Digital game-based learning environments (DGBLEs) are increasingly integrated into classrooms as learning tools, yet limited research exists regarding the impact of students' discrete emotions on digital gameplay performance. This study examined the role of emotions and arousal in predicting performance outcomes during digital gameplay. Thirty-two grade 5 students (Mage = 10.99, 62.5% male) played four digital games (two math; two identically designed non-math). During gameplay, real-time heart rate and affective data were collected and analyzed using an interpretable machine learning approach (XGBoost). Results suggest that students performed better on non-math games, as compared to math games. Real-time anger was associated with lower performance, particularly in games, whereas other emotions and physiological measures were not significant predictors. This pilot investigation suggests that discrete emotions, particularly anger, may play a more important role in performance during math gameplay than in comparable non-math activities. The results highlight the importance of supporting emotional regulation during digital math learning, as unmanaged anger may impact performance. This study contributes to the growing literature on affective dynamics in digital game-based learning.
Background and Clinical Significance: Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic immune-mediated fibroinflammatory disorder that can mimic infection or malignancy. Spinal involvement is exceedingly rare and usually limited to pachymeningitis or epidural pseudotumors. True vertebral bone destruction has been reported only sporadically. Case Presentation: A 54-year-old man presented to our emergency department with severe neck pain after a fall. CT and MRI revealed extensive osteolysis of the C1 posterior arch and odontoid process with atlantoaxial subluxation. Following a second inpatient fall, he developed acute tetraparesis. Emergency posterior occipitocervical fusion (C0-C4) with C1-C2 laminectomy and foramen magnum decompression was performed. Histopathology demonstrated dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and fibrosis with up to 36 IgG4+ plasma cells per high-power field and an IgG4+/IgG ratio > 40%, confirming IgG4-RD. The patient recovered substantial motor function postoperatively and regained independent ambulation after neurological rehabilitation. Conclusions: IgG4-RD can rarely present as destructive craniovertebral osteolysis with neurological compromise. Unexplained C1-C2 osteolytic lesions should prompt evaluation for IgG4-RD, a rare but treatable cause of cervical instability.
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While state incarceration policies have received much attention in research on the causes of mass incarceration in the U.S., their roles in shaping population health and health disparities remain largely unknown. Merging data on state incarceration policies to vital statistics birth records from 1984-2004, we examine the impacts of two signature state incarceration policies adopted during the "tough on crime" era of the 1990s-three strikes and truth in sentencing-on Black and White birth outcomes. Using a difference-in-differences event study research design that models the dynamic impacts of these policies over time, we find that these policies had opposing effects on birth outcomes. Birth weight outcomes-including mean birth weight and low birth weight-for Black infants worsened markedly in the year three strikes policies were adopted. By contrast, birth outcomes for Black and White infants gradually improved after truth in sentencing policies were adopted. The discordant findings point to distinct, countervailing mechanisms by which sentencing policies can affect population health. We provide suggestive evidence that three strikes policies adversely impacted Black birth outcomes through affective mechanisms, by inducing highly racialized, stigmatizing, and criminalizing public discourse around the time of policy adoption. Our results indicate that truth in sentencing likely impacted birth outcomes via material mechanisms, by gradually reducing community incarceration and crime rates. Altogether, these findings point to the need to further interrogate state criminal legal system policies for their impacts on population health, considering whether, how, and for whom these policies result in health impacts.
For vehicle driving scenarios in complex backgrounds, road sign detection faces challenges such as multi-scale targets, long-distances, and low-resolution. To address these challenges, a detection method based on an improved YOLO11n network is proposed. Firstly, to accommodate the multi-scale characteristics of the targets and improve the network's ability to detect low-resolution objects and details, a Multi-path Gated Aggregation (MGA) Module is proposed, achieving these objectives via multi-dimensional feature extraction. Secondly, the Neck is improved by designing a network structure that incorporates high-resolution information from the Backbone, thereby enhancing the detection capabilities for small and blurry targets. Finally, an enhanced Spatial Pyramid Pooling-Fast (SPPF) module is proposed, wherein a Group Convolution-Layer Normalization-SiLU structure is integrated across various stages of information passing. By fusing adjacent channel information, it effectively suppresses complex background noise across multiple scales and amplifies road marking features, which consequently boosts the model's discriminability for distant and obscured targets. Experimental results on a multi-type road sign dataset show that the improved model achieves an mAP@0.5 of 96.96%, which is 1.42% higher than the original model. The mAP@0.5-0.95 and Recall rates are 83.94% and 92.94%, respectively, while the inference speed remains at 134 FPS. Research demonstrates that via targeted modular designs, the proposed approach strikes a superior balance between detection accuracy and real-time efficiency. Consequently, it provides robust technical support for the reliable operation of intelligent vehicle perception systems under complex conditions.
The transition from lipid flat disks to vesicles under shock waves is essential for producing nanosized vesicles during sonication. We perform non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to examine how shock waves interact with a lipid flat disk. The lipid disk consists of coarse-grained saturated phospholipid models and is approximately 30 nm in diameter in the gel phase. Shock waves are simulated using a piston-driven method, with piston speeds limited to 1.0 km s-1 or less. When a planar shock wave strikes, the disk's structural changes depend on the impact angle and the shock intensity. A disk with its rotation axis parallel to the shock direction decreases in thickness while maintaining its circular shape. In contrast, a disk with its rotation axis perpendicular to the shock wave direction undergoes radial compression in the shock propagation direction, causing a temporary increase in ellipticity. Behind the shock front, lipid molecules become disordered, as indicated by a reduction in the average P2 order parameter of lipid chains and the gel fraction in the disk. This suggests that shock waves can trigger the phase transition of lipid disks from the gel to the liquid phase. The shock's intensity and the resulting structural changes influence subsequent vesicle formation. During recovery, vesicles often form from the disk after exposure to higher-intensity shock waves or after a temporary anisotropic disk induced by a side impact. This highlights the importance of impact angle. These structural changes in lipid flat disks caused by shock waves may help in understanding and controlling vesicle sizes through sonication.
Tactile sensors are essential for robots to interact with complex environment, but the precise perception of surface tackiness remains a critical challenge for robotic interactive intelligence. Quantitative adhesion analysis requires measuring both pressure and pulling forces at the exact same location. However, existing sensors struggle with signal crosstalk and baseline instability, failing to achieve this intrinsically decoupled measurement. Here, we report a surface-soft, magneto-mechanical coupling tactile sensor that achieves intrinsic signal decoupling within a single sensing element. By leveraging a skin-like bidirectional deformation design, inward pressure and outward pulling force generate baseline-separated magnetic signatures. This eliminates the need for complex post-processing and enables continuous, high-stability monitoring of the full adhesion cycle-from initial contact to final pull-off. The sensor exhibits only 0.25% force drift over 10 h and remains below 0.30% after hammer strikes and maintains 99.52% signal coincidence across repeated press-pull cycles. Such exceptional performance metrics grant the sensor a level of tackiness differentiation that rivals standard adhesion testing. When integrated with a neural network, the sensor yields 99.78% tackiness identification accuracy under diverse contact conditions, exceeding human precision (85.71%). This work pushes the boundaries of existing tactile sensing and lays a solid foundation for advanced robotic manipulation of tacky and lightweight objects.
High-throughput spatial transcriptomics (ST) now profiles hundreds of thousands of cells or locations per section, creating computational bottlenecks for routine analysis. Sketching, or intelligent sub-sampling, addresses scale by selecting small, representative subsets. While effective for single-cell RNA sequencing data, existing sketching methods, which optimize coverage in expression space but ignore physical location, can introduce spatial bias when applied to ST data. To explore the impact of sketching on ST analysis, we systematically benchmarked uniform sampling, leverage-score sampling, Geosketch (minimax/Hausdorff), and scSampler (maximin) across multiple real ST datasets (mouse ovary, MERFISH brain, human breast cancer, lung) and simulations, using three input representations: Principle Component Analysis (PCA) embeddings, spatial coordinates, and spatially smoothed embeddings. We show that expression-only designs capture global transcriptomic heterogeneity but distort tissue architecture by over-sampling high-variability regions and under-sampling homogeneous areas. Coordinate-only sampling restores tissue coverage but misses transcriptional extremes. A simple spatially aware extension, computing leverage scores from a randomized singular value decomposition (SVD) basis smoothed by a spatial weights matrix, strikes a favorable balance, recovering rare cell states while maintaining uniform tissue coverage and avoiding edge effects. Across robust Hausdorff distances, clustering stability (Adjusted Rand Index), PCA loading drift, and local cell-type mean squared error (MSE), spatially smoothed leverage scores match or outperform alternatives. These results motivate joint spatial-transcriptomic sketching objectives to enable fast, unbiased analyses of increasingly large ST datasets.
Lightning strikes are a rare but potentially devastating cause of injury, particularly in children. Clinical manifestations range from transient neurological disturbances and cardiac arrhythmias to severe burns, auditory damage, and multisystem trauma. Early recognition and prompt resuscitative measures are essential for improving outcomes, as lightning victims often have a high potential for successful resuscitation if treated rapidly. While musculoskeletal, cardiac, and neurological complications are commonly reported, genitourinary injuries, especially bladder trauma, are exceedingly uncommon and, in fact, underreported. We report an unusual and extremely rare clinical case of a lightning strike victim who presented with an isolated bladder injury.
Sharp force trauma (SFT) is a leading cause of homicide-related deaths, frequently involving kitchen knives as weapons. Offenders may attempt to eliminate forensic evidence by burning a corpse, complicating medicolegal investigation. While scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) has successfully detected metallic traces from sharp objects in skin and fresh bone, its efficacy in burned bone is currently unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of SEM-EDS to detect metallic residues transferred from sharp tools to bone that was subsequently burned, thereby contributing to the development of an identification procedure in forensic investigation. Ten knife strikes were inflicted on fleshed porcine ribs, which were then burned in an electric muffle furnace at 700 °C for two hours. Sharp lesions were analyzed using SEM-EDS to identify transferred chemical elements. Traces of iron and chromium were detected in seven lesions, with silicon identified in two samples. These elements, absent from the control samples, provided robust evidence of transfer from the blade to the bone. The residues appeared as bright spots with either undefined shapes or well-defined particles, located along the lesion edges. This study is the first to confirm the identification of metallic traces from SFT in bone subsequently exposed to heat using SEM-EDS. Despite thermal exposure, residues persist and remain detectable. SEM-EDS analysis is thus a non-destructive, valuable technique for distinguishing heat-induced bone damage from SFT. Further research with a larger sample and a broader range of implements is needed to validate and extend these findings for forensic applications.
Behavioral lateralization, a consistent directional asymmetry in behavior, has been documented across many vertebrates, yet population-level evidence in snakes remains limited and debated. We examined ambush-posture laterality in the Chinese green tree pit viper (Trimeresurus stejnegeri), a nocturnal sit-and-wait predator, using a large dataset compiled from nocturnal field surveys (2014-2025) and verified citizen-science records from iNaturalist (2013-2025). Ambush-posture direction was classified from photographs using a standardized, anatomically referenced procedure based on head-aligned reference lines, and ambiguous cases were excluded unless observer classifications were concordant. We tested for population-level bias among sites using chi-squared tests and binomial logistic regression, and evaluated effects of age class and perching height. Across 283 observations from three localities, snakes at Yangmingshan exhibited a significant rightward bias in ambush posture (36 of 55 individuals = 65.5%; χ 2 = 5.25, df = 1, p = 0.022), whereas no population-level bias was detected at the other two localities. Neither age class nor perching height significantly affected laterality. These results provide the first evidence for site-specific population-level ambush-posture laterality in a snake and suggest that local ecological or demographic contexts, potentially linked to prey community composition and availability, may modulate the expression of laterality. Future work across additional populations and taxa, together with performance-based tests comparing capture success between left- versus right-curved strikes, will be essential for evaluating the adaptive significance of this pattern.
An individual's chronotype reflects their intrinsic circadian rhythm preference and is closely associated with cognitive function and mental health. However, the relationship between chronotype and whole-brain morphological structural network organization remains unclear. This study aims to explore differences in the topological organization characteristics of morphometric similarity networks (MSNs) among healthy young adults of different chronotypes from a graph theory perspective. We employed a novel Morphometric INverse Divergence (MIND) method, which is more sensitive to subtle morphological differences, to construct individual-level brain MSNs. This method aggregates morphological metrics (cortical thickness, mean curvature, sulcal depth, surface area, gray matter volume) from all vertices within each cortical region to form a regional multivariate distribution. Subsequently, a k-nearest neighbor density algorithm constructs a pairwise distance matrix, and symmetric Kullback-Leibler divergence between regional multivariate distributions quantifies similarity among cortical regions. Using high-resolution Glasser atlas, medium-resolution Destrieux atlas, and low-resolution Desikan-Killiany atlas, MIND networks were constructed for 68 healthy young individuals with early chronotype (EC) and 68 with late chronotype (LC) patterns. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) for multiple graph-theoretic metrics, including small-world properties, across varying sparsity levels in weighted networks, followed by intergroup comparisons and correlation analyses. Analysis based on the Destrieux atlas revealed that EC participants exhibited significantly higher AUC of Small-World Properties (AUC-SWP) compared to LC participants (P = 0.0045), and this metric showed a significant negative correlation with ChQ-ME scores (rs = -0.2114, P = 0.0135). When using the Desikan-Killiany atlas and the Glasser atlas, the aforementioned intergroup differences and correlations were not detected (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that an individual's chronotype correlates with the topological organization of brain MSNs. This association was detected specifically when using the medium-resolution Destrieux atlas, while was not found with either the lower-resolution Desikan-Killiany atlas or the higher-resolution Glasser atlas under the conditions of this study. This pattern indicates that chronotype-related brain differences may operate at an optimal spatial scale, where brain parcellation strikes a balance between signal integration and anatomical specificity. The results support a model of distributed, subtle morphological alterations that together form a detectable "weak signal" network. This study presented a novel spatial-scale perspective on the relationship between brain structure and circadian rhythms.
Previous works have shown that increasing the window size for Transformer-based image super-resolution models (e.g., SwinIR) can significantly improve the model performance. Still, the computation overhead is also considerable when the window size gradually increases. In this paper, we present SRFormer, a simple but novel method that can enjoy the benefit of large window self-attention but introduces even less computational burden. The core of our SRFormer is the permuted self-attention (PSA), which strikes an appropriate balance between the channel and spatial information for self-attention. Without any bells and whistles, we show that our SRFormer achieves a 33.86dB PSNR score on the Urban100 dataset, which is 0.46dB higher than that of SwinIR but uses fewer parameters and computations. In addition, we also attempt to scale up the model by further enlarging the window size and channel numbers to explore the potential of Transformer-based models. Experiments show that our scaled model, named SRFormerV2, can further improve the results and achieves state-of-the-art. We hope our simple and effective approach could be useful for future research in super-resolution model design. The homepage is https://z-yupeng.github.io/SRFormer/.
An unintended consequence of wind energy generation is bat fatalities caused by wind turbine blade strikes. One potential approach to reduce collision risk is to use ultrasound to create an uncomfortable or disorienting airspace around wind turbine blades. Ultrasonic deterrents (UDs) have produced mixed results in experimental field studies at commercial wind energy facilities, with effectiveness varying by species and location. It is possible that some species can alter their normal echolocation characteristics to counter the signal of UDs. Our broad objective was to maximize the effectiveness of a UD by comparing changes in echolocation characteristics during three UD frequency emissions among species, between seasons, and between sex. We hypothesized that UD emissions with frequencies most similar to each species' echolocation characteristics would be more likely to alter the bats' echolocation, and bat responses would vary between seasons and sex for each species. We released wild-captured bats into a 60 m × 10 m × 4.4 m (length × width × height) flight cage located in San Marcos, Texas, USA, from July to October 2020 and March to May 2021 and monitored echolocation frequencies with ultrasonic microphones. We conducted trials on Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis; n = 54), cave myotis (Myotis velifer; n = 44), red bats (Lasiurus blossevilli, Lasiurus borealis; n = 41), evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis; n = 32), and tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus; n = 8). We found that species with high-frequency echolocation calls altered their echolocation signatures more commonly during high-frequency UD emissions, whereas low-frequency bats altered their echolocation signatures more commonly during low-frequency UD emissions. Additionally, echolocation responses varied between seasons and sexes for several species. Variations in responses may be dependent on species migratory status, differences in mating behavior and mating season, hormonal differences between sexes and seasons, and/or constraints on echolocation adaptability. Our results offer insights into the variable effectiveness of UDs at reducing bat fatalities at wind turbines and provide information for potential adjustments to UDs for improved success.
We present DeepFoc, a novel deep learning framework for estimating earthquake focal mechanisms from P-wave polarities and amplitudes, specifically designed for low-to-moderate magnitude events in complex tectonic settings. Trained entirely on synthetic data generated by using an on-the-fly simulation strategy, DeepFoc learns the nonlinear relationship between seismic observables and focal parameters (strike, dip, rake). We apply it to the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), a densely populated volcanic area experiencing ongoing unrest. Compared to classical inversion methods, DeepFoc provides more stable and accurate solutions, especially under degraded data conditions. Validation against synthetic and real seismic events shows improved agreement with observed data and better robustness to noise and incomplete inputs. By capturing focal mechanism variability at small scale, DeepFoc demonstrates high sensitivity and generalisation ability. Its computational efficiency and performance make it suitable for real-time integration in seismic monitoring workflows, offering timely source characterisation during seismic swarms and volcanic crises.
This study examined how mediolateral foot placement is controlled following mechanical perturbations that affected either whole-body linear or angular momentum. Predictive foot placement models based on center of mass state alone were compared with models that additionally included whole-body angular momentum to determine whether whole-body angular momentum contributes to foot placement control beyond linear momentum. Ten healthy adults walked on a treadmill at 2 km/h and 5 km/h while being exposed to two perturbation types: (1) a pull to the pelvis that primarily altered linear momentum (translation perturbation) and (2) simultaneous pulls to the pelvis and shoulder in opposite directions that primarily altered angular momentum (rotation perturbation). Perturbations were applied at heel strike, with a magnitude of ∼ 120 N and a duration of 300 ms. Whole-body kinematics were recorded using 3D motion capture and processed in OpenSim to compute linear and angular momentum. Translation perturbations caused large deviations in whole-body linear momentum with minimal changes in whole-body angular momentum, whereas rotation perturbations induced strong whole-body angular momentum deviations with smaller changes in linear momentum. Including whole-body angular momentum minimally improved foot placement predictions during early swing after rotation perturbations. These findings indicate that mediolateral foot placement is primarily governed by linear momentum dynamics.
Polymetallic sulfide deposits produced at hydrothermal vent fields are targets for mining exploitation along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, threatening the functioning and resilience of vent ecosystems that provide multiple ecosystem services. Knowledge about connectivity between vents will inform conservation practices. The present-day genetic structure and demographic history of the two vent-dwelling gastropod species, Lepetodrilus atlanticus and Peltospira smaragdina, were investigated using more than 15,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and mtCox1 sequences. Each species comprised three genetic groups. Genetic breaks were stronger for L. atlanticus, separating three distinct operational taxonomic units (5°S, Broken Spur at 29°N, and the Azorean vent fields near 37°N). Peltospira smaragdina was also geographically separated into three groups: Broken Spur, TAG, and Snake Pit (23-29°N); Lucky Strike (37°N); and Moytirra (45°N). A semipermeable zone was detected south of Rainbow (35°N), similar to that of vent mussels in this area, suggesting the presence of a multispecies hybrid zone. Demographic inferences supported secondary contact between most pairs of metapopulations for both species, but the time since contact was insufficient for allele frequencies to rehomogenize. Gene flow between vent fields may be sporadic and rare or restricted by genetic barriers. The fragmentation of species into isolated metapopulations may reduce their resilience to disturbance and create the need for specific conservation measures. Isolated populations (e.g., Moytirra for P. smaragdina, 5°S and Broken Spur for L. atlanticus), source populations (e.g., Lucky Strike for P. smaragdina), admixture areas, and sites that may act as stepping stones within a metapopulation must be protected from deep-sea mining. An average distance of <100 km between favorable habitats in regional environmental management plans could help maintain the species' genetic diversity and connectivity along the ridge. Implicaciones para la conservación de la escasa conectividad actual a lo largo de la cordillera meso atlántica en gasterópodos de las fuentes hidrotermales Resumen Los yacimientos de sulfuros polimetálicos que se forman en los campos de fuentes hidrotermales son objeto de explotación minera a lo largo de la cordillera meso atlántica, lo que amenaza el funcionamiento y la resiliencia de los ecosistemas de las fuentes hidrotermales, que proporcionan múltiples servicios ecosistémicos. El conocimiento sobre la conectividad entre las fuentes hidrotermales servirá de base para las prácticas de conservación. Se investigó la estructura genética actual y la historia demográfica de las dos especies de gasterópodos que habitan en las fuentes hidrotermales, Lepetodrilus atlanticus y Peltospira smaragdina, utilizando más de 15,000 polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido y secuencias de mtCox1. Cada especie comprendía tres grupos genéticos. Las rupturas genéticas fueron más marcadas en L. atlanticus, separando tres unidades taxonómicas operativas distintas (5°S, Broken Spur a 29°N y los campos de fuentes hidrotermales de las Azores cerca de 37°N). Peltospira smaragdina también se separó geográficamente en tres grupos: Broken‐Spur, TAG, Snake Pit (23‐29°N), Lucky Strike (37°N) y Moytirra (45°N). Se detectó una zona semipermeable al sur de Rainbow (35° N), similar a la de los mejillones de las fuentes hidrotermales de esta zona, lo que sugiere la presencia de una zona híbrida multiespecífica. Las inferencias demográficas respaldaron el contacto secundario entre la mayoría de los pares de metapoblaciones de ambas especies, pero el tiempo transcurrido desde el contacto fue insuficiente para que las frecuencias alélicas se rehomogeneizaran. El flujo genético entre los campos de fuentes hidrotermales puede ser esporádico y poco frecuente o estar restringido por barreras genéticas. La fragmentación de las especies en metapoblaciones aisladas puede reducir su resiliencia ante las perturbaciones y crear la necesidad de medidas de conservación específicas. Las poblaciones aisladas (por ejemplo, Moytirra para P. smaragdina, 5°S y Broken‐Spur para L. atlanticus), las poblaciones de origen (por ejemplo, Lucky Strike para P. smaragdina), las zonas de mestizaje y los sitios que puedan actuar como puentes dentro de una metapoblación deben protegerse de la minería en aguas profundas. Una distancia media inferior a 100 km entre hábitats favorables en los planes regionales de gestión medioambiental podría ayudar a mantener la diversidad genética y la conectividad de las especies a lo largo de la cordillera.
Walking is a fundamental component of daily human activity, in which orderly execution of key gait events [such as heel strike (HS) and toe-off (TO) ] is essential for maintaining gait coordination and stability. However, the underlying brain-muscle neural coordination mechanisms associated with these events remain unclear. In this study, electroencephalography (EEG) signals from 19 channels and surface electromyography (sEMG) signals from 14 lower-limb muscles were synchronously recorded from 18 healthy participants during steady-state walking at a constant speed of 3.2 km/h. Brain-muscle connectivity networks were constructed using the adaptive directed transfer function (ADTF), and the dynamic connectivity characteristics associated with HS and TO events were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that brain-muscle connectivity was strongest in the β frequency band. Intra-brain (EEG-EEG), brain-to-muscle (EEG-sEMG), and intra-muscle (sEMG-sEMG) connections were significantly stronger than muscle-to-brain (sEMG-EEG) connections. At both HS and TO events, information exchange between frontal-central cortical regions and the muscles of the supporting leg was markedly enhanced. Furthermore, compared with TO, the brain-muscle network at HS exhibited higher clustering coefficient, global efficiency, and betweenness centrality. These findings suggest that brain-muscle interactions during walking are predominantly mediated in the β band and dynamically modulated by gait events. Accurate characterization of gait event-related brain-muscle connectivity may provide important technical support for clarifying the neuromuscular coordination mechanisms underlying fine gait control. 步行是人类日常活动的重要组成部分，人体通过有序执行关键步态事件［如：足跟落地（HS）、脚尖脱地（TO）］，以维持步行过程的协调性与稳定性。然而，特定步态事件发生时，大脑与肌肉间的神经协调机制尚不明确。本研究通过同步采集18名健康受试者匀速行走时（3.2 km/h）的14通道下肢表面肌电（sEMG）信号与19通道脑电（EEG）信号，基于自适应定向传递函数（ADTF）方法构建了脑肌电连接网络，并定量分析了TO/HS发生时刻的动态连接特征。研究结果表明，β频段脑肌电网络连接强度最高，其中大脑内部连接（EEG-EEG）、大脑到肌肉的连接（EEG-sEMG）和肌肉内部连接（sEMG-sEMG）明显强于肌肉到大脑的连接（sEMG-EEG）。在TO/HS时刻，额叶—中央区脑区与支撑腿肌肉间的信息交互明显增强。相较于TO时刻，HS时刻的脑肌电网络表现出更高的聚类系数、全局效率和介数中心性。本文研究结果揭示，人体步行时脑肌电信息交互主要集中于β频段，且脑肌电网络特征随步态事件发生而动态变化，所以如果能准确评估步态事件相关的脑肌电连接关系，有望为揭示精细步态控制中神经肌肉协调机制提供重要技术支撑。.
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Rising antibiotic resistance and adverse effects on commensal gut microbiota severely compromise conventional antibiotic therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), which employs low-intensity ultrasound to activate sonosensitizers for localized generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), presents a promising non-antibiotic alternative with minimal resistance development risk. However, the efficacy of SDT is inherently constrained by the short diffusion radius and lifetime of ROS. Herein, we developed a homologous-targeting biomimetic sonosensitizer platform to overcome this limitation: hybrid membrane nanovesicles (TNVs-DMVs) engineered from turmeric plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (TNVs) and H. pylori-derived double membrane vesicles (DMVs). TNVs contain sonosensitizer curcumin and improve its solubility, yet SDT efficacy against H. pylori is limited. The DMVs endow TNVs-DMVs with intrinsic homologous targeting capability towards H. pylori, significantly enhancing the intracellular delivery of curcumin and subsequent ROS generation within bacterial cells. As a result, TNVs-DMVs achieved potent eradication of H. pylori in both acidic and neutral conditions without inducing detectable resistance. Moreover, TNVs-DMVs exhibited superior mucus penetration compared to TNVs alone, enabling effective elimination of H. pylori and its biofilms residing within the protective gastric mucus layer. In an H. pylori-infected mouse model, TNVs-DMVs mediated SDT demonstrated efficacy surpassing free TNVs and comparable to standard triple antibiotic therapy. Importantly, unlike triple therapy which depletes commensal flora, TNVs-DMVs treatment not only preserves intestinal microbiota homeostasis but also significantly increases populations of beneficial bacteria. This rationally designed TNVs-DMVs platform represents a transformative therapeutic modality, offering resistance-free eradication of H. pylori while maintaining microbiome health, distinct from conventional antibiotics.