Although swearing is taboo language, it frequently appears in daily conversations. To explain this paradox, two studies examined contextualized swearing in Indian and non-Indian participants. In Study 1, participants assessed the appropriateness of mild, moderate, and severe swears in casual and abusive contexts; in Study 2, participants completed contextual dialogues with mild, moderate, or severe swearwords. Results indicated that mild and moderate swears were more appropriate in casual settings than in abusive scenarios; severe swears were the most inappropriate, regardless of context. Mild and moderate swears were likely to be used to complete casual and abusive dialogues respectively, even though it was expected that severe swears would be compatible with abusive settings. Moreover, gender and nationality differences suggested that assessing appropriateness of swearing behaviour and likelihood of swearword usage provided independent and contrasting findings. Cultural variations in swearing behaviour, particularly contextualized swearing, and suggestions for further research are outlined.
Swearing deserves attention in the physical therapy setting due to its potential positive psychological, physiological, and social effects. The purpose of this case series is to describe 2 cases in which a physical therapist swears in the clinical setting and its effect on therapeutic alliance. Case 1 is a 19-year-old male treated for a hamstring strain, and case 2 is a 23-year-old male treated post-operatively for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The physical therapist utilized social swearing in the clinic with the goal of motivating the patient and enhancing the social connection with the patient, to improve therapeutic alliance. The patient in case 1 reported a decrease in therapeutic alliance after the physical therapist began swearing during physical therapy treatments, whereas the patient in case 2 reported an increase in therapeutic alliance. Both patients disagreed that physical therapist swearing is unprofessional and disagreed that swearing is offensive, and both patients agreed physical therapists should be able to swear around their patients. Physical therapist swearing may have positive and negative influences in the clinic setting and may not be considered unprofessional. These are, to our knowledge, the first published cases of a physical therapist swearing in the clinical setting.
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We examined the differential impact of chronic versus acute economic stress on depressive mood among a sample of 1241 low-income, single, European and African American women. Based on Hobfoll's (1988, 1989) conservation of resources (COR) theory, we predicted that acute resource loss would be more distressing than chronic economic lack. That is, although chronically impoverished conditions are stressful, the attendant resource losses created will be more distressing. We further predicted that mastery and social support would be more beneficial in offsetting the negative consequences of acute resource loss than the negative consequences of chronic economic lack, because acute loss creates identifiable demands that resources may address. Hence, we hypothesized that mastery and social support would show stress buffering effects only for material loss, not chronic lack. The findings generally supported the hypotheses, but mastery buffered only European American women's resource loss and social support buffered only African American women's resource loss. The findings are discussed in light of implications for prevention within theoretical and cultural contexts.
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Despite increased focus on emotional language, research lacks for the most emotional language: Swearing. We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate whether swear words have content distinct from function words, and if so, whether this content is emotional or social in nature. Stimuli included swear (e.g. shit, damn), negative but non-swear (e.g. kill, sick), open-class neutral (e.g. wood, lend), and closed-class neutral words (e.g. while, whom). Behaviourally, swears were recognised slower than valence- and arousal- matched negative words, meaning that there is more to the expressive dimension than merely a heightened emotional state. In ERPs, both swears and negative words elicited a larger positivity (250-550 ms) than open-class neutral words. Later, swears elicited a larger late positivity (550-750 ms) than negative words. We associate the earlier positivity effect with attention due to negative valence, and the later positivity effect with pragmatics due to social tabooness. Our findings suggest a view in which expressives are not merely function words or emotional words. Rather, expressives are emotionally and socially significant. Swears are more than what is indicated by valence ore arousal alone.
Words can change the way a patient thinks, feels, and performs. Swearing, or uttering a word that is considered taboo, is an often-ignored part of our language, even though over 50% of the population swears "sometimes" or "often". If used correctly, within a biopsychosocial approach to care, swearing has the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes. Swearing can create tighter human bonds and enhance the therapeutic alliance between a patient and a physical therapist. Improvements in social pain, physical pain tolerance, and physical pain threshold can occur by strategic swearing by our patients. Even physical performance measures, such as power and force could be enhanced if patients swear. Although the mechanism by which swearing is effective is unclear, swearing deserves attention in the physical therapy setting based on evidence indicating potential positive effects on patient outcomes.
Swearing in everyday conversation has become more normalized in recent years; but less certain, however, is how accepting Americans are when a doctor swears in their presence. Two online experiments (Study 1: n = 497; Study 2: n = 1,224) were conducted with US participants to investigate the impact of a doctor swearing in the course of examining a patient's infected wound (i.e., "You've got a lot of nasty [shit/stuff] in there that we're going to want to flush out"), or swearing when dropping papers in a patient's presence while varying the intensity of a swear (i.e., "[Shit!/Damn!/Whoops!]"), with or without an apology (i.e., "I'm sorry"). Overall findings reveal a main effect for swearing, with a swearing doctor generally seen as less likable, and in Study 1, less trustworthy, approachable, and less of an expert. However, the majority of participants exposed to a swearing doctor still said they would visit that physician again. Open-ended responses from these participants revealed that they perceived a swearing doctor as more human. Results from Study 2 also found that if a doctor swore, the negative impact was lessened if the doctor apologized immediately after cursing. While results from these studies indicate it is wise for doctors to refrain from swearing, most participants were still willing to make a future appointment with a cursing doctor.
Modern medicine has been researching on cancer cell, cancer, hypertension, heart attack and so on without once defining any of these clearly. It swears by these terms much like mankind swears by sunset and sunrise, which are just not there. It is possible that the pet hobbyhorses of modern times, namely, gene, genetics, and heredity may belong to the above mythical group-entities that are logically absent, but whose illogic is strong enough to sustain research and publication world over. Gene, genetics and heredity have outlived their utility and must be replaced in near future by new concepts and terms.
The doors to the emergency department (ED) open and a 23-year-old man arrives by ambulance, shackled to a stretcher. He is in a psychotic state; loud, combative and abusive. As he yells and swears, other patients become anxious and frightened while nursing staff are on edge.
Hippocratic oath, written 4th or 5th century BC, is still the binding mantra for physicians, which swears to fulfill to the best of one's ability and judgement, and treat sick human beings not just illness. But with changing health trends in southeast Asia region, there is a dramatic shift in patients and patients' party expectations regarding treatment, recovery, complications, and death. Such expectations havelead to violence against physicians and shift towards alternative medical practice. This article explores the possible rise of defensive medicine and its broader implications in health care system in Nepal with regard to the new 'Muluki Aparadh Samhita Ain 2074/Criminal (Code) Act 2017'. Keywords: Changing health; criminal act; defensive medicine; muluki ain, Nepal.