekrotisierende Fasziitis nach stumpfem Weichteiltrauma als Lungenembolie fehlinterpretiert werden kann. Neben der Darstellung der wichtigsten «Red Flags» und des typischen Krankheitsverlaufs sollen relevante Tools vorgestellt werden, die helfen können, Bagatellen bereits bei der ersten medizinischen Vorstellung von diesem lebensbedrohlichen Krankheitsbild abzugrenzen.
Burn injuries are very frequent, most being trifle cases. Nevertheless every year about 200 patients need to be treated in one of the two specialised Swiss burns centres. Admission criteria are burns > 15% body surface or burns to critical areas (face neck, hands, genitalia, joints) and electrical injuries. The paper reviews the physiophathology of the burn wound which differs depending on the thermal or electrical aetiology. The airway may be threatened due to true inhalation, but also to burns to the face or neck. In major burns >20% body surface in adults, or > 10% in children, fluid resuscitation will be required; oral hydration is generally sufficient by smaller burns. Surgical treatment of 2nd and 3rd degree burns starts within the first 24 days after injury. While complex treatment is generally available in peace time, a major accident such as a disco-fire that can generate hundreds casualties in a few minutes, can threaten our system and force the adoption of triage rules, and simplified treatments. Attitudes to adopt in such conditions are discussed.
Epidemiological investigation into an outbreak of food poisoning in 17 patients caused by Salmonella enteritidis phage-type 4 demonstrated a highly significant association with consumption of custard, retailed in custard slices and trifles from a bakery on one day. The bakery had changed their recipe for custard 2 weeks earlier to include fresh shell eggs and had not followed earlier national advice on cooking eggs for human consumption. The case-control study supports earlier work associating Salmonella enteritidis phage-type 4 infection with consumption of uncooked or lightly cooked shell eggs.
Early 1999 dioxin-contaminated feedstuff was responsible for a poisoning at Belgian poultry farms resulting in seriously affected animals and products. Scarce data indicated levels of 500-1000 pg TEQ/g chicken fat, whereas 2-3 pg is normal. Consumption chicken weigh 1-1.5 kg and the average fat level is 15-20%. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands evaluated the health risks with respect to long-term average consumption and incidental high consumption. The average annual consumption of chicken fat amounts to 1 g/day, resulting in an intake of 7-14 pg TEQ/kg bw/day, while incidental consumption of one half chicken led to an intake of 45-70 g fat, corresponding to 320-1000 pg TEQ/kg bw. The consumption exceeded the tolerable daily intake for dioxins (1-4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day) 2- to 14-fold and 80- to 1000-fold, respectively. Considering all available data RIVM concluded that negative health effects following long-term average consumption or incidental high consumption of contaminated chicken were unlikely to occur, but could not fully exclude minor subclinical effects.
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A supervisory system is an essential part of higher education and plays a vital role in cultivating the high-level talents needed for high-quality national development and social progress. This study aims to determine how supervisors affect students' academic gains and research ability. This study used a qualitative research method to select 10 postgraduate students and their 7 supervisors for in-depth interviews from May to July 2022. This study aims to address the following questions: 1. What are the modes of supervisor-student communication? 2. What impact do these modes have on students? 3. What factors affect these modes? Three discoveries were made in this study. When supervisors and students communicate only regarding the academic content and students tend to fully follow supervisors' instructions, students obtain more academic output in the short term but lack autonomy. When supervisors and students discuss academic issues and life trifles equally, it helps in promoting students' comprehensive quality. When students do not have much contact with their supervisors and they get along like strangers, it is beneficial to cultivate students' intellectual independence, but students grow slowly. The factors influencing the communication modes include the supervisors' educational philosophy, postgraduate learning attitude, and supervisory system. In conclusion, the three communication modes can coexist together in a group of students led by the same supervisor. Whether a communication mode can promote the growth of students depends on the awakening of the students' self-awareness, and the supervisory system is the most implicit factor underlying communication.