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ABSTRACTFacial occlusion effects on emotion recognition are well-documented; however, improvements in recognition over time and relations with mental health changes remain unclear. This longitudinal study examined changes in recognition of occluded emotional faces and mental health features in a Canadian cohort (N = 128). After 3-4 months, participants showed greater accuracy in recognising most expressions and faster reaction time (RT) for fearful but slower RT for surprised faces. More daily "masked interactions" were related to slower RT for happy and sad faces but higher accuracy, suggesting a speed-accuracy trade-off. Increased depression symptoms were associated with greater accuracy for masked happy faces, while increased anxiety was associated with greater accuracy for happy and neutral faces. This study emphasises complex relations between masked emotion recognition and mental well-being, which can inform strategies for coping with social interaction restrictions.

Asthma affects 300 million people worldwide. The widespread use of short-acting beta2-agonist (SABA) relievers, commonly delivered via pressurised metered dose inhalers (pMDIs), is contrary to evidence-based guidelines. SABA overuse is associated with poor asthma control and high carbon emissions. Reducing reliance presents a dual opportunity to improve patient outcomes while decreasing environmental impact, yet patient perspectives remain unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives, understanding, and preferences of a sample of Australians living with asthma regarding inhaler types, medication options, self-management, and environmental impact. We conducted in-depth interviews with adults who regularly used inhalers to manage their asthma (n = 23), recruited via consumer health networks. Participants completed an online pre-interview survey on demographics, asthma history and inhaler use. Interviews were semi-structured, following a guide developed with advice from the consumer panel. Data were analysed thematically using an inductive framework. Survey data were summarised descriptively. Predominantly female (91%) participants had limited awareness of different device types and their environmental impact, with many surprised by pMDI emissions. While most valued environmental sustainability, they prioritised access to fast-acting SABA pMDIs, perceived to be the most effective emergency treatment by many. Familiarity, psychological comfort, and concern about reliable relief during acute asthma attacks were key barriers to switching device types. Health professional recommendation strongly influenced choice of inhaler, with most participants relying on clinician advice and expressing limited involvement in decision-making. Barriers to accessing care and information, such as cost, time and rurality, contributed to knowledge gaps and potential overreliance on SABAs. Positive experiences with asthma care nurses and pharmacists highlighted opportunities for multi-disciplinary care teams to improve support. Environmental concern is important to patients but, alone, is insufficient to drive change in asthma management. Treatment is shaped by familiarity, habit and fear of exacerbations, with strong reliance on clinician expertise. A consumer panel of asthma patients provided lived-experience insights during study conception, helped shape interview materials, and reviewed our findings and conclusions. Asthma Australia (Australia's peak asthma consumer advocacy body) and the Health Care Consumers' Association were engaged in this project since inception of the study idea, collaborated in co-designing the funding proposal, recruiting participants and their representatives contributed to the research as co-authors. Their involvement ensures our research reflects real-world experiences and perspectives.

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a transdiagnostic risk factor of psychopathology, but its neural underpinnings remain poorly established. Here, we combined connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) and edge timeseries in a functional magnetic resonance imaging task design to model the network dynamics of IU (N = 85). First, CPM during passive viewing of surprised faces identified an IU-predictive network, characterized by positive Visual-Salience and negative Subcortical-Motor couplings. Prospective IU was related to both the positive and negative networks, but inhibitory IU was only related to the negative network. IU was better predicted when the uncertainty signal embedded within the facial features of surprise was maximized. Using edge timeseries, we found that individuals with higher IU showed sustained IU-related network engagement during post-task resting-state. Finally, we tested the generalizability of the IU-related network dynamics in an independent large-scale dataset with a sample size greater by tenfold (N = 878). The same network dynamics were associated with internalizing symptoms during a gambling task, but not during pre-task resting-state. Together, these findings suggest that an IU-related network, sensitive to the uncertainty evoked, exhibits sustained temporal dynamics generalizable to clinical symptoms in an independent dataset.

Nitridometallates with extended anionic frameworks exhibit a variety of intriguing electronic properties, including band magnetism, metal-metal bonding, and superconductivity. Such extended framework materials are scarce with late transition metals due to the requirement of high metal oxidation states and nitrogen content. This study presents a family of nitridocobaltates LnCo2N2 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd) with an extended layered cobalt-nitrogen network related to the Kagome lattice that was synthesized at 8 GPa in a large volume press. The compounds crystallize in the trigonal space group R 3 ¯ $\bar 3$ with alternating layers of unusual trigonal planar CoN3 and octahedral LnN6 polyhedra. Magnetization and powder neutron diffraction studies indicate a metallic ground state and the suppression of magnetic ordering of the rare earth moments due to their arrangement on a trigonal lattice. The compounds have a surprising mixed-valent Co+I/+II state, which is high for nitridocobaltates. This study demonstrates the structural diversity available in late nitridometallates via high-pressure synthesis, which can now be explored systematically.

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Subterranean ecosystems host highly specialized and often cryptic biodiversity, yet even intensively studied landscapes may conceal deeply divergent vertebrate lineages. Here we describe Demogorgonichthys arcanus gen. et sp. nov., a new genus and species of cave-obligate fish discovered in Bobcat Cave, a long-monitored karst system on Redstone Arsenal in northern Alabama, USA. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial nd2, complete mitochondrial genomes, and the nuclear gene rhodopsin place D. arcanus within Amblyopsidae but reveal deep divergence from all described genera, including extensive lineage-specific degeneration of a vision-related gene. Notably, D. arcanus occurs in syntopy with the Southern Cavefish (Typhlichthys subterraneus) despite lacking a close phylogenetic relationship, providing evidence for multiple independent evolutionary origins of cave adaptation within a single groundwater system. This discovery highlights persistent detection bias in groundwater ecosystems and demonstrates that cryptic vertebrate diversity can persist even in well-characterized environments. Extreme endemism and restriction to a single cave-aquifer system further underscore the vulnerability of subterranean biodiversity and the importance of integrating evolutionary and conservation perspectives.

Cancer survivors often experience complex and coexisting emotions throughout diagnosis, treatment, and posttreatment life. Emotion classification of patient narratives may help in understanding survivorship experiences; however, evidence remains limited for multidimensional classification using cancer survivor interview narratives. This study aimed to develop and evaluate natural language processing-based emotion classification models using Japanese cancer survivor interview narratives and to examine whether polarity and multidimensional emotion labels provide complementary perspectives. We analyzed verbatim transcripts from 15 cancer survivor interviews published by the Cancer Note, Nonprofit Organization. Survivor utterances were extracted, noninformative conversational elements were removed, texts were segmented at Japanese punctuation marks, and 5 consecutive sentences were grouped into 1 chunk. Two annotators labeled 1998 text chunks with 3-class sentiment polarity labels (positive, neutral, or negative) and multilabel Plutchik 8-emotion labels (joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, and anticipation). Japanese BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and LUKE (Language Understanding with Knowledge-based Embeddings) were fine-tuned to build a multiclass polarity classifier and a multilabel 8-emotion classifier. Performance was evaluated using precision, recall, F1-score, macroaveraged metrics, Micro-F1 for polarity, and Hamming loss for multilabel classification. For comparison, the same architectures were fine-tuned on WRIME (writers' and readers' intensities of emotion for their estimation), a Japanese social media emotion dataset, and evaluated on Cancer Note texts as a domain-transfer analysis. The 95% CIs were estimated using bootstrap resampling with 1000 iterations. Neutral was the most frequent polarity label, trust was the most frequent 8-emotion label, and anger was the least frequent emotion label. Label distributions were imbalanced, with most-to-least frequency ratios of 3.47 for polarity and 8.10 for 8-emotion labels. In the 3-class sentiment polarity task, interview-trained models outperformed WRIME-trained transfer models. Interview Text-BERT achieved the highest micro-F1 of 0.696 (95% CI 0.676-0.716), whereas Interview Text-LUKE achieved the highest macro-F1 of 0.660 (95% CI 0.639-0.682). In the 8-emotion multilabel task, Interview Text-LUKE achieved the highest macro-F1 of 0.427 (95% CI 0.398-0.453) and the lowest Hamming loss of 0.078 (95% CI 0.073-0.082). WRIME-trained transfer models showed lower performance, particularly in the 8-emotion task. Sadness and trust co-occurred most frequently, suggesting that positive and negative emotional elements may coexist in the same narratives. This exploratory study suggests the feasibility of domain-specific emotion classification for Japanese cancer survivor interview narratives. Models fine-tuned on target-domain narratives generally outperformed WRIME-trained transfer models, although the best architecture differed by task and metric. Polarity labels and Plutchik 8-emotion labels provided complementary perspectives on complex and coexisting emotions in survivorship narratives. However, performance for rare emotions remained limited, and the models should be regarded as preliminary research tools rather than clinically actionable systems. Larger, more diverse, prospectively or externally validated datasets, imbalance-aware methods, and user-centered evaluation are needed before clinical translation.

Optical frequency combs, named for their comblike peaks in the spectrum, are essential for various sensing applications. As the technology develops, its performance has reached the standard quantum limit dictated by the quantum fluctuations of coherent light field. Quantum combs, with their quantum fluctuation engineered via squeezing and entanglement, are the necessary ingredient for overcoming such limits. We develop the theory for designing and analyzing quantum combs, focusing on dual-comb interferometric measurement. Our analyses cover both squeezed and entangled quantum combs with division receivers and heterodyne receivers, leading to four protocols with quantum advantages scalable with squeezing/entanglement strength. In the spectroscopy of a single absorption line, the division receiver with the squeezed comb suffers from entanglement-mismatching-induced amplified noise, while the other three protocols demonstrate a surprising robustness to loss at a few comb lines. Such a unique loss-robustness of a scalable quantum advantage has not been found in any traditional quantum sensing protocols.

The United Kingdom National Mycology Reference Laboratory (MRL) performs routine identification and susceptibility testing of isolates of pathogenic yeasts from diverse clinical samples submitted from across the UK. Here, we extracted data from our laboratory information management system for all yeasts referred to the laboratory for the period 2016-2022. Data for a total of 17,631 isolates comprising 95 species were retrieved and analyzed according to frequency of recovery from each clinical sample type and anatomical site. In agreement with most international epidemiological surveys, Candida albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus (syn. Candida glabrata) were the two most common yeast species identified, comprising cumulatively over 66% of all isolates referred to the MRL. C. albicans and N. glabratus predominated in frequency from all anatomical sites except the central nervous system, where Cryptococcus neoformans was the most frequently encountered, and respiratory secretions from cystic fibrosis patients and ocular samples, where Candida parapsilosis prevailed. The diversity of different species recovered from sputum, and the oral cavity was predictably large, in keeping with the contamination of the oropharynx by myriad yeasts introduced with food and beverages, in addition to those organisms that naturally occur as commensals on upper respiratory surfaces. More surprising was the diversity of organisms recovered from blood cultures, with 60 different species encountered during the study period. Finally, analysis of fluconazole susceptibility data for C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis demonstrated that fluconazole resistance in these organisms is currently reassuringly rare in the UK except in isolates causing superficial mucosal infections.IMPORTANCEHere, we analysed over 17,000 isolates of yeast by anatomical/clinical site, highlighting an enormous range of species (>60) that can cause fungemia. Our data highlight that resistance to fluconazole in key pathogenic Candida species (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis) is currently rare in isolates from deep sites in the United Kingdom.

To encode information efficiently, our perceptual system should detect when situations are unpredictable (that is, informative) and modulate brain dynamics to prepare for encoding. Under uncertainty, there is an increased need to generate predictions about upcoming information, a process that has been proposed to require coordinated activity between the hippocampus and neocortex. Here we show, with direct recordings from the human hippocampus and visual cortex, that after exposure to unpredictable visual stimulus streams, hippocampal ripple activity increases in frequency and duration before stimulus presentation. Prestimulus hippocampal ripples suppress changes in visual cortex gamma activity associated with uncertainty and modulate poststimulus prediction error gamma responses in higher-level visual cortex to surprising stimuli. We reveal a function of hippocampal ripples in facilitating the propagation of visual stimuli based on the expected information gain. These results, therefore, link hippocampal ripples with predictive coding accounts of neuronal message passing and precision-weighted prediction errors, revealing a mechanism relevant for perceptual synthesis and subsequent memory encoding.

Pediatric seizures are an alarming presentation to the emergency department (ED) that can be caused by a multitude of etiologies. It is important to differentiate life-threatening conditions from more benign causes. A 19-month-old girl presented to the ED after a witnessed seizure. This case offers a differential diagnosis for pediatric seizures and uses history, exam, laboratory findings, and imaging to hone the differential in the ED setting. The surprising final diagnosis and case outcome are then revealed and discussed.

We demonstrate that dynamic illumination color variations can trigger surprising changes in perceptual qualities for printed imagery. We explored different types of printed stimuli, including existing illusions with color patterns, contrast phenomena, colored materials and objects, and art. Stimuli were presented under color-changing illumination, and naive observers were asked to report whether they saw any qualitative changes, and if so, of what type they were. Observers reported a wide variety of effects, ranging from glowing, deforming, wiggling, rotating, and flowing, to changes in depth or material. These results show how varying lighting color can modulate not only color appearance and contrast per se, but can also induce more general changes of object appearance in still images.

Ophthalmic artery (OA) Doppler has been described as an independent parameter in predicting preeclampsia (PE). Considering that vasoconstriction occurs in the pathogenesis of PE and causes increased pulse wave reflection, it is not surprising that OA waveform changes appear in PE. It was found that of these waveform changes, the 2nd systolic peak (P2) and the peak ratio [PR = P2/P1 (P1 = 1st systolic peak)] showed the best performance in prediction and complementary diagnosis of PE. The aim of this study was to determine reference values for OA-Doppler indices in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters and at term in low-risk pregnant women of a mixed European population. This is a prospective single-center cohort study conducted from 2020 to 2024. Only healthy pregnant women who gave informed consent were included. Women at high risk for PE or who developed PE were excluded. OA Doppler was performed according to a strict protocol at 4 distinct gestational-week (GW) intervals: 11-14 GW, 20-24 GW, 30-34 GW, and at term. The following systolic waveform parameters were focused on: P1, P2, and PR. Reference values were generated for these waveform parameters for these study intervals in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters and at term. A total of 255 women were included in this study. Of these, 62% were Caucasian, 7% Asian, 8% Afro-Caribbean, and 33% mixed or of unknown ethnicity. In this population, the PR averaged over the study intervals was 0.56, with no significant differences between the 4 study intervals or between the right and left eyes. This study presents systolic OA-Doppler reference values in low-risk pregnant women of an ethnically diverse European tertiary-care obstetric population. OA-Doppler reference values are stable throughout the four selected time points in pregnancy. These findings may pave the way for further investigations on OA-Doppler values as a predictive and diagnostic tool for PE.

In a previous study, we discovered that Litorilinea aerophila, a member of the bacterial phylum Chloroflexota, had acquired a bona fide archaellum gene cluster through horizontal gene transfer from Archaea, a surprising finding given that the archaellum had long been considered an archaeal-specific motility machinery. Here, we hypothesize that the distinctive multilayered cell envelope of L. aerophila provides the structural context that enables the integration and function of the archaellum motility machinery. Using fluorescence microscopy, thin-section electron microscopy, and cryo-electron tomography, we revealed the organisation of the L. aerophila envelope and propose a mechanism for how the archaellum can traverse the peptidoglycan of L. aerophila by using the Type IV pilus alignment complex proteins PilO and PilN. In addition, we identified two other cell surface appendages: (i) pilus-like structures consistent with Tad pili, and (ii) grappling hook-like structures. Structural analysis of the grappling hook by CryoEM revealed an architecture that possibly plays a role in cell-cell interactions. Together, these findings imply that the evolution of a complex, multilayered cell envelope in Chloroflexota has facilitated the functional adaptation of archaeal surface machineries, allowing these bacteria to exploit the archaellum as a simpler, more energy-efficient motility system than the bacterial flagellum.

Understanding the organization and function of thalamic pulvinar projections to the amygdala is of interest due to the proposal that this projection provides the amygdala with short-latency visual sensory input that eludes conscious awareness. However, most reports in primates have emphasized a projection from the multimodal medial pulvinar-a pulvinar division unique to primates-versus projections from visual pulvinar divisions (inferior or lateral). Further, reports in other closely related species such as tree shrews and rodents have yielded inconsistent results relative to primates when homology is considered. In these species, subdivisions of the lateral posterior/pulvinar complex, which are homologous to the visual inferior pulvinar of primates, project to the amygdala. Such a difference in pulvino-amygdala connections across these closely related species would be surprising. However, modern methods that reveal subdivisions of the pulvinar were lacking in previous anatomical studies of primate pulvino-amygdala connections. To better understand whether a major shift in pulvino-amygdala projections is truly present across species, we reevaluated the locations of pulvinar neurons projecting to the amygdala in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using robust anatomical markers for delineating divisions of the pulvinar, and specifically highlighting the border between the medial and inferior pulvinar. Our findings show definitively that pulvino-amygdala projections in macaques share both conserved, via the visual inferior pulvinar, and novel, via the medial pulvinar, profiles. Further, our data provide a refinement in the available routes via which visual information could reach the amygdala, one that includes the inferior pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus.

The COVID-19 pandemic did not take us completely by surprise. The experts in public health worldwide heard the warnings and tried to alert and act. In many places, surveillance systems to monitor the emergence of new pathogens were set up. Many countries worldwide worked on prevention and preparedness for epidemic-prone infectious diseases. The rapidity of the identification of a novel human virus, and the quick sharing of its full sequence compared to past epidemics is proof of the continuous improvement of our systems worldwide. Immediately after the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the first difficulty facing this completely new virus was to set up specific and sensitive diagnostic tools. The implementation of efficient and robust RT-qPCR in a timely manner has been critical for the global response. MediLabSecure, an international One Health project working on preparedness and prevention of zoonotic viruses in 22 Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Sahel countries, had been crucial to support the rapid and efficient implementation of diagnostic and sequencing tools in the region. During the first months of the pandemic, MediLabSecure shared protocols with all beneficiary countries, and sent reagents and positive controls corresponding to more than 23,000 reactions with public health and veterinary laboratories from 21 countries involved in SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. This support facilitated and was significant for the first detection of cases in 15 countries of the network. Additionally, MediLabSecure shared sequencing protocols and trained scientists and technical staff for the sequencing and characterization of the virus during the pandemic. The One Health approach involving veterinary and public health laboratories proved highly beneficial for both sectors. This case study aims to advocate the importance of One Health and international capacity building projects, such as MediLabSecure, as essential actors in the multisectoral fight against emerging infectious diseases and for the efficiency and resilience of our public health systems.

Predictive coding is a theory that tries to account for how the brain processes in an anticipatory manner the expected stimuli, and reorganizes the underlying neural networks as a consequence of the outcome of predictions: Correct or incorrect. EEG has the advantage of making a continuous and almost instantaneous record of brain activity. The present report summarizes work on Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) and reviews the neural validity of Predictive processing as a mechanism to predict future events, assess the validity of predictions, and then update the probabilities associated with future events. Using two experimental models: predictive tone sequences and central cue Posner paradigms and Bayesian modelling, the report suggests that Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) would be related to prior expectation, Mismatch negativity (MMN) and P300 to Bayesian surprise and/or prediction error, and Post Imperative Negative Variation (PINV) to the assessment of trial outcome in uncertainty situations. The review tends to support predictive coding as a theory consistent with brain operations indexed by ERPs.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading global cause of death from a single infectious agent. Recent reductions in global health funding have threatened TB control, making comprehensive assessment of TB, HIV-related TB, and drug-resistant TB burdens before these disruptions essential for shaping effective responses. The WHO End TB Strategy sets targets of a 95% reduction in TB deaths and a 90% reduction in TB incidence between 2015 and 2035. Using results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023, this study aims to assess the burden of TB and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) across 204 countries and territories, and to evaluate progress towards the WHO End TB incidence and mortality targets. We quantified TB mortality using the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling platform with global vital registration, surveillance, verbal autopsy, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. For TB morbidity estimation, we simultaneously modelled incidence, prevalence, and mortality by age and sex using DisMod-MR 2.1. A population attributable fraction (PAF) approach was applied to stratify morbidity and mortality estimates by HIV and drug-resistance status. We also calculated disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. For the risk factor analysis, a comparative risk assessment framework was used and PAFs were derived for alcohol use, smoking, and high fasting plasma glucose to determine the proportion of TB burden associated with these risk factors. In 2023, there were an estimated 9·11 million (95% uncertainty interval 8·04-10·3) incident cases of all-form TB, 1·22 million (0·98-1·49) deaths, and 54·6 million (43·8-65·5) DALYs globally. HIV-related TB comprised 781 000 (690 000-879 000) incident cases and 210 000 (142 000-279 000) deaths, contributing 11·0 million (7·56-14·3) DALYs. MDR-TB accounted for 466 000 (198 000-1 080 000) incident cases, 102 000 (31 700-238 000) deaths, and 3·96 million (1·31-9·01) DALYs. From 2015 to 2023, global all-form TB incidence rates declined by 19·2% (17·8-20·5) and deaths declined by 22·6% (4·7-35·7); declines were larger for drug-susceptible TB than for MDR-TB. Sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia had the highest mortality burdens in 2023; reductions in all-form TB incidence and mortality were uneven between 2000 and 2023, with limited progress in both measures in Latin America and the Caribbean. Removing smoking, alcohol use, and high fasting plasma glucose would reduce global TB deaths to 768 000 (592 000-970 000) and DALYs to 34·9 million (27·8-43·8) in 2023; MDR-TB deaths would decrease to 77 200 (23 400-183 000) and DALYs to 3·12 million (1·03-7·29). Global progress towards WHO End TB targets is disparate and fragile. Although many regions achieved meaningful gains, others have stagnated in recent years. The complexity of TB prevention is amplified by divergent MDR-TB trends, the persistent burden of HIV, and growing exposure to modifiable risk factors. Recent volatility in global health financing threatens to further destabilise this vulnerable epidemiological landscape; concerted action is urgently needed to temper disruptions and preserve progress. Gates Foundation.

Granular asteroids exhibit surprising structural stability despite low gravity and high spin rates. Understanding the mechanisms behind their strength is essential for predicting their evolution and informing deflection strategies. Using 3D particle-dynamics simulations, we develop a scaling framework for the tensile strength of cohesive, self-gravitating regolith, examining how particle size and shape jointly control macroscopic behavior. We show that tensile strength can be scaled using either an equivalent particle diameter or particle shape, the latter through sphericity and its reference to an equivalent spherical packing. We apply this model to asteroid Bennu using data from samples returned by the OSIRIS-REx mission and derive a cohesive surface strength consistent with estimates below 1 Pa from remote sensing and sampling-event reconstructions. Our results indicate that Bennu's extremely low strength arises from a scarcity of fine dust in its regolith. This study demonstrates how particle-level properties govern large-scale stability and heterogeneity in granular asteroids.