Due to the insufficient data and the ongoing development of machine learning (ML), this study was conducted to examine a deep learning approach for enhancing the resolution of dental Bite-wing (BW) and Peri-Apical (PA) Radiographs (Rg) based on Super Resolution (SR) theory. 1000 BW, and PA Rg were collected: 750 images for training while 250 images for test. At first step, we downscaled all High Resolution (HR) images to create Low Resolution (LR) ones using 4*4 average pooling without overlap. Thereafter, we incorporated three deep learning-based super-resolution approaches and the most efficient one (down sampled skip-connection/ Multi-scale (DSC/MS)) was chosen. After training, our ML algorithm was tested by the 250 LR images incorporated six evaluation metrics. After five-time repletion of our model, the mean ± S.D of R2, RSME, MSE, MAE, SSIM, and PSNR was 0.90 ± 0.0006, 0.039 ± 0.001, 0.0017 ± 0.00015, 0.026 ± 0.001, 0.85 ± 0.003, 28.45 ± 0.30. All these metrics was superior comparing to conventional methods. Our SR model demonstrated significant effectiveness and the DSC/MS showed noticeably superior results comparing to linear, cubic, or nearest neighbor interpolations.
Super-resolution ultrasound imaging (SRUI) surpasses the diffraction limit of conventional ultrasound, enabling visualization of microvascular architecture and hemodynamics with potential applications in neurology, oncology, and cardiology. However, clinical adoption remains limited by complex parameter optimization, subjective interpretation, and time-consuming workflows. We present a multimodal artificial intelligence framework that integrates a custom SRUI platform with large language models of DeepSeek-R1 for natural language processing and of MiniCPM-V for image recognition. Clinicians issue voice commands to initiate imaging tasks, which are translated into acquisition parameters, including temporal windows and adaptive microbubble filtration. The system performs super-resolution reconstruction, extracts quantitative vascular metrics, and generates structured diagnostic reports incorporating relevant clinical context. Filtration thresholds were dynamically determined using the Microbubble Similarity Score. Structured reports were generated within approximately four minutes. Evaluation by fourteen clinicians demonstrated good structural integrity and standardized terminology. This framework streamlines SRUI workflows and supports AI-assisted, clinically contextualized super-resolution ultrasound imaging. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2100048361 registered July 6, 2021.
Transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is challenging in patients with stiff and tortuous anatomy. In the present case, we presented a patient with super-stiff aortic arch (prior history of aortic arch replacement, stent implantation, and anastomotic fistula plugging) and a summary of strategies for managing such stiff approach. A 59-year-old man with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis and a super-stiff aortic arch underwent transfemoral TAVR. Techniques including buddy wire, balloon deflection, balloon-assisted tracking, snare assistance, and long sheath use were considered. Balloon-assisted tracking combined with a long sheath ultimately enabled successful TAVR. Supra-annular anchoring was also confirmed in this case. For patients with extremely stiff anatomy, multiple techniques may facilitate successful transfemoral TAVR. Furthermore, in bicuspid aortic valve cases, the narrowed supra-annular region can serve as an effective anchoring zone.
Evidence regarding the effects of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors on carotid plaque regression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and subclinical atherosclerosis remains limited; therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a machine learning-based model for predicting carotid plaque regression in this population. This retrospective study included a development cohort of 204 patients with T2DM and subclinical atherosclerosis receiving combined statin and evolocumab therapy, with external validation performed in an independent cohort. The primary outcome was the change in mean carotid plaque thickness. Thirteen predictors were selected using the Boruta algorithm to construct a Super Learner model, which was validated through repeated five-fold cross-validation. Model interpretability was assessed using SHapley Additive exPlanations analysis. After 24 weeks of treatment, carotid plaque regression was observed in 52.9% of patients. The model demonstrated strong discriminatory performance in the internal validation set (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.958; sensitivity = 0.881; specificity = 0.908) and moderate performance in the external validation cohort (AUC = 0.755; sensitivity = 0.875; specificity = 0.560). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and alanine aminotransferase were identified as the most influential predictors. This study demonstrates the feasibility of applying machine learning algorithms to predict responses to evolocumab in patients with T2DM and subclinical atherosclerosis. Machine learning may support individualized risk stratification by identifying individuals most likely to benefit from therapy, thereby supporting personalized strategies for secondary cardiovascular disease prevention.
The relative merits of 2D and 3D MRCP remain incompletely defined, and the effect of super-resolution deep learning reconstruction (SR-DLR) on main pancreatic duct (MPD) visualization remains unclear. We compared image quality and MPD visualization among 3D MRCP with SR-DLR (3D-SR), conventional 2D MRCP with compressed sensing (2D-CS), and 2D MRCP with SR-DLR (2D-SR), and exploratorily assessed diagnostic performance for MPD abnormalities. This prospective study included 174 patients undergoing MRCP for pancreatic evaluation. Quantitative metrics included signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast ratio (CR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for the distal common bile duct and pancreatic cystic lesions. Two radiologists assessed image quality, MPD visualization, cystic lesion conspicuity, and MPD abnormalities. 3D-SR yielded the highest SNR, CR, and CNR for the distal common bile duct (all p ≤ 0.006). Overall image quality, motion artifact scores, MPD body/tail visualization, and margin sharpness were higher with 2D-SR and 2D-CS than 3D-SR, and higher with 2D-SR than 2D-CS (all p ≤ 0.037). Cystic lesion conspicuity was higher with 2D-SR and 2D-CS than 3D-SR, with the greatest difference for lesions ≤ 5 mm. All techniques correctly identified focal MPD narrowing with upstream dilatation (n = 3) and diffuse MPD dilatation (n = 13). For focal narrowing without upstream dilatation (n = 3), 3D-SR showed a higher false-positive rate (readers 1-2: 40.4-42.7%), whereas neither 2D technique showed false-positive findings. In this surveillance cohort, 2D-SR provided the best overall MPD visualization; the lower false-positive rate for focal MPD narrowing with 2D techniques (only three true-positive cases) was exploratory and hypothesis-generating.
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) relies on the dynamic assembly and remodeling of clathrin coats to drive membrane curvature and vesicle formation at the plasma membrane. Although live-cell fluorescence microscopy has provided critical insights into the timing and molecular composition of endocytic events, directly linking the nanoscale lateral organization of clathrin coats to their three-dimensional progression in real time has remained challenging. Structural approaches such as electron microscopy provide detailed snapshots of clathrin architecture but are inherently static, whereas axial TIRF-based methods report membrane-proximal position with limited lateral resolution. Here, we introduce variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence structured illumination microscopy (vaTIRF-SIM), a live-cell imaging strategy that integrates lateral super-resolution with dynamic axial sensitivity near the plasma membrane. By combining TIRF-SIM with controlled variation of the evanescent field penetration depth, vaTIRF-SIM enables simultaneous visualization of clathrin coat architecture and relative axial displacement with high spatial and temporal resolution. Applying this approach to de novo clathrin-coated pits reveals coordinated lateral growth and progressive axial advancement from early stages of pit formation through maturation, consistent with early curvature generation that intensifies over time. Extending this analysis to clathrin plaques uncovers two distinct plaque-associated endocytic behaviors: slowly maturing pits that originate at plaque peripheries and progress similarly to de novo pits and rapid plaque subdomain internalization events marked by accelerated axial progression. Together, these results establish vaTIRF-SIM as an approach that, for the first time, enables direct real-time coupling of nanoscale clathrin coat organization with axial progression during CME in living cells, demonstrated here in genome-edited SUM-159 cells expressing AP2-EGFP from the endogenous locus.
Understanding the nature of electrode-electrolyte interface remains a long-sought goal in electrochemistry, as it could help to address major societal challenges of our time, such as the global energy and environmental crisis. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging enables the direct visualization of the electrode-electrolyte interface, rather than inferring active sites from morphology or surface chemistry. However, the signal decay and limited stability of ECL signals restrict their practical application. Here, by utilizing the high-frequency pulsed output of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), we developed a TENG-based electrochemiluminescence (TECL) imaging inspired by the cardiac diastole-systole cycle. The TECL signal overcomes the limitations of traditional ECL and employs a zero-shot deconvolution network (ZS-DeconvNet) to achieve super-resolution TECL (ZSSR-TECL) imaging. Utilizing the ZSSR-TECL imaging, the catalytic regions at the electrode-electrolyte interface can be analyzed, with high-activity, moderate-activity, and degraded regions clearly distinguished. In addition, three methods have been established for analyzing the catalytic activity of the electrode-electrolyte interface, including direct observation of TECL images, analysis of signal intensity profiles, and quantification of total signal intensity in fixed regions. The TECL imaging has the potential to enable the research of electrode-electrolyte interfaces and offers a perspective for enhancing ECL imaging.
In transiting planetary systems, in which planetary sizes are accurately determined from transit observations, the presence of transit-timing variations1 (TTVs), especially when combined with radial velocity (RV) data, provides powerful constraints on masses and orbital eccentricities. Together, these measurements offer crucial insights into system architecture, formation mechanisms and dynamical evolution. We present long-term RV and transit/TTV monitoring of the relatively young star (age approximately 1 Gyr) TOI-201, revealing an exceptional multi-planet system composed of a hot super-Earth (SE) size planet transiting every 5.8 days, a warm Jupiter (WJ) on a 53-day orbit and an eccentric (e = 0.62) low-mass brown dwarf (BD) on an approximately 8-year orbit, with an estimated mass MBD of about 16 Jupiter masses. The BD is the longest-period transiting substellar object ever characterized by means of RVs and the only one known to be coplanar with inner planets. The architecture of this system suggests that the SE was formed isolated and in the innermost region of the gaseous disk. On the other hand, the orbital configuration of the outer companions suggests a nearly in situ formation of both objects, with the WJ forming in a dense inner disk. Alternatively, the BD might have formed farther out and migrated inward, while increasing its eccentricity owing to interactions with the disk.
Super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) is a life-threatening neurological emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although medical management remains the cornerstone of treatment, selected patients may benefit from surgical or neuromodulatory interventions. The role of surgery in SRSE remains incompletely defined, and the available evidence is largely limited to case reports, case series, and recent systematic reviews. We conducted a structured narrative review of the literature using PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and Google Scholar. Articles published in English or Spanish after 2000 addressing surgical or neuromodulatory treatment strategies for SRSE were included. Evidence related to refractory status epilepticus (RSE) was considered when relevant to timing of intervention, patient selection, or progression toward SRSE. Both resective/disconnective procedures and neuromodulation techniques (VNS, RNS, DBS) were evaluated. Methodological quality was assessed using the CARE checklist for case reports and AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews. Thirty-three studies were included, comprising case reports and systematic reviews involving both adult and pediatric populations. Resective and disconnective procedures appeared to provide the most rapid and consistent SRSE termination in patients with well-defined epileptogenic lesions and were frequently associated with rapid termination of SRSE. Neuromodulation techniques demonstrated more variable and delayed responses but provided meaningful clinical benefit in selected patients with diffuse or poorly localized epileptogenic networks. Vagus nerve stimulation was the most frequently reported neuromodulation strategy, while responsive neurostimulation and deep brain stimulation showed promising results in focal and network-related epilepsies. Across studies, favorable long-term seizure outcomes were reported in a substantial proportion of surviving patients, although interpretation is limited by study heterogeneity, publication bias, and inconsistent outcome reporting. The current evidence, although limited by the low overall quality of the available studies and heterogeneity of the populations, suggests that surgical intervention may represent a valuable therapeutic option in carefully selected patients with SRSE, particularly when a focal epileptogenic lesion can be identified. Neuromodulation may serve as a rescue or palliative strategy in diffuse or non-resectable cases. Early multidisciplinary evaluation in specialized epilepsy surgery centers may be critical for optimizing outcomes. Surgical and neuromodulatory interventions may play an important role in selected patients with SRSE refractory to medical therapy. However, the available evidence remains limited and heterogeneous. Further multicenter prospective studies are needed to better define patient selection, timing of intervention, and long-term outcomes.
Soymilk off-flavors, driven by polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, limit consumer acceptance. This study evaluated how soybean composition shapes volatile and sensory profiles of soymilk produced from aged soybeans. Four soybean types were investigated: Commodity (Patriot), high-oleic/low-linolenic acid (HOLL), and two HOLL lines with reduced raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), Tiger and Super (LOX-null). HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS identified 18 volatiles: Patriot showed the most and highest off-flavor volatiles, whereas Super exhibited the fewest and lowest. Descriptive sensory analysis corroborated chemistry, with Patriot exhibiting the greatest painty aroma/flavor; HOLL, Tiger, and Super showed significant reductions. Super also had the lowest bitterness and aftertaste. Multivariate analyses differentiated samples and indicated minimal correlation between Super and off-flavor volatiles. These results demonstrate that combining HOLL, reduced RFOs, and LOX-null traits improves soymilk flavor, thereby guiding breeding strategies to enhance consumer acceptance, product quality, and broader market potential of soy-based foods.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of post-partum (PP) periods of different lengths on super-stimulatory and super-ovulatory responses, as well as the number and quality of embryos in Simmental cows. Fifty cows were divided into five groups based on their PP days, including 50 - 60 days (n = 5), 61 - 90 days (n = 17), 91 - 120 days (n = 9), 121 - 150 days (n = 9), and 151 - 420 days (n = 10). On a random day of the estrous cycle, all follicles larger than 5.00 mm on the ovaries were aspirated and a progesterone-releasing device was inserted into the vagina of all donors. Approximately 36 hr after follicle aspiration, all cows were administered 500 µg of follicle-stimulating hormone in decreasing doses, twice daily for 6 days. Ovaries were evaluated using trans-rectal ultrasonography during human chorionic gonadotropin treatment and after embryo collection to assess follicles and corpora lutea, respectively. Super-stimulatory and super-ovulatory responses, as well as embryo yield and quality were found to be similar among cows in the PP days groups of 61 - 90, 91 - 120, 121 - 150, and 151 - 420. However, the embryo recovery rate and mean number of transferable and freezable embryos were adversely affected in cows at 50 - 60 days PP. The findings of our study suggested that day 60 PP served as a threshold for in vivo embryo production in Simmental cows.
Understanding protein architecture and predicting its structural tolerance to profound remodeling is pivotal for engineering functional proteins. We present SplitSeek-Pro, a deep learning model that evaluates amino acid-level splittability in folded proteins, a property critical for protein engineering tasks such as circular permutation and split reconstitution. By integrating primary sequences with 3D structural features, SplitSeek-Pro achieves residue-resolution predictions through a two-stage training process: large-scale pre-training followed by high-quality fine-tuning. Experimental validation on three distinct proteins confirms its superior predictive power over existing methods. Notably, SplitSeek-Pro identifies characteristic segments that function as cohesive, integral fragments analogous to super-secondary structural motifs. These results establish SplitSeek-Pro as a robust tool for rational protein engineering and offer insights into the fundamental structural building blocks of protein folding. To facilitate community access, we provide an automated web server at http://splitseek.topo.bio.
Although water is an essential component of hydrogels, developing hydrogels that show distinct deformability depending on the surroundings remains interesting and challenging. Herein, a structural remolding strategy of hydrophilic poly(sodium acrylate) is proposed to develop anti-swelling hydrogels, which interestingly show a significant and reversible mechanical switching of underwater ultra-stretchability and overwater non-flexibility. The super anti-swelling hydrogels are derived based on super-swelling poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogels by simply immersing into 0.2-0.8 mol L-1 CaCl2 solutions to form strong Ca2+-carboxyl coordination. The strong Ca2+-carboxyl coordination in the hydrogels serves as a lock, which bundles neighboring poly(sodium acrylate) chains to resist water intrusion into the polymer network for structural maintenance in underwater conditions, as well as constructs loose porous structures exposing the inside water to the surroundings. The obtained hydrogels with coordination-locked networks show long-term stability, self-healing, and ultra-high stretchability of ∼30 with an equilibrium-water-content of ∼70 wt% in versatile underwater conditions, and achieve rapid dehydration and loss of flexibility within 30 min in overwater conditions. Owing to their unique switchable characteristics, the hydrogels demonstrate multiple concealed functionalities that are activated only in underwater conditions. The work here deepens the understanding of poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogels and paves a new way for the design and remolding of hydrogel topology tailored for underwater-only functions.
Korea's rapid transition toward a super-aged society has markedly increased the demand for major abdominal surgery in older adults. Although minimally invasive surgery (MIS) provides perioperative advantages, including reduced surgical trauma, lower blood loss, and accelerated postoperative recovery, it also introduces pathophysiological challenges that require preoperative evaluation and risk stratification. This presidential lecture summarizes trends in geriatric surgery in Korea, highlights perioperative considerations for elderly patients undergoing MIS, and presents longitudinal outcomes from Severance Hospital. Surgical trends and perioperative outcomes were evaluated for major abdominal procedures, including gastrectomy, colectomy, major hepatectomy, and pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), in patients aged ≥70 years. Analyses demonstrated a progressive transition from open surgery toward minimally invasive approaches. Laparoscopic and robotic techniques have become the predominant approaches for gastrectomy and colectomy, including in octogenarians, while MIS adoption for complex procedures, such as major hepatectomy and PD, has also expanded substantially. Comparative analyses within this elderly cohort demonstrated that MIS was associated with superior perioperative outcomes compared with open surgery, including significantly reduced estimated blood loss, shorter hospitalization, and lower rates of clinically significant complications, such as postoperative pancreatic fistula, without compromising procedural safety. Advances in surgical technology and accumulated institutional expertise have established MIS as a feasible, standardized approach for major abdominal surgery in older adults. Integrating comprehensive preoperative assessment, particularly frailty screening, with the selective application of MIS may represent the optimal strategy for reducing operative risk and promoting postoperative functional recovery in geriatric surgical care.
To characterize longitudinal trends in the distribution of interventional radiology (IR) work across radiologists to determine if work is concentrating among a smaller radiologist subset. A retrospective, repeated cross-sectional analysis (2008-2023) of Medicare claims from a 5% sample of fee-for-service beneficiaries was used to identify radiology services. Radiologists were identified using Medicare Data on Provider Practice and Specialty data and workload was classified as IR-related or non-IR-related using validated methodology. Radiologists were categorized by the proportion of IR-related work each year. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated associations between IR-workload concentration and radiologist and practice characteristics and year. A total of 476,688 radiologist-years representing 46,533 unique radiologists were included. Radiologists who were male, aged 35-44, and in practices that are metropolitan, multi-specialty, and with 1-9 radiologists were the most likely to perform a majority IR work (>50%). The proportion of radiologists performing some (>0%) IR-related work declined from 66.9% in 2008 to 49.6% in 2023. Among those with IR-related work, the proportion with majority (>50-100%) IR-related work increased from 12.6% to 18.5%, and the proportion with super-majority workloads (>90-100%) increased from 4.1% to 8.8%. These trends were consistent across various radiologist and practice characteristics. For the 2020-2023 period, radiologists had higher odds of super-majority IR workloads versus the 2008-2011 period (odds ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.46). IR work has become increasingly concentrated among a smaller subset of radiologists indicating that a growing number of IRs are practicing primarily in their specialty as practice models evolve.
Conduction system pacing (CSP) has emerged as a physiological alternative to biventricular pacing (BVP) for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively compare the clinical efficacy and safety of these two strategies using the most up-to-date evidence. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched up to March 2026 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies comparing CSP with BVP in adult HF patients (LVEF ≤ 50%). Primary outcomes included changes in LVEF, NYHA class, QRS duration, HF hospitalization (HFH), and all-cause mortality (ACM). Secondary outcomes included echocardiographic response, procedural parameters, and complications. Random-effects models were used. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, Egger's test, and trim-and-fill analysis. Certainty of evidence was appraised using the GRADE framework. 35 studies (10 RCTs, 25 observational; N = 7,019) were included. Compared with BVP, CSP was associated with greater improvement in LVEF (MD: 4.22%, 95%CI: 2.74%-5.70%; I2 = 72%), NYHA class (MD: -0.34, 95%CI: -0.47 to -0.21; I2 = 30%), and QRS narrowing (MD: -19.60 ms, 95%CI: -24.18 to -15.02 ms; I2 = 83%). CSP significantly reduced HFH risk (RR: 0.65, 95%CI: 0.49-0.87; I2 = 50%) and echocardiographic non-response (RR: 0.58, 95%CI: 0.41-0.82; I2 = 70%), while increasing super-response (RR: 1.86, 95%CI: 1.43-2.43; I2 = 34%). ACM was comparable between groups (RR: 0.87, 95%CI: 0.62-1.22). CSP was associated with shorter fluoroscopy time (MD: -5.04 min, 95%CI: -8.62 to -1.45 min), with similar complication rates. Benefits were most pronounced in patients with classical CRT indications (LVEF ≤ 35% with LBBB) and confirmed conduction system capture. Publication bias was detected for LVEF; trim-and-fill analysis confirmed directional benefit (adjusted MD: 2.14%). GRADE assessment demonstrated low to very low certainty of evidence. CSP may be associated with superior echocardiographic and electrocardiographic outcomes compared with BVP, but the overall certainty of the evidence remains low to very low. These findings should be considered hypothesis-generating and highlight the urgent need for large-scale, adequately powered RCTs to validate the potential benefits of CSP before its widespread adoption in routine clinical practice. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251074973, identifier CRD420251074973.
In this article, an advanced nonlinear control strategy is proposed to address the trajectory tracking problem of a quadrotor under external disturbances. The controller is formulated as an Adaptive Fractional-Order Sliding Mode Controller (AFOSMC), which employs a super-twisting reaching law to achieve robust tracking, while an adaptive barrier function is incorporated to alleviate the effects of control signal saturation. In addition, the conventional discontinuous signum function is replaced with a smooth saturation function to effectively mitigate the chattering phenomenon. To further strengthen the performance of AFOSMC, ant colony optimization is used for tuning the controller gain parameters. The quadrotor dynamics are derived using the Euler-Lagrange formulation, providing a rigorous basis for controller design. Lyapunov-based analysis is conducted to verify system stability, ensuring reliable operation under varying conditions. Additionally, stochastic noise is incorporated into the quadrotor model to investigate the proposed controller's robustness. The proposed strategy is evaluated via numerical simulations, while its practical applicability is further assessed using controller-in-the-loop experiments. The obtained findings indicate that AFOSMC provides improved tracking precision while maintaining robustness and smooth control action.
Polymer physics models have been employed to elucidate the 3D organization of chromosomes in the cell nucleus. However, how well they capture chromatin architectures at the single-molecule level remains poorly understood. Here, we consider a minimal polymer model where folding is driven by sequence-specific self-interactions between cognate monomer types, leading to their separation into spatially segregated globular domains. Focusing on a key genomic region in human IMR90 cells, we demonstrate that the model accurately reproduces the distribution of individual chromatin conformations as validated by single-cell super-resolution microscopy experiments. The structural variability across cells is naturally explained by the predicted thermodynamic ensemble of domain-segregated states, hence providing a robust validation of the model basic ingredients with no additional molecular parameters.
The nonlinear stage of modulation instability (MI) starting with either purely periodic or localized periodic modulation is investigated analytically and numerically in the model of long wave-short wave (LS) resonance. Exact multiparametric solutions of Akhmediev breathers (ABs) and super-regular breathers (SRBs) are constructed based on an eigenvalue analysis. Physical spectra of ABs in analytic form are derived. The spectra of the short-wave component show expansion of energy from a single component to the sidebands and recurrence back to the same mode. However, the long-wave component shows complex oscillations in the sidebands, but the central mode remains constant. The evolution of LS-resonance-induced SRB is studied through its exact link with the MI. Our predictions based on exact analytical equations are confirmed by direct numerical simulations. We show that even nonideal single-wave excitations may lead asymptotically to the exact solutions. The connection of our exact solutions with results for the nonintegrable LS resonance model is also considered.
During immiscible displacement in heavy oil reservoirs, the multiphase flow of oil-water or oil-steam systems is governed by the combined effects of viscous forces, capillary forces, and gravity. Identifying the dominant forces and clarifying their competitive relationships are essential for improving the oil recovery. On the basis of core-scale physical simulation experiments, a unified dimensionless framework for analyzing force competition was established, enabling dimensionless characterization and recovery prediction for both conventional heavy oil-water flooding and super heavy oil-steam flooding. By systematically analyzing residual oil variation under different injection rates, temperatures, permeabilities, steam qualities, and injection inclination angles, we quantitatively characterized the competitive interactions among viscous, capillary, and gravitational forces. The results indicate that conventional heavy oil-water flooding is predominantly controlled by capillary forces, and oil recovery exhibits a significant linear negative correlation with the modified capillary number. In contrast, super-heavy oil-steam flooding is mainly governed by gravity-driven flow and thermal viscosity reduction. The composite model developed based on the thermogravimetry number (N TG) demonstrates high predictive accuracy (R = 0.9692), providing a quantitative basis for parameter optimization in heavy oil reservoir development.