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This article contains information about the organization of the forensic medical expert investigation in the city of Saint-Petersburg since the time of its foundation. The sources of origin of the first Russian service of forensic medical expertise as a component of the state-supported healthcare system, as exemplified by the Saint-Petersburg state healthcare institution 'Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise', are described. Приведены сведения об организации судебно-медицинских экспертных исследований в Санкт-Петербурге с момента его основания. Представлены истоки возникновения первой судебно-медицинской службы в составе государственной системы здравоохранения страны - Санкт-Петербургского государственного учреждения здравоохранения 'Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы'.
The Saint-Petersburg state healthcare institution 'Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise' (SPb SBHCI 'Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise') celebrated its 100th anniversary on April 9, 2018. This article provides information concerning the organization and management of the forensic medical expertise system in Petrograd, Leningrad, and Saint-Petersburg in the XX-XXI centuries. The data on the staff composition of the Bureau and character of its activities are presented together with the outline of its main directions and practical achievements. Санкт-Петербургскому государственному учреждению здравоохранения 'Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы' (СПб ГБУЗ БСМЭ) 9 апреля 2018 г. исполнилось 100 лет. В статье изложены сведения об организации судебно-медицинской экспертизы Петрограда - Ленинграда - Санкт-Петербурга в ХХ-ХХI вв. Приведены штаты Бюро, объем и характер работы, основные научные и практические достижения.
The objective of the present study was the development and implementation of the educational program for the training of the highly qualified specialists within the framework the clinical residency and internship in the speciality 31.08.10 'forensic medical expertise' aimed at the adherence to and the maintenance of the systemic approach to the training in compliance with the upgraded regulatory documents at the medical institutions of the Russian Federation authorized to carry out post-graduate educational activities. The residency program for the training of the highly qualified specialists in the speciality 31.08.10 'forensic medical expertise' has been developed and implemented based at the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Medical Expertise with the extension of the elective part of the working residency program in order to provide the delivery of the lectures and holding seminars on the selected issues of forensic medicine and criminalistics. The ongoing modernization of the healthcare system in this country taking into consideration the public needs and the challenges for practical medicine, the necessity of formation of the integral educational medium, the development of the unique systemic approach to the effective training of the highly qualified specialists in forensic medical expertise, and further optimization of the educational process are intended to propel forensic medical education and the training of the forensic medical experts to the qualitatively new level. Цель работы - разработка и внедрение образовательной программы подготовки кадров высшей квалификации в ординатуре по специальности 31.08.10 Судебно-медицинская экспертиза для соблюдения и сохранения единого системного подхода к обучению в рамках новых действующих регламентирующих документов в учреждениях Российской Федерации, осуществляющих профессиональную последипломную деятельность. В Российском центре судебно-медицинской экспертизы разработана и внедрена Программа подготовки кадров высшей квалификации в ординатуре по специальности 31.08.10 Судебно-медицинская экспертиза с расширением вариативной части Рабочей программы ординатуры и введением лекций и семинарских занятий по избранным вопросам судебной медицины и криминалистики. Модернизация системы здравоохранения, потребности общества, формирование единого образовательного пространства и единого системного подхода к эффективной подготовке кадров высшей квалификации по специальности 'Судебно-медицинская экспертиза', оптимизация образовательного процесса направлены на качественно новый уровень подготовки врачей - судебно-медицинских экспертов.
Profound studies of iatrogenesis from a medical and legal viewpoint are an important task. New medicolegal terms and notions and a classification of iatrogenic conditions are offered for discussion.
A case of causing a lethal injury from the PB-4 self-defense pistol (traumatic action bullets) is described. An issue of the relation between notions "a non-lethal gun" and "special-purpose weapon" are under discussion.
Morphological manifestations of lethal narcotic poisoning are analyzed on the basis of results presented in "Acts of Medical Examination of Corpse" and "Expert Conclusions" on 352 cases with lethal narcotic poisoning, suspected (with good grounds) poisoning, and combined poisoning with narcotics and other agents. Causes of failure to detect narcotics in forensic chemical analysis of biological material from the corpse are enumerated.
Results of comprehensive expert evaluation of bone remains found at the place of burial made 80 years ago are presented. Injuries inflicted by gunshots, mechanical, chemical, and other factors are classified. Diagnostic criteria for reconstruction of circumstances of death and burial of the Romanov family and subjects in their attendance are defined.
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A statistical evaluation of injuries of head tissues inflicted by blows with human body parts and with blunt hard objects of communal use was carried out. Characteristic morphometrical and topographical features of injuries and factors essential for their severity are defined.
The objective of the present study was the thematic analysis of the reports published in the journal 'Sudebno-meditsinskaya ekspertiza' (Forensic Medical Expertise) during the period from 1958 till 2015 that contain the authors' characteristics of the mistakes made in connection with the performance of various forms of forensic medical expertise with special reference to their quality and time schedules. A total of 268 issues of the journal were looked through from which 25 articles were selected dealing with the analysis of expert mistakes. The present work continues the series of publications having the objectives to elucidate logical errors encountered in expert conclusions, text-books, guidelines, and other methodological materials concerning forensic medical expertise for the purpose of their further in-depth investigation. Цель исследования - тематический анализ статей, опубликованных в журнале 'Судебно-медицинская экспертиза' за период с 1958 по 2015 г., содержащих авторские оценки экспертных ошибок, исследование качества исполнения и сроков производства различных видов экспертиз. Автором публикации исследовано 268 номеров журнала, в которых было отобрано 25 статей, посвященных анализу допущенных экспертных ошибок. Статья представляет собой продолжение тематических сообщений автора об основных проблемах логических ошибок в заключениях экспертов с перспективой дальнейших публикаций результатов, более глубокого анализа допускаемых логических ошибок как в заключениях экспертов, так и в учебниках, руководствах, методических указаниях.
Variants of microscopic structure of the hymen are described and its histological classification based on the stromal component structure is offered. Hypotheses on the hymen histogenesis under different conditions are formulated. Histological analysis and histological classification of the hymen are needed for objective solution of questions arising during expert evaluation of virginity and its violation, probability or improbability of coitus without defloration.
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The objective of the present study was the development of the method and the criteria to be used for forensic medical diagnostics of the constituent elements of neglect of the exigencies (abandonment) of the juveniles. The work was focused on the consideration of the performance of expert examination of one of the most widespread forms of the child abuse, such as neglect of the exigencies of the juveniles. We undertook the analysis of the causes underlying the emergence of the difficulties that tend to hamper the conduction of expert examination of the cases of neglect of the exigencies of the juveniles with special reference to the judicial qualification of such wrongdoings. The physical development, neuro-psychic health status, and general morbidity of the children whose legitimate representatives are charged with neglect of their requirements in accordance with article 156 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation have been considered for the first time. The analysis revealed the factors responsible for the negative effects on the juvenile health status associated with the criminal failure of the aforementioned legitimate representatives to act for the sake of the children's health and guidance as envisaged by law. Цель исследования - разработка методов и критериев судебно-медицинской диагностики признаков пренебрежения нуждами детей (заброшенность). Рассмотрены проблемы производства судебно-медицинской экспертизы в случаях одного из наиболее распространенных видов жестокого обращения с детьми - пренебрежения их нуждами. Проведен анализ причин возникновения трудностей при выполнении экспертиз рассматриваемой категории, юридической квалификации такого вида преступлений. Впервые изучено состояние физического развития, нервно-психического здоровья и заболеваемости детей, законные представители которых обвиняются по ст. 156 УК РФ. Установлены факторы негативного воздействия на здоровье несовершеннолетних, обусловленные бездействием лица, на которого закон возложил обязанности по уходу за ребенком и его воспитанием.
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Twelve cases with congenital and acquired gastrointestinal diseases from expert practice are analyzed. The disease ran asymptomatically during life and eventuated in death. Potentialities of forensic medical diagnosis for such cases are demonstrated.
Microscopic features of primary and secondary hemorrhages in the stem portion of the brain in craniocerebral injuries are described. Criteria of differential diagnosis between primary and secondary hemorrhages in the stem in subjects dead during 24 h after isolated and combined craniocerebral injuries are defined. The forensic medical significance of differential diagnosis of hemorrhages in the stem for the solution of many expert problems is evaluated.
Describes the morphological changes of cardiomyocytes in contusions and concussions of the heart and reflective heart arrest resulting in rapid sudden death after blunt injury to the chest. Presents the principles and criteria of forensic medical diagnosis of death from heart concussions in such cases.