搜索结果：The Spanish journal of psychology

People have the basic need to experiment control over the most important aspects of their environment. Even though the Sense of Control Scale is one of the most used instruments to measure sense of control, its psychometric properties have not been thoroughly assessed in a Spanish-speaking context. This preregistered study adapts the Sense of Control Scale into Spanish. To achieve this, 605 adults (Mage = 33.09, SD = 14.18) filled out an online questionnaire containing the relevant measurements. Evidence of the structure of two first-order dimensions and a second-order dimension was obtained (CFI = .960; TLI = .949; RMSEA = .044; RMSR = .039). The measure showed measurement invariance across gender at the configural, metric, and scalar levels. The perceived constraints and personal mastery dimensions, as well as the overall score of the Spanish Sense of Control Scale (SP-SCS) showed good reliability. Moreover, lower levels of sense of control, whether considering scores on its two dimensions (i.e., perceived constraints and personal mastery) or the overall score, were indicative of worse subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and happiness), greater psychological distress (i.e., anxiety, depression, and stress), and higher perceived financial threat. The findings of this study reveal that the SP-SCS is a promising instrument to assess sense of control in the Spanish-speaking population.

The goodness of fit of categorical models of psychological processes is often assessed with the log-likelihood ratio statistic (G2), but its underlying asymptotic theory is known to have limited empirical validity. We use examples from the scenario of fitting psychometric functions to psychophysical discrimination data to show that two factors are responsible for occasional discrepancies between actual and asymptotic distributions of G2. One of them is the eventuality of very small expected counts, by which the number of degrees of freedom should be computed as (J-1) × I-P-K0.06, where J is the number of response categories in the task, I is the number of comparison levels, P is the number of free parameters in the fitted model, and K0.06 is the number of cells in the implied I × J table in which expected counts do not exceed 0.06. The second factor is the administration of small numbers ni of trials at each comparison level xi (1 ≤ i ≤ I). These numbers should not be ridiculously small (i.e., lower than 10) but they need not be identical across comparison levels. In practice, when ni varies across levels, it suffices that the overall number N of trials exceeds 40 × I if J = 2 or 50 × I if J = 3, with no ni lower than 10. Correcting the degrees of freedom and using large ni are easy to implement in practice. These precautions ensure the validity of goodness-of-fit tests based on G2.

Problematic Internet use, defined as excessive, disproportionate, or inappropriate use of the Internet leading to distress, significant time consumption, and impaired normal functioning in various crucial life domains, is emerging as a major issue in many developed countries. The growing interest in exploring this phenomenon has led to the proliferation of assessment tools designed to evaluate it. The present study aims to adapt Basque the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale-2 (GPIUS-2), a questionnaire specifically designed to assess the cognitive and behavioral aspects of problematic Internet use and its associated consequences, and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the new instrument. The study was carried out with two independent samples, one composed of adults (n = 283, 18-62 years of age, 56.5% female) and the other of adolescents (n = 943, 11-16 years of age, 52.0% female). Three models were tested by confirmatory factor analysis: a one-dimensional model, the original five-factor model, and a four-factor model. The results indicated that both the 4-factor and 5-factor models obtained adequate fit indices, and consequently, the most parsimonious model was chosen. Invariance testing revealed comparable measurement properties of the GPIUS-2 in both men and women, and adults and adolescents. Furthermore, the scores of the GPIUS-2 subscales revealed strong positive correlations with Internet addiction and moderate positive correlations with depression, anxiety, and stress. The results therefore indicate that the Basque version of GPIUS-2 is a reliable instrument with adequate evidence of validity that will enable professionals to assess problematic Internet use in this population.

The present study investigates whether parental psychopathology developed after a terrorist attack influences the development of disorders in their children in the very long term, with a mean time of 24.87 years (SD = 8.5) having elapsed between the event and the assessment. For this purpose, participants included 66 adults (Mage = 32.17, SD = 7.25; 59.1% female) who were minors at the time of the attack (Mage = 5.92, SD = 4.98) and 67 parents (Mage = 58.82, SD = 7.86; 62.7% female). We examined a possible relationship between the development of parents' psychopathology after suffering the attack and the psychopathology of their adult offspring, whose exposure-direct or indirect-occurred during childhood. The analysis focused on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and emotional disorders (depressive and anxiety disorders). No statistically significant evidence was found to support the relationship between parental and offspring psychopathology, with measures of the effect size of OR = 1.79 for PTSD, OR = 2.22 for depressive disorders, and OR = .81 for anxiety disorders. Although the data show some tendency suggesting that offspring of parents with past psychopathology may be more likely to develop depressive disorders and PTSD over the long term, no statistically significant results were found to support the research hypothesis or much of the existing literature. Therefore, these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the lack of significant evidence.

Previous studies have shown the importance of self-perceptions of aging in predicting psychological distress throughout the life cycle. However, little is known about the processes through which self-perceptions of aging influence distress. The aim of the present study is to analyze the potential indirect effects of perceived control and pleasant activities in the association between self-perceptions of aging and depression and anxiety symptoms in middle-aged and older adults. A total of 315 people over 40 years of age (Mage = 58.8; SD = 10.8; 67.9% women) participated. Two indirect effects analysis models were conducted in serial with the aim of analyzing the role of perceived control and pleasant activities in the relationship between the self-perceptions of aging and depressive (model 1) and anxiety (model 2) symptomatology. A direct effect was observed between self-perceptions of aging and depressive, and anxious symptomatology. In addition, indirect associations through the variables perceived control and pleasant activities were significant. The tested models explained 46.1% of the variance in depressive symptomatology and 34.8% of the variance in anxiety. The results of this study confirm the association between self-perceptions of aging and psychological distress. This association is exerted through lower perception of control and fewer pleasant activities. Interventions aimed at promoting effective coping strategies that favor perceived control, activity and emotional well-being should include a module on identifying and modifying of negative self-perceptions of aging in middle-aged and older adults.

Workplace cyberbullying is an emergent psychosocial risk at work that compromises employees' health and well-being. However, there is lack of validated measures in Spanish to assess this issue. Thus, this study aims to validate the Inventory of Cyberbullying Acts at Work (ICA-W) in a sample of Spanish employees (N1 = 498) and to develop an ultra-short version, which was subsequently tested in a second representative sample (N2 = 1,995). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original three-factor structure (comprising work-related, person-related, and intrusive cyberbullying behaviors) and indicated the presence of a strong underlying general cyberbullying factor, indicating a solid model fit. Also, this Spanish version of the ICA-W demonstrated good psychometric properties and reliability (α = .973; ω = .973). Regarding validity, ICA-W scores were significantly associated with anxiety and work engagement in the expected direction, providing initial evidence of criterion-related validity. In addition, an ultra-short version of the ICA-W (3 items) was developed based on expert judgment to facilitate quick assessments in research and applied settings. Results from analyses conducted in Sample 2 suggest that this ultra-short measure was also reliable and valid. These findings support the use of both the full and ultra-short versions of the ICA-W for measuring workplace cyberbullying in Spain, thereby facilitating the estimation of its prevalence and enabling cross-cultural comparisons.

The onset of an illness has the potential to induce profound changes in a person's life. However, being diagnosed with a physical illness may not carry the same impact as being diagnosed with a mental health disorder. Among them, psychotic disorders exhibit the highest level of social stigma and acceptance challenges, along with compromised social functioning, diminished quality of life, and disruptions in personal, social, and vocational domains. The Impact of Illness Scale (IIS) measures how an illness has adversely affected a person's life as perceived by that person. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the IIS in a sample of 141 people with a first episode of psychosis (FEP) (mean age 35.7 years, 51.8% female). The study explored the factor structure, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and temporal stability of the IIS. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) model showed an excellent fit of the data, confirming a one-factor structure, internal solid consistency (McDonald's ω = .95; Cronbach's α = .94), theoretically coherent convergent and discriminant validity with measures of internalized stigma, negative beliefs, symptoms of psychosis and general psychopathology symptoms, and moderate test-retest reliability. Overall, these findings support the IIS as a reliable and valid tool for assessing the subjective impact of psychosis, offering clinical and research utility for understanding patient experiences beyond symptom severity.

The Climate Change Anxiety Scale (CCAS), developed by Clayton and Karazsia (2020), assesses the negative emotional impact of climate change on well-being. However, its psychometric properties have not yet been sufficiently explored for Spanish spoken in Spain and Spanish culture. This research introduces the Spanish version of the CCAS (CCAS-S), examines its psychometric properties, and provides validity evidence supporting its intended purpose. Two studies were conducted: first, the original version of the CCAS was translated into Spanish using a committee approach to translation design; second, 806 participants completed the CCAS-S along with additional assessment instruments to gather validity evidence. The 13-item Spanish version showed adequate reliability and internal structure validity evidence for the two-dimensional model, aligning with theoretical expectations. Nevertheless, a refined 10-item version distinguishing metacognitive impairment, emotional distress, and functional interference dimensions optimized the scale's intended purpose. The study discusses the conditions for using the CCAS-S measures and its practical implications.

Violence in early dating relationships can continue into adulthood. The literature usually focuses on the negative effects of violent relationships, but rarely includes the reasons for or antecedents of such behavior. The main objectives of this study were to identify different psychosocial profiles in terms of frustration tolerance and partner dependency and how they are correlated with psychological partner violence, as well as to analyze the justifications for such violence in adolescents and young adults. A total of 69.9% of the final 1044 participants (62.1% girls; age range = 15-22) were involved in a relationship at the time of the evaluation. From a person-centered approach, latent profile analyses yielded three profiles (anxious dependent, low anxious and exclusive dependency, and low exclusive dependency). Significant differences were found between groups, except for the scores between Profiles 2 and 3 in exclusive dependency and anxious attachment between Profiles 3 and 1, with Profile 3 having the highest correlation with violence despite scoring lower in emotional dependency and exclusive dependency than Profile 1. Moreover, significant differences were found among the three groups in terms of violence in the relationship, but all three groups experienced bidirectional violence. The justifications were similar in all three groups, with the concern response being the most reported, together with jealousy in many cases. This research increases knowledge about the psychosocial factors associated with offline and online psychological violence in young couples and allows us to deeply examine the motives that young people express to justify violence in their relationships.

The Super Skills for Life (SSL) program is a transdiagnostic preventive intervention based on a cognitive-behavioral therapy approach that has accumulated evidence supporting its effectiveness in reducing emotional difficulties in children. However, its long-term impact beyond a 1-year follow-up period remains to be thoroughly investigated. The primary aim of the current study was to evaluate, for the first time, the long-term outcomes of children who had received the SSL program approximately 6 years earlier. Specifically, the study examined short-term (post-intervention), medium-term (12-month follow-up), and long-term (an average 6.4-year follow-up) outcomes in an initial sample of 67 children (aged 6-8 years at baseline), with 34 participants (50.7% of the original sample) completing the long-term follow-up. Parent-report questionnaires were used to evaluate anxiety, depression, and anxiety-related interference in daily functioning. Results showed the greatest improvements at the 12-month follow-up, with significant reductions in symptoms across all outcomes compared to baseline. At long-term follow-up, most of these gains were maintained more than 6 years after the intervention, with significant reductions in 9 out of 12 outcomes evaluated, including the primary outcomes of anxiety and depressive symptoms and child anxiety-related interference in both parents' and children's lives. These findings provide new evidence of sustained symptom reductions in participants who previously received the SSL program and, to our knowledge, represent the longest follow-up to date, extending beyond the 1-year period.

The performance of elite athletes is at the forefront of attention in sports science, with a predominant focus on technical, physiological, mental, or contextual factors that can be leveraged to optimize athlete performance. Athletes' off-sports activities, however, remain largely unexplored. What is it that elite athletes do in their off-sports time, and how are their off-sports activities related to sports experiences and outcomes? With this qualitative study, we aim to illuminate athletes' off-sports activities and their implications for sports outcomes. We collected listings of off-sports activities from 46 professional soccer players and interviewed 15 elite speed skaters about their off-sports activities and their potential to enrich or interfere with their sports domain. The resulting category framework of off-sports activities comprises eight categories, reflecting social, cognitive, and physical off-sports activities. Next, the speed skaters described beneficial spillover experiences for active, high-effort mastery-oriented off-sports activities. However, such activities could also cause fatigue if not balanced with sufficient, more passive, restful activities. In all, athletes did experience spillover from non-sports to sports and their qualitative accounts reveal several antecedents, mechanisms, and outcomes of spillover, supporting the process view of the work-home resources (W-HR) model (Ten Brummelhuis & Bakker, 2012).

The Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model (Welk, 1999) has provided a specific framework to understand children's and adolescents' physical activity behavior. The objectives were (1) to analyze whether the data collected in Chilean and Spanish adolescents fit the proposed model and (2) to analyze the countries' differences (Spain vs. Chile) in enabling, predisposing, and reinforcing as well as the demographic factors that influence physical activity. The sample comprised 2318 adolescents from Spain (Mage = 14.5, SD = 1.36; 51.9% females) and 734 from Chile (Mage = 14.7, SD = 1.47; 54.2% females). The variables measured were reinforcing factors: fathers', mothers', friends', and Physical Education teachers' social support; predisposing factors: perceived competence and enjoyment; enabling factor: body mass index; and demographic factor: country of origin. Results showed that the youth physical activity promotion model was supported by the data collected from Spanish and Chilean adolescents. Nevertheless, differences in the model were observed when comparing the Spanish and Chilean populations. Perceived competence and the father's social support predict Chilean adolescents' physical activity. In Spain, perceived competence and the mother's social support predict adolescents' physical activity. Therefore, the country of origin is a key factor in understanding physical activity because education and family culture may influence physical activity in different ways.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly challenged the mental health of children and adolescents, with existing research highlighting the negative effects of restrictive measures to control the virus's spread. However, in the specific context of this pandemic, there is limited understanding of how these difficulties have persisted over time after the situation was fully restored. This study sought to evaluate the pandemic's impact on psychological symptoms in children from Italy, Spain, and Portugal across five-time points (2, 5, and 8 weeks, 6 months, and three and a half years after the pandemic's onset). A total of 1613 parents completed the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 and Confinement on Children and Adolescents Scale, reporting symptoms in their children aged 3-17 years (39.2% female). The findings reveal an initial surge in psychological difficulties-anxiety, mood, sleep, behavioral, eating, and cognitive disturbances-followed by improvements in these domains three and a half years later. By September 2023, Spanish children experienced more significant reductions in symptoms compared to their Italian and Portuguese peers. While the COVID-19 pandemic has been a prolonged crisis, with varying impacts over time and across regions depending on the strictness of restrictions, the trends suggest a gradual improvement in the psychological well-being of children and adolescents.

One factor that has been shown to mediate and protect against psychopathology is the ability to engage in meaning making in adverse situations during the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, the models that have attempted to explain the relationship between traumatic, stressful events' meaning and clinical symptoms have been conducted in a piecemeal fashion. The objective of this study is to analyze which model (two-pathway model vs three-pathway model) has a better fit in explaining the association between the violation of global meaning and clinical symptoms such as somatization, anxiety, and depression in participants during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study sample consisted of N = 1106 adults. The results suggest that the violation of schemas affects depression and anxiety symptoms through three pathways: (a) Path one, directly, schema violation explains clinical symptoms; (b) Path two, indirectly, schema violation explains clinical symptoms through the search for meaning and negative effect; and (c) Path three, the presence of meaning explains positive affect and buffers clinical symptoms. The three-pathway model explains 90% of the variance in clinical symptoms. The three-pathway model has clinical implications for the assessment, prevention, and treatment of people who are coping with unforeseen negative situations.

While extensive research exists on general pornography consumption, there is limited focus on the consumption of non-preferred sexual content and its potential associated discomfort. In 2019, a total of 1,133 Spanish men aged between 18 and 40 years (M = 24.78; SD = 5.91) completed a questionnaire regarding their consumption of male-female, female-female, and male-male pornography, the attentional focus, as well as the discomfort they experienced when aroused by such materials. The results were analyzed based on five groups of sexual attraction, ranging from "exclusively heterosexual" to "exclusively gay." Regardless of sexual attraction, men reported consuming and experiencing arousal by all three types of pornography. Exclusively heterosexual men primarily consumed and were aroused by male-female and female-female pornography, while exclusively gay men preferred male-female and male-male pornography. Men with nonexclusive sexual attraction, especially bisexual men, exhibited high levels of consumption and arousal across all types of pornography evaluated. When watching male-female pornography, exclusively heterosexual men reported focusing more on women, exclusively gay men on men, and men with nonexclusive attractions on interactions among individuals. Male-male pornography material caused the most discomfort. These findings illustrate the variety of experiences of consumption and arousal by pornography, even from featuring non-preferred sexual activities. The study also highlights the associated discomfort, particularly with male-male pornography. Further exploration is needed to understand the phenomenon behind this discomfort, such as internalized desires, and to promote a more flexible understanding of sexual identities to support inclusive and healthy sexual health practices.

This study examines the mediating role of horizontal trust and collective resilience in the relationship between organizational justice and job performance at the team level based on the HEalthy & Resilient Organizations Model (HERO) (Salanova et al., 2012). The sample consisted of 927 workers grouped into 100 work teams belonging to seven healthcare centers in Spain. The relationships among organizational justice, horizontal trust, collective resilience, and perceived job performance of work teams were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results revealed that the perceptions of justice and organizational trust positively impact job performance at the team level. Furthermore, the predictive role of horizontal trust in collective resilience was evidenced, with both variables mediating the relationship between the perception of justice and job performance of work teams. These findings underscore the significance of cultivating both horizontal trust and resilience in work teams, offering valuable insights for healthcare management and organizational psychology in highly complex environments such as healthcare organizations.

Although the relationship between knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and sexual self-efficacy in influencing sexual behavior has been well-established, the impact of these factors on sexual satisfaction-an indicator of sexual health-remains understudied. This study adopted a person-oriented approach to determine the profiles of psychosocial variables regarding sexuality using cluster analysis. We examine whether multidimensional configurations of cognitive-motivational predictors exist and how they correlate with sexual behaviors and satisfaction among 1,076 women aged 18-50 years. The findings reveal three distinct clusters: a high potential cluster characterized by more appropriate knowledge, healthier and more flexible beliefs and attitudes, and higher sexual self-efficacy for preventive and health promotion actions; a moderate-risk cluster with comparable knowledge but more biased beliefs and attitudes, and potentially illusory sexual self-efficacy; and a high-risk cluster showing the poorest cognitive and motivational competencies. The clusters did not differ in sociodemographic variables, but differences were observed in religiosity, with the high potential cluster showing lower levels. These profiles significantly correlated with sexual behaviors and satisfaction, with the high potential cluster showing healthier sexual outcomes. Our findings indicate different configurations of predictors of sexual behaviors and satisfaction among young and adult women, highlighting the importance of studying sexuality from an idiographic perspective to analyze how cognitive and motivational factors interact with both behavior and satisfaction. This study underscores the need for tailored sexual health interventions that enhance pleasure and well-being, using individual profiles to guide personalized strategies.

Since the publication of "What is the Current and Future Status of Digital Mental Health Interventions?" the exponential growth and widespread adoption of ChatGPT have underscored the importance of reassessing its utility in digital mental health interventions. This review critically examined the potential of ChatGPT, particularly focusing on its application within clinical psychology settings as the technology has continued evolving through 2023 and 2024. Alongside this, our literature review spanned US Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) validations, assessments of the capacity to interpret human emotions, analyses concerning the identification of depression and its determinants at treatment initiation, and reported our findings. Our review evaluated the capabilities of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4.0 separately in clinical psychology settings, highlighting the potential of conversational AI to overcome traditional barriers such as stigma and accessibility in mental health treatment. Each model displayed different levels of proficiency, indicating a promising yet cautious pathway for integrating AI into mental health practices.

This study introduces the development and cross-cultural validation of the Compassion at Work Leadership Behavior Inventory (CAW-LBI), a novel hetero-evaluative tool aimed at assessing compassionate leadership behaviors according to the three-dimensional model proposed by Kanov et al. The present research consists of two studies. The first study involved two samples of Italian workers (N = 431) assessing the scale's psychometric properties, including its factor structure through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, internal reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity. The results supported the hypothesized three-factor structure, with the best fit for a 9-item scale. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency, with high Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega values. AVE, CR, and the Fornell-Larcker criteria were satisfactory regarding convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, the scale showed significant and appropriate Pearson's correlations with other related measures. The second study includes 225 Spanish workers, confirming the 9-item structure and supporting all the findings from the first study. Further analysis showed strong measurement invariance across samples, indicating that the CAW-LBI reliably captures compassionate leadership behaviors in different cultural contexts. These results suggest that the CAW-LBI is a robust tool for assessing compassionate leadership in various organizational and cultural contexts, offering a valuable contribution to leadership research.