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Driving a car up a steep incline and the radiator overheats; the water is sizzling and bubbling; one had to stop and at the risk of severe scalding, loosen the stopper of the radiator, and release the steam. One always carried water to cool off the radiator. This is what we had to do with overheated cars 50 years ago. Today, radiators do not boil and bubble, and cars go up steep inclines with ease. Technology has solved the problem. In yesteryears, urgent messages could be transmitted via telegrams to people who did not have phones. Telegrams were received at post offices, where they were printed and home-delivered. Today, the telegram is obsolete, and the mobile phone has become a sensory appendage, an essential means of receiving and sending all kinds of messages, in most parts of the world.

Diversion from the syntactic norm, as manifested in the absence of otherwise expected lexical and syntactic material, has been extensively studied in theoretical syntax. Such modifications are observed in headlines, telegrams, labels, and other specialized contexts, collectively referred to as "reduced" registers. Focusing on search queries, a type of reduced register, I propose that they are generated by a simpler grammar that lacks a full-fledged syntactic component. The analysis is couched in the Parallel Architecture framework, whose assumption of relative independence of linguistic components-their parallelism-and the rejection of syntactocentrism are essential to explain properties of queries.

Relatively recent historiographical approaches such as global or transnational history have attracted new attention to telegraphy and its role in processes of globalization. This renewed interest in submarine cables and overland wires has recently provided us with a reasonably good idea of how the global telegraph network developed in the nineteenth century, who its principal designers were, and where it was more and where it was less tight. Little, however, has been said so far about the actual matters communicated telegraphically, certainly not in any systematic fashion. Apart from individual telegraphic messages that gained prominence in political or military history, the contents of telegrams have attracted little historiographical attention. What was conveyed in telegrams has not been interrogated as to its significance in globalization processes. This article seeks to make a first step in this direction and suggests that only in a content analysis of everyday telegrams do the most important qualities of telegraphy become apparent. It introduces a small but coherent corpus of telegrams-the Bala railway telegrams-that provides us with a rare opportunity to study the contents of telegraphic messages in a systematic form. In the course of the analysis of the Bala railway telegrams the importance of this device's power to coordinate and control movement begins to show. By relating evidence from this micro-level study to the contexts in which telegraphy was employed on a larger scale, the article suggests that this capacity for coordination and control was the principal new quality introduced by the technology.

The volume of data generated by today's digitally connected world is enormous, and a significant portion of it is publicly available. These data sources are web archives, public databases, and social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Emails, Telegrams, etc. Open-source intelligence (OSINT) extracts information from a collection of publicly available and accessible data. OSINT can provide a solution to the challenges in extracting and gathering intelligence from various publicly available information and social networks. OSINT is currently expanding at an incredible rate, bringing new artificial intelligence-based approaches to address issues of national security, political campaign, the cyber industry, criminal profiling, and society, as well as cyber threats and crimes. In this paper, we have described the current state of OSINT tools/techniques and the state of the art for various applications of OSINT in cyber security. In addition, we have discussed the challenges and future directions to develop autonomous models. These models can provide solutions for different social network-based security, digital forensics, and cyber crime-based problems using various machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) and artificial intelligence (AI) with OSINT.

Twenty years ago, it would have been shocking for a children's choir to sell singing telegrams or for an organization serving the homeless to dabble in property management. Today, it seems routine. Nonprofits increasingly feel compelled to launch earned-income ventures--not only to appear more disciplined and businesslike to stakeholders but also to reduce their reliance on fundraising. There's plenty of hype about the value of earned-income ventures in the nonprofit world, but such projects account for only a small share offunding in most nonprofit domains, and few of the ventures make money. Moreover, when the authors examined how nonprofits evaluate potential enterprises, they discovered a pattern of unwarranted optimism. The potential financial returns are often exaggerated, and the challenges of running a successful business are routinely discounted. But the biggest downside of such ventures is that they can distract nonprofits' managers from their core social missions and, in some cases, even subvert those missions. There are several reasons for the gap between the hype and the reality. One is that an organization's nonfinancial concerns-such as a desire to hire the disadvantaged-can hamper it in the commercial marketplace. Another is that nonprofits' executives tend to overlook the distinction between revenue and profit. For example, a youth services organization that had received funding to launch a food products enterprise hired young people and began making salad dressing. The nonprofit believed it spent $3.15 to produce each bottle of dressing that was sold for $3.50. But when expenses such as unused ingredients and managers' salaries were factored in, the cost per bottle reached a staggering $90. Earned-income ventures do have a role in the nonprofit sector, the authors say, but unrealistic expectations are distorting managers' decisions, wasting precious resources, and leaving important social needs unmet.

Disclosures about electronic surveillance by the U.S. National Security Agency have revived interest in issues of communications privacy and Fourth Amendment rights. In the early days of the telegraph, there was no legal protection afforded to the privacy of telegraphic communication, and seizures of telegraphic dispatches figured in major events of the nineteenth century in the United States. Attempts to protect the content of telegrams by defining a customer/operator "privilege" under common law were rejected by the courts, as were attempts to protect the confidentiality of telegraphic communications through an analogy with the postal service. Each attempt by the government and the courts to obtain access to private telegraphic communication revived a debate about the constitutionality of such actions, which ultimately led to a new interpretation of constitutional law, including a legal right to privacy.

The issue of privacy in communication networks is not new; nor are the technical solutions that address the matter. This article examines how a broad range of organizations developed private telegraphy in response to privacy concerns in the nineteenth century. Over a century ago, the advent of electric telegraphy prompted the desire to send private messages over the wires. At the time, telegrams were like open letters, and such messages were visible to the clerks and operators who processed them. In response, entrepreneurs developed codebooks and cipher tools to prevent disclosure of sensitive information. Another popular method, as this article demonstrates, was the deployment of private telegraphic wires to enable peer-to-peer communication and prevent third party access. Private telegraphy, a new form of communication, was common in the United States and even more so in the United Kingdom in the late nineteenth century.

Based on memorial to emperors, letters, official documents and telegrams between Yuan Shikai and his colleagues, this essay reviews Yuan's practice on governance of army medical service and public health.During his army garrisoning in Korea, Yuan Shikai hired physicians to take medical care for wounded soldiers, and conducted port quarantine. In Tianjin, Yuan Shikai set physical examination standards, operated army medical schools. During the Republican era, as the President of China, Yuan Shikai issued laws on prevention of infectious diseases, prohibited opium-smoking, selected excellent Chinese physicians as technocrats. He improved the management of Chinese public health. 袁世凯的奏折、与朋僚的书信、公牍、电报等，反映了袁世凯在军队医政和社会公共卫生治理之实践。驻防朝鲜期间，他聘请医员疗治伤兵，推行海港检疫；小站练兵期间，设立兵士体格检查制度，配备军医，创办军医院校；就任临时大总统后，颁行传染病防治法规，查禁烟毒，培植医学技术官僚。.

Counseling interventions have been broadly used to modify the level of physical activity in the population. The scope of this study was to conduct a systematic review on physical activity counseling interventions. Original intervention studies with physical activity counseling as an outcome were included and published between January 2010 and April 2020 in the Medline/PubMed, BVS, and Scielo databases, in English and Portuguese, with an adult population without diagnosed diseases. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. We found 2,152 articles and after screening, eight manuscripts remained, writtem in seven countries. Regarding the evaluation of the quality of the work, the scores vary between 4/10 and 8/10 on the PEDro scale. The measures with counseling for PA, lasted one month and were effective in seven of the eight selected studies. The studies use the following forms of counseling: calls, SMS, cell phone apps, face-to-face counseling, e-mail, materials posted on websites, handouts, booklets and telegrams. The results of this review showed that counseling for PA practice increases the PA level of healthy adults, irrespective of the heterogeneity of methods. Intervenções com aconselhamento têm sido amplamente usadas para modificar o nível de atividade física das populações. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre intervenções com aconselhamento de atividade física (AF). Foram incluídos estudos originais de intervenção com aconselhamento tendo como desfecho a atividade física, publicados nas bases de dados do Medline/PubMed, BVS e SciELO entre janeiro de 2010 e abril de 2020, nos idiomas inglês e português e com população de adultos sem doenças diagnosticadas. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada utilizando-se a escala PEDro. Foram encontrados 2.152 artigos, após a triagem restaram oito manuscritos, produzidos em sete países. Em relação à avaliação da qualidade dos trabalhos, as pontuações variaram entre 4/10 e 8/10 na escala PEDro. As intervenções com aconselhamento para AF tiveram duração de um a seis meses e foram efetivas em sete das oito pesquisas selecionadas. Os estudos utilizaram como formas de aconselhamento: ligações, SMS, aplicativo de celular, aconselhamento face a face, e-mail, materiais postados em website, apostila, cartilhas e telegrama. Os resultados desta revisão demonstraram que o aconselhamento à prática de AF aumenta o nível de AF de adultos saudáveis, mesmo com a heterogeneidade de métodos.

Since the legal consequences taking in consideration of Indian evidence Act 1857 of an unwarranted release of confidential information are uncertain and even the consequences may be serious, it is necessary that a physician be most cautious when divulging any information about a patient. Although there are exceptions to the proposition that all confidential information acquired from a patient should be kept secret, the basic rule to remember is that confidential information should not be revealed without obtaining the patient's consent unless law of the land like provision in criminal procedure code of India requires the physician to report the information, to any person or insurance company. Whenever a physician believes it is necessary to reveal a professional secret to protect the welfare of a patient, a third person, or the community, he should exercise caution in the method of disclosure. The following suggestions have been made to guide physicians under these circumstances: 1. Assure yourself that the person informed is sometime entitled to the information, such as the patient's parent or guardian. 2. Do not give information by telephone if you do not recognize the voice of the person making the request. 3. Avoid the use of telegrams or letters to communicate medical information of patient. 4. If you are in doubt about your right to release the information consult your legal council. 5. A person in police custody as an undertrial prisoner has the right not to permit the doctor who has examined him, to disclose the nature of his illness to any person. If a person is convicted, he has no right and the doctor can disclose the result to the authorities. 6. Never release the treatment history without written consent from patient or its legal heirs to any insurance company.

The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) has origins dating more than a century ago and continues to serve today as a timely source of national data. Both the history and the current status of the NNDSS illustrate the collaborative effort required among persons at all levels of the medical and public health systems. The evolution of the list of conditions considered nationally notifiable demonstrates the responsiveness of the system to changing priorities. The NNDSS has also evolved with the development of technology; it currently uses computers for the collection of data rather than letters or telegrams. These fundamental factors--partnerships, shifting priorities, and rapidly changing technology--will continue to characterize and to influence the practice of public health surveillance as it evolves during the 21st century.

Job stress is a part of nurses' professional life that causes the decrease of the nurses' job satisfaction and quality of work life. This study aimed to determine the effect of positive thinking via social media applications on the nurses' quality of work life. This was a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study design with a control group. The samples were selected among the nurses in two hospitals in Fasa University of Medical Sciences and divided randomly into two interventional (n = 50) and control (n = 50) groups. Positive thinking training through telegrams was sent to the intervention group during a period of 3 months. Data were collected by using Brooks and Anderson's questionnaire of work life quality and analyzed by SPSS 18. The mean total scores of pretest and posttest in the intervention group improved noticeably and there were significant differences between mean scores of quality of work life in pretest and posttest scores in interventional groups (p < 0.001) and in dimensions of work life quality, home life (p < 0.001), work design (p < 0.001), work context (p < 0.001), and work world (p = 0.003). This study concluded that positive thinking training via social media application enhanced nurses' quality of work life. This study is necessary to carry out on a larger sample size for generalizing findings better.

Congress is almost certain to agree to use of U.S. funds to motivate reduced population growth in developing countries but funding for sterilization abroad emerged as a political issue in the House. In the proposed U.S. AID budget, which in the past has been about 10% funded for direct population programs, a total concern with literacy for women, higher educational levels, and other developmental programs which increase motivation for family planning has been proposed. Zero Population Growth has sent telegrams to Congress supporting this basic development policy. The controversy over sterilization is the result of India's compulsory sterilization legislation. An amendment refusing to allow any U.S. funds to be used for sterilization programs was rejected, but in rejecting it, the members of the House of Representatives expressed their concern that any and all sterilization programs be completely voluntary. In a letter, AID Deputy Administrator Robert Nooter assured Congress that AID has no goals to sterilize any certain number of women around the world and it is not the main purpose of the AID program to to emphasize sterilization as a method of family planning.