Trampoline use has become increasingly common among children and adolescents, paralleled by a rise in trampoline-related injuries. Nevertheless, current age-based recommendations for trampoline use are supported by limited evidence. This study aimed to determine whether the frequency and severity of trampoline-related fractures differ among specific pediatric age groups. We identified all pediatric trampoline-related fractures treated in the Helsinki area, Finland, between 2014 and 2022. Cases were extracted from the institutional fracture registry, the KIDS Fracture Tool, which contained 18,279 fractures as of December 2022. The distribution, fracture severity, and frequency of surgical treatment were compared with the other sports-related fractures recorded in the registry. Trampoline-related fractures were analyzed across 3 age groups: 0 to 5 years, 6 to 10 years, and 11 to 15 years. A total of 1153 trampoline-related fractures were identified (592 in girls and 561 in boys), representing 6.3% of all pediatric fractures. The annual incidence of trampoline-related fractures was 9.3 per 10,000 children. In the youngest age group, the lower leg was the most commonly fractured site, whereas forearm fractures predominated in the older groups. Well-aligned fracture was the most frequent fracture pattern in younger children, while more severe fracture types increased in prevalence with age. The proportion of open fractures was higher in the trampoline cohort than in the overall sport-related fracture cohort (relative risk, 2.02; 95% CI: 1.22-3.34). Trampoline-related fractures show age-dependent variation, with younger children sustaining predominantly low-energy injuries and older children experiencing more severe fracture patterns. Trampoline injuries were associated with a higher risk of displaced fractures requiring internal fixation and open fractures. Due to the lack of exposure data, definitive conclusions cannot be made regarding age-specific injury risk or age-based restrictions. Level IV-case series.
Following repeated trampoline jumping, the actual vertical jump height on the ground decreases compared to before the trampoline session, and the perceived jump height feels even lower than the actual height. While it is known that these aftereffects dissipate with subsequent vertical jumps, the time required for their dissipation when no additional jumps are performed remains unclear. This study investigated the time course of the readaptation of motor and perceptual functions following trampoline jumps, focusing on how these aftereffects diminish over time. Fourteen male participants performed vertical jumps on the ground before and after completing 30 repetitive trampoline jumps at 1.2 Hz. To assess the time-dependent recovery process, the first post-trampoline vertical jump was conducted under five conditions: immediately (0 min) and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 min after trampoline jumps. After each post-trampoline vertical jump, participants estimated their jump height and reported their perceived performance. In the 0-minute condition, the actual vertical jump height was lower than in the pre-trampoline jump, and participants underestimated their jump height relative to their actual performance. While the actual vertical jump height recovered to its original level within 1 min, the perceived jump height remained lower than the actual height at this time point. The ability to accurately perceive jump height took 2 min to recover. These findings indicate that the passage of time is sufficient for motor recovery, whereas perceptual recovery requires a longer duration, suggesting that motor and perceptual aftereffects of trampoline jumps follow distinct temporal dynamics in their dissipation.
To conduct a thorough assessment of how trampoline training affects lower limb strength and balance in children and adolescents with special needs, while also exploring the relationships between intervention dosage, effect sizes, and potential moderating factors. This research adhered to PRISMA standards. A systematic search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published through December 10, 2025, was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library. Using the PICOS framework, the target population included children and adolescents with special needs; the intervention involved trampoline training; comparisons were made with non-trampoline comparator conditions, including usual care, standard care, physiotherapy, regular physical education, or no intervention; the outcomes measured included lower-limb strength and balance (assessed through standardized scales or objective tests), and the study design involved RCTs. Continuous outcomes were pooled using standardized mean differences (SMDs). A three-level random-effects model was used to account for the dependence of multiple effect sizes within studies. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q test and I 2 statistic. Sensitivity analyses and publication bias assessments, including Egger's regression and trim-and-fill methods, were carried out. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed to identify possible moderators. Fifteen RCTs were analyzed. The combined results indicated that trampoline training significantly enhanced static balance (SMD = 1.47, 95% CI [0.66, 2.28], p < 0.001; GRADE: Moderate) and dynamic balance (SMD = 0.72, 95% CI [0.06, 1.37], p = 0.032; GRADE: Low). However, the increase in lower-limb strength was not statistically significant (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.97], p = 0.125; GRADE: Very Low). All three measures exhibited substantial heterogeneity (I 2 > 75%), and Egger's tests indicated a potential publication bias. Current evidence most consistently supports trampoline-based training for improving static balance. Evidence for dynamic balance was less stable after bias adjustment, and evidence for lower-limb strength remains insufficient. Subgroup analyses revealed that studies involving longer intervention durations, moderate training frequencies, and primarily children with neurodevelopmental disorders showed greater improvements in balance. Trampoline training appears to provide the most consistent benefit for static balance in children and adolescents with special needs, whereas evidence for dynamic balance and lower-limb strength remains uncertain. Given the wide variety of populations included, intervention effects may vary across participant types. Further high-quality studies are needed to clarify these effects. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251265788. Unique Identifier: CRD420251265788.
The purpose of this study was to propose the TJ-index, which uses deflection distance and contact time as variables, as an index of somersault jumps in trampoline competitions, and to clarify the characteristics of the jumping motion of trampoline gymnasts as a case study. Ten participants, ranging from elite trampoline gymnasts to those at the national competition level, performed 10 consecutive backward somersaults and forward somersault half-twists in alternating sequence. A strong positive correlation was observed between the TJ-index and time of flight (r = 0.98, p < 0.01). The relationship between deflection distance and contact time, which together constitute the TJ-index, was classified into six types using Ward's cluster analysis method. Moreover, normalising deflection distance by body mass revealed individual jump characteristics. The bed's deflection distance may primarily result from either the gymnast's body mass or their active jumping motion. A strong negative correlation was observed between deflection distance per unit of body mass and contact time (r = -0.87, p < 0.01). These findings suggested the existence of body mass optimisation in trampoline gymnasts. The use of the TJ-index appears to have potential for identifying and classifying the jumping motion tendencies of trampoline gymnasts by type.
Aging can be associated with poor cardiovascular health and physical function. This study aimed to compare 6 weeks of mini-trampoline training with walking in older adults. Forty-seven adults (age 71.1 ± 5.6 years) were assigned to either a trampoline exercise group or a walking group. Both groups completed 20-min sessions three times a week. Assessments of balance, mobility, and walking capacity were conducted pre- and postintervention. There was a significant Group × Time interaction, F(1, 45) = 12.858, p = .001, η2 = .222, for the single-leg stand test. The main effect of time for the trampoline exercise group, F(1, 24) = 21.0, p < .01, η2 = .467, was significant with posttest time improving compared with pretest time. There was no significant Group × Time interaction, F(1, 45) = 0.249, p > .05, η2 = .006, for the four-square step test. The main effect of time was significant, F(1, 45) = 15.523, p = .001, η2 = .256, with both groups improving from pre to post. For the 6-min walk test, there was no significant Group × Time interaction, F(1, 45) = 1.365, p > .05, η2 = .029. The main effect of time was significant, F(1, 45) = 10.397, p = .002, η2 = .188, with both groups improving compared with baseline. Trampoline training and walking improved balance and walking capacity, whereas only trampoline training led to improvements in single-leg balance. This study highlights that both exercise modalities are effective forms of activity for older adults.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the interobserver reliability of 3 commonly used arthroscopic diagnostic signs for assessing triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) lesions: the trampoline test, the hook test, and the suction test. This retrospective observational study included 26 consecutive patients who underwent wrist arthroscopy for suspected TFCC or intercarpal ligament injury. Five patients with intraoperative TFCC disc perforation were excluded, leaving 21 arthroscopy videos for analysis. All procedures were performed using standard wrist arthroscopy portals. A senior wrist surgeon established the reference diagnosis based on clinical examination, preoperative arthrocomputed tomography, and arthroscopic findings. The anonymized videos were independently reviewed by 3 board-certified hand surgeons with experience in wrist arthroscopy, all blinded to clinical and operative data. Reviewers assessed the presence or absence of loss of the trampoline sign, a positive hook test, and the suction test. Interobserver reliability was evaluated using Cohen's kappa coefficient. All arthroscopy videos were considered to be of adequate diagnostic quality. The hook test demonstrated excellent interobserver agreement among reviewers, whereas the trampoline and suction tests showed only moderate reproducibility. Arthroscopic diagnostic signs for TFCC lesions do not demonstrate equivalent reliability. The hook test appears to be the most reproducible and reliable indicator of TFCC incompetence, particularly in foveal tears. In contrast, the trampoline and suction tests showed greater variability between observers. N/A.
Anxiety affects approximately 40% to 50% of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet evidence-based nonpharmacological interventions remain limited. Trampoline exercise, which combines vestibular stimulation and aerobic activity, may offer dual benefits by reducing anxiety and improving motor skills in this population. To examine the effects of an 8-week trampoline exercise program on anxiety, motor performance, and physiological outcomes (heart rate variability, HRV) in children with mild-to-moderate ASD. This assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial (Registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2500104402; Date: June 17, 2025) enrolled 50 children with mild-to-moderate ASD (aged 9-14 years) from Shandong Special Education Rehabilitation Center, China. Participants were allocated 1:1 to an 8-week trampoline intervention group (IG, n = 25; 3 sessions/wk, 30 min/session) or a resistance training control group (CG, n = 25). Primary outcomes: anxiety (screen for child anxiety related disorders [SCARED] questionnaire) and HRV root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). Secondary outcomes: standing long jump (SLJ), one-leg stance with eyes closed (OLS), and BMI (body mass index). Between-group differences were analyzed via Mann-Whitney U tests; effect sizes were reported as Cliff δ (thresholds: small = 0.11, medium = 0.28, large = 0.43). All 50 participants completed the intervention and assessments. Compared with CG, IG showed significantly greater reductions in SCARED scores (Δ = -9.4 vs Δ = 0, false discovery rate-corrected P < .001, δ = -0.92) and improvements in HRV (RMSSD: Δ = +8.51 ms vs Δ = +1.45 ms, false discovery rate-corrected P = .003, δ = -0.66). Standing long jump (SLJ) improved markedly in IG (Δ = +15.0 cm vs CG Δ = +4.0 cm, false discovery rate-corrected P < .001, δ = -0.68). However, one-leg stance with eyes closed (OLS) showed no significant between-group difference after false discovery rate correction (Δ = +0.65 seconds vs Δ = +1.14 seconds, false discovery rate-corrected P = .076, δ = -0.37). BMI remained stable in both groups (false discovery rate-corrected P = .348). Trampoline exercise significantly reduces anxiety and enhances lower limb explosive power in children with mild-to-moderate ASD, with effect sizes exceeding clinical thresholds. Its low cost (<$100) and high adherence (85%) support integration into school-based interventions. Future studies should explore long-term effects (3-6 months) and neural mechanisms via functional magnetic resonance imaging.
This study aims to calculate and compare aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditure in women participating in recreational mini-trampoline activities. Thirteen women volunteered to participate in this study. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables-including [Formula: see text] (L/min), [Formula: see text] (ml/min/kg), [Formula: see text] (ml/beat), HR (bpm), [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], RER, [Formula: see text] (L/min), FAT (g/h), METs, and [Formula: see text] (L/min) were measured using a portable gas analyzer (Cortex Metamax 3B). The mini-trampoline protocol was structured to progressively increase exercise intensity over a 5-minute period (2 and a half min aerobic rhytym; 2 and a half min anaerobic rhytym intensity), with load progression achieved through gradual increases in jump amplitude and movement frequency. The exercise protocol was performed to an instrumental music track characterized by a constant tempo of 128 bpm, a regular 4/4 meter, distinct metrical accents, and no lyrics. Although the tempo was kept constant, rhythmic variations were utilized to distinguish between the aerobic and anaerobic phases. Data were analyzed using a paired-samples t-test to compare the phases, with statistical significance set at p < .05. As a result of the research, there were significant differencies found between Phase 1 (aerobic) and Phase 2 (anaerobic) according to [Formula: see text] (L/min), [Formula: see text] (ml/min/kg), [Formula: see text] (ml/beat), HR (bpm), [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], RER, [Formula: see text] (L/min), FAT (g/h), METS, [Formula: see text] (L/min) variables (p < .001). Mini-trampoline exercise emerges as a robust and time-efficient training method capable of eliciting significant aerobic and anaerobic responses, alongside high energy expenditure. Not applicable.
Achieving greater pre-jump elevation is essential for trampoline gymnasts to attain high-level competition performance. This study aimed to explore the key influencing factors of pre-jump height in juvenile trampoline gymnasts, thereby providing a rationale for training programs and talent selection criteria. A mixed-methods approach was adopted. First, a comprehensive literature review, expert interviews, and theoretical analysis were conducted to establish preliminary indicators potentially influencing pre-jump height. Second, experimental tests were carried out on 16 juvenile trampoline gymnasts to collect data on these indicators. Third, factor analysis was applied to refine the initial indicator system and develop a formal evaluation framework. Finally, grey relational analysis was used to quantify the relationships between each indicator and pre-jump height. The final indicator system encompassed 5 dimensions and 16 representative variables. The grey relational analysis revealed that 10 indicators-standing long jump, height, leg length, shoulder width, arm hang angle, ratio of counter-jump height to pre-jump height, 30-s hanging leg raise, BMI, hip joint angle at landing, and state anxiety level-showed strong correlations (grey relational coefficient > 0.9) with pre-jump height. Furthermore, three additional indicators-trampoline-induced acrophobia, daily acrophobia, and ankle joint cushioning-demonstrated moderate correlations (coefficient 0.8-0.9). In contrast, time perception (10 s), supine leg raise (45°), and self-rotation perception showed weaker correlations (coefficient < 0.8). This study established an indicator system consisting of 16 items of pre-jump height influencing factors and identified the importance ranking of each indicator using grey relational analysis in juvenile trampoline gymnasts. These findings may serve as a scientific basis for developing targeted training programs and objective talent selection criteria while advancing gymnastics research by highlighting the interaction of physical, technical, and psychological factors in specialized jumping performance.
A wealth of evidence demonstrates the potentially injurious consequences for children using trampolines. Despite this evidence, many parents continue to support their children's use of trampolines and instal trampolines around their homes. In this study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with parents across Canada who are emergency practitioners. We examined physicians' and nurses' (n=56) perspectives on their children's trampoline use. Tenets of risk society theory were used to inform our approach. Three themes were identified through a thematic analysis: (1) heightened injury awareness; (2) social stigma and (3) balancing child development and safety. Our findings enrich conversations on child injury prevention by demonstrating how parental attitudes towards children's use of common household features such as trampolines can be shaped by witnessing children's injuries, accessing health information and education and being exposed to public pressures to achieve parental safety ideals.
Background: Early childhood is crucial for motor and cognitive development, with physical activity playing a key role. Mini-trampoline exercises may offer an effective approach to enhance these domains. Methods: This study assessed the effects of a mini-trampoline program on executive functions and motor skills in Tunisian preschoolers. Fifty-four children (age 3.87 ± 0.47 years) participated in a 12-week intervention, divided into a control group (n = 27), following standard activities, and an experimental group (n = 27), engaging in mini-trampoline exercises. Pre- and post-tests measured motor skills like postural steadiness, balance, and coordination, as well as cognitive functions, including working memory (WM) and inhibition. Results: Significant improvements were observed in the experimental group for functional mobility, postural steadiness, lower body strength, and inhibition (p < 0.001), whereas the control group showed minimal changes. ANOVA revealed no significant group × time effects, except for a trend in postural steadiness (p = 0.062), suggesting a potential benefit of the intervention. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of mini-trampoline exercises to enhance motor skills and specific executive functions in preschoolers, supporting their overall development.
Trampolining in the United Kingdom (UK) has seen a major increase in popularity among children, leading to a rising incidence of associated injuries. While international studies have described the injury patterns, recent UK-specific epidemiological data are limited. This study investigates the incidences and trends of trampoline-related orthopaedic injuries within a UK NHS Trust. A retrospective observational study was conducted at a Trust with two district general hospitals. Electronic medical records were analysed for all patients under 18 years of age referred to the Trauma & Orthopaedics (T&O) department from 13/10/2023 until 01/11/2024 with a trampoline-related orthopaedic injury. Data extracted included age, sex, injury type, anatomical location, and management. From 3,025 paediatric referrals to T&O, 96 (3.2%) were trampoline-related. The mean age was 8.7 years old. The majority of patients were female (59.4%, n=57). Fractures constituted the majority of injuries (n=57). The ankle was the most common site of injury overall (27.1%, n=26), and for both fractures (n=14) and soft tissue injuries (n=12). The wrist and elbow were the next most common fracture sites, with similar frequency (n=11). The admission rate was low (2.1%, n=2); only one patient required surgical intervention. A clear bimodal seasonal variation was observed, with incidence peaking during April (n=14) and August (n=12). This study provides contemporary UK data demonstrating that orthopaedic trampoline-related injuries, while common, predominantly result in minor fractures manageable conservatively. The ankle is the most common site. The strong correlation with seasonal spikes highlights a critical period for targeted public health initiatives and awareness campaigns to minimise risk. Despite the general minor nature of these injuries, thorough assessment is essential to recognise potential neurovascular compromise.
Although bucket-handle meniscal tears are common injuries, simultaneous bicompartmental displaced bucket-handle tears involving both the medial and lateral menisci are exceedingly rare. This study highlights the challenges posed by bicompartmental bucket handle tears in terms of anatomical considerations and the technical challenges for repairing the menisci in a previously reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) knee. We report the case of a 31-year-old man who presented with acute knee pain during trampoline sports. The patient had undergone arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using a hamstring graft 2 years prior. On clinical examination, the patient had a knee range of motion of 10-90°, medial and lateral joint line tenderness, and positive McMurray tests for the medial and lateral menisci. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bicompartmental displaced bucket handle tears and an ACL graft in situ with intact tunnels. Arthroscopic surgery was performed using a combination of all-inside and outside-in techniques to repair both tears. The patient underwent clinical examination at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. The patient achieved a knee flexion of up to 130° and hyperextension of 10° (same as the other knee) by the end of 2 months. The Lachman test after 2 months revealed no laxity of the ACL. The patient returned to unrestricted sports activity by 6 months postoperatively. At the 12-month follow-up, he remained symptom free, with a Lysholm score of 96. A hybrid surgical technique combining all-inside and outside-in methods allows successful management of complex bicompartmental meniscal tears, preserving meniscal function while minimizing surgical risks.Level of Evidence Level V, Expert Opinion/Case Report.
Background: Inter-limb asymmetry has implications for both athletic performance and healthcare practice. High baseline inter-limb asymmetries have been associated with impaired mobility, increased fall risk, and musculoskeletal injuries across the lifespan. Exercise interventions able to stimulate the stretch-shortening cycle (e.g., plyometric training and jump training) have been shown to have a good impact on asymmetries. Among these, Mini-Trampoline Training (MTT) has recently emerged as potentially effective in reducing asymmetries. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of a single MTT session on muscle power and inter-limb asymmetry in young adults. Methods: Twenty-eight recreationally active participants (25.6 ± 2.4 years) completed one MTT session. Before (PRE) and after (POST) the MTT session, single-leg 6 m Timed Hop (6MTH) and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests were administered. Additionally, 6MTH values of the dominant (DOM) and non-dominant (NODOM) limbs were used to stratify participants according to higher (HBIA) or lower (LBIA) baseline inter-limb asymmetry, based on a commonly adopted Normalized Symmetry Index (NSI) threshold (NSI ≥ 10%, n = 12; NSI < 10%, n = 16). Repeated-measures mixed models were used to evaluate the effects of the MTT session on 6MTH, NSI, and CMJ. Results: Regardless of group and limb, significant (p < 0.0001) improvements in 6MTH (PRE: 2.5 ± 0.06 s; POST: 2.3 ± 0.05 s) were found. Interestingly, the MTT session had a significant (p = 0.01) effect on both groups, with a significant (p = 0.003) interaction with NSI values, showing an improvement for HBIA (PRE = 15.4 ± 1.1%, POST = 11.3 ± 2.1%), whereas a decrement in LBIA was recorded (PRE = 5.1 ± 0.6%, POST = 9.6 ± 1.5%). CMJ did not show any changes in HBIA (PRE: 36.2 ± 0.9 cm; POST: 35.1 ± 0.7 cm), while a significant (p = 0.007) decrease was found in LBIA (PRE: 34.8 ± 1.2 cm; POST: 33.2 ± 1.3 cm). Conclusions: A single MTT session induced acute neuromuscular fatigue, reflected by reduced CMJ performance and improved (~8%) inter-limb control during hopping. The HBIA group preserved jump height (~36 cm) and demonstrated a significant reduction in asymmetry (NSI: -4.1%), suggesting more balanced lower-limb recruitment. Conversely, LBIA showed a significant decrease in CMJ and an increased NSI (+4.5%), possibly reflecting fatigue-related compensatory strategies. Overall, a single MTT elicited distinct responses according to baseline asymmetry, supporting its potential as an adaptable modality for enhancing neuromuscular function in HBIA.
Action quality assessment (AQA) plays a pivotal role in intelligent sports analysis, aiding athlete training and refereeing decisions. However, existing datasets and methods are limited to short-term actions, lacking comprehensive spatiotemporal modeling for complex, long-duration sequences like those in trampoline gymnastics. To bridge this gap, we introduce Trampoline-AQA, a novel dataset comprising 206 video clips from major competitions (2018-2024), featuring dual-modality (RGB and optical flow) data and rich annotations. Leveraging this dataset, we propose a framework comprising a Temporal Feature Enhancer (TFE) and a forward-looking causal cross-modal attention (FCCA) module, which improves action quality assessment by delivering more accurate and robust scoring for long-duration, high-speed routines, particularly under motion ambiguities. Our approach achieves a Spearman correlation of 0.938 on Trampoline-AQA and 0.882 on UNLV-Dive, demonstrating superior performance and generalization capability.
Lip amputations in children may require urgent microsurgical management. Here we report a salvage procedure with partial survival following lower lip and chin replantation after a trampoline accident. Total amputation was managed with inferior labial artery anastomosis; however, venous drainage was not reestablished, necessitating leech therapy. Despite arterial revisions, 75 % of the lip and 25 % of the chin were lost by post-operative day 14. Reconstruction with a combined right Karapandzic flap and left Camille Bernard flap was performed one month later, supplemented by mesotherapy and nanofat injections. The outcome was marked by residual microstomia. These injuries are rare in children, often caused by dog bites. Venous anastomosis is frequently unfeasible, with leech therapy critical for drainage. When replantation is partially successful, reconstruction may involve local flaps or free tissue transfers. Microsurgical expertise, access to leech therapy and close collaboration with intensivists are essential for optimizing outcomes.
Background  Multiple techniques have been developed to detect a triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) foveal detachment. One commonly used technique to evaluate TFCC integrity, the trampoline test, has had variable reliability. Questions/Purposes  The purpose of this biomechanical experiment was to evaluate the suitability of the trampoline test in detecting TFCC foveal detachments. Materials and Methods  In each of 10 cadaver arms, TFCC displacement near the ulnar fovea was measured using a plunger with increasing incremental loads in the intact wrist, after ulnar sectioning of the TFCC, and following TFCC repair. Results  After the application of the eight incremental small weights, there was no significant difference in the relative displacement of the plunger between the intact case, after detachment of the ulnar aspect of the TFCC disc, and after repair (0.6 mm intact, 0.7 mm detached, and 0.7 repair). However, there were significant differences in the absolute ending point displacement referenced to the starting intact position (0.6 mm intact, 1.3 mm detached, and -0.9 mm after repair). Conclusion/Clinical Relevance  This study suggests that the trampoline test may not be adequate to quantify displacement (bouncing) of the TFCC disc after injury.
Balance is a fundamental quality for trampoline athletes, the basis for completing complex skills. We aimed to compare balance control strategies between elite trampolinists (ETs) and sub-elite trampolinists (Sub-ET) by integrating linear and nonlinear center of pressure (COP) measures across stable and unstable surfaces. Twenty-four male athletes (12 ET, 12 Sub-ET) participated. Each participant performed 15-s static standing trials with eyes closed on a firm surface (FI) and a foam surface (FO). COP parameters were extracted, including ellipse area, sway velocity, sway range, and sample entropy (SampEn) in the medio-lateral (ML) and antero-posterior (AP) directions. Repeated-measures ANOVA was applied to examine the effects of group and surface condition. Linear analyses indicated that ET athletes exhibited greater sway amplitudes and faster velocities than Sub-ET athletes, with both groups showing larger sway on FO compared with FI. Nonlinear analyses revealed that ET athletes demonstrated lower SampEn, suggesting more structured and automatized control strategies. ET athletes maintained consistent entropy across both conditions, reflecting stronger adaptability to unstable surfaces. These results emphasize the importance of combining linear and nonlinear measures in balance assessment and suggest that incorporating unstable or trampoline-like surfaces into training may enhance adaptability, improve performance, and reduce injury risk.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a 6-week isometric training intervention on time of flight (ToF) in elite youth level gymnasts. Fourteen nationally elite youth gymnasts (10 females and 4 males; age = 15 ± 2 years; mass = 55.0 ± 8.2 kg and stature = 163.7 ± 6.5 cm) were recruited. Seven gymnasts in the intervention (INT) group performed a 6-week isometric squat strength-training programme, replacing heavy maximal lower limb exercises with three isometric exercises. Seven gymnasts in the control (CON) group performed a standardised strength programme. All gymnasts performed habitual trampoline training. Pre- and post-testing included cycling peak power output, isometric strength, countermovement jumps and 20-maximum ToF jump tests. Changes in ToF were greater for the INT group (+0.83 s; 2.8%) compared to the CON group (+0.06 s; +0.2%), with a significant group × time interaction effect on ToF (p = 0.021). The change in isometric squat peak force at 150° in the INT group (+379 N; 22.4%) was different to the change in the CON group (+78 N; 5.0%), with a significant group × time interaction effect (p = 0.032). The isometric intervention provided a sport-specific training stimulus that was better than traditional heavy maximal resistance training alone for improving isometric strength and ToF in elite trampoline gymnasts.