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This meta-analytic review quantified the effects of universal interventions, those implemented with all children, on improving mental well-being in young children aged 0-6 years old. Potential factors that moderated the effects of interventions were explored. A systematic search of PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (Elton B. Stephens Company), APA PsycInfo (ProQuest), and grey literature identified 21,942 records. After screening, 134 articles reporting 133 studies and 141 interventions among 32,512 participants met eligibility criteria. Meta-analyses were conducted, using random-effects models and cluster-robust variance estimation to account for within-study dependence and to compute pooled Hedges' g. Mean effects at postintervention were small-to-medium on overall mental well-being (g = 0.35) across cognitive (g = 0.35), social (g = 0.36), emotional (g = 0.38), and behavioral (g = 0.31) domains. Sensitivity analyses (e.g., excluding high-risk and low-reliability studies) produced similar results. Follow-up effects adjusted for baseline were 0.22, and the maintenance of effects from postintervention to follow-up was only 0.04. Exploratory moderator analyses revealed three significant moderators, including study design, control group, and intervention target. Child-focused interventions yielded the largest effects, exceeding those targeting family and child, the occupational role (e.g., teachers), or family member only. Though these results support some promises of universal interventions for enhancing early mental well-being, interpretation warrants caution. Between-study heterogeneity was substantial, some studies exhibited a high risk of bias, and publication bias was present. Future research should prioritize rigorous designs with follow-up assessments and booster strategies to support maintenance and include implementation-relevant outcomes (e.g., fidelity), while adhering to transparent reporting. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

The megadiverse invertebrates are a fundamental component of global ecological functioning. There are estimated to be millions of unnamed species of terrestrial and aquatic arthropods alone. Limited expertise and funding mean that taxonomists across the world are only able to name a minute proportion of the undescribed species every year. One of the outstanding contributors is Dr. Mark Stephen Harvey, an Australian arachnid specialist, whose 'obsession' with that group began nearly 50 years ago. In 2025, he alone and with colleagues published 137 new species and 17 new genera. In the same year, Dr. Harvey joined the exclusive group of taxonomists who have described 1,000 species; most of his extraordinary total are pseudoscorpions and spiders, but also includes millipedes, scorpions, water mites and velvet worms. The efforts of Dr. Harvey and other taxonomists in cataloguing global biodiversity are vital to the study of disciplines such as ecology, evolution, biogeography, genetics and speciation; public education; and the promotion and implementation of biodiversity conservation across the planet.

Urticating setae in the corethrogyne of female moths of Notodontidae (Anaphinae and Thaumetopoeinae) from Africa, Asia, and Australia were compared using light and scanning electron microscopy. In all 14 species examined, the proximal tip of the setae was spear-shaped with a lateral opening and had lobed or serrated barbs. Notable variation among genera was observed at the distal end of the seta, characterized by 5 non-exclusive forms: tapered (genera Adrallia Walker, Anaphe Walker, Hypsoides Butler, Paradrallia Bethune-Baker, and Tanystola Turner), spatulate (genera Adrallia, Epanaphe Aurivillius, Epicoma Hübner, Hypsoides, and Trichiocercus Stephens), blunt (genus Paradrallia), cup-shaped (genus Ochrogaster Herrich-Schäffer), or hook-shaped (genus Gazalina Walker). Verrucose projections on the distal end of the seta were present in 4 genera of Anaphinae (Adrallia, Anaphe, Epanaphe, and Hypsoides) and in 1 genus of Thaumetopoeinae (Epicoma), and their functional significance is discussed. Phylogenetic analyses of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene region provided a framework for comparing setal morphology and geographic distribution among genera. This study is the first to compare and describe the morphology of urticating setae across females of multiple notodontid species. The shared setal morphologies, which appear to enhance aerodynamics and facilitate toxin dispersal, indicate that notodontid moths have evolved highly effective defense strategies and protection of their egg mass.

Many insects of Madagascar are still to be described; it is notably the case of most Psychidae. This study is aimed at describing and reviewing the Typhoniinae species from Madagascar, bagworm moths mostly collected by Pierre Viette and his colleagues in the 1950s and preserved in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN, Paris). Types of species originally assigned to the genera Melasina Boisduval, 1840 (Viette, 1954-56), Narycia Stephens, 1836 (Meyrick, 1931; 1934), Sapheneutis Meyrick, 1907 and Typhonia Boisduval, 1834 (Sobczyk & Schütt, 2010) are reviewed and classified into a single genus, viz. Plumana Busck, 1911 (split into species-groups). Twenty-one new species of Plumana are described within six species-groups, namely: P. kelysp. nov., P. hafakelysp. nov., P. efatrhafa sp. nov., P. lolonkitana sp. nov., P. androvolana sp. nov., P. mohelisp. nov., P. volondavenonasp. nov., P. hanafinasp. nov., P. hazavanasp. nov., P. tanimangasp. nov., P. tebokatsaranasp. nov., P. kelypentinasp. nov., P. tanysp. nov., P. tebokanysp. nov., P. volofotsysp. nov., P. havokavokasp. nov., P. masokonditrasp. nov., P. roatononysp. nov., P. sobczykisp. nov., P. minetisp. nov., P. rougeriei sp. nov. Three new species of Typhonia Boisduval, 1834 are described within a new species-group, namely T. volombonnasp. nov., T. volontanysp. nov. and T. telosamihafasp. nov.; two new species of Degia Walker, 1862 are described, namely D. masokelysp. nov. and D. lolantsingysp. nov.. In addition to several drawings, high-resolution photographs were taken to illustrate the habitus and various morphological structures (e.g. genitalia and abdominal structures) of the 34 typhoniine species now know to occur in Madagascar (mainly MNHN material). An updated list of the Malagasy Psychidae is provided.

Camizestrant is a next-generation selective estrogen receptor degrader and complete estrogen receptor antagonist and is being evaluated for the treatment of patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer. This phase 1, single-center, single-period, nonrandomized, open-label study sought to determine the mass balance recovery of camizestrant and conduct metabolite profiling and structural identification. Routes of elimination, safety, and tolerability were secondary objectives. Six healthy women postmenopausal participants (median age, 60.5 years, range, 59-69) were administered a single dose of 75 mg oral [14C]camizestrant (solution) following an overnight fast. Blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected at protocol-defined intervals until mass balance criteria were met. By the end of the sampling period (432 hours postdose), 82% of the administered total radioactivity was recovered in excreta (urine, 16.8%; feces, 65.2%). The amount of radioactivity excreted in the feces in the first 24 hours was minimal, providing evidence that camizestrant absorption was high; most of the administered total radioactivity in feces was recovered between 24 and 192 hours postdose, suggesting biliary elimination. Unchanged camizestrant represented 13.6% of the total drug-related material in plasma. Of the 11 identified metabolites in plasma, an N-glucuronide conjugate of camizestrant (M4) and an N-glucuronide of an acid metabolite (M14) were the most abundant (20.1% and 11.2%, respectively). Thirteen metabolites were identified in urine (M4 most abundant; 2.3% of total radioactive dose). Eight metabolites were identified in feces (oxidative defluorinated alcohol metabolite [M1] was most abundant; 14.5% of total radioactive dose); unchanged camizestrant represented 14.5% of the total radioactive dose in feces, with in vitro data supporting unchanged camizestrant being likely due, in part, to hydrolyzed M4. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study characterizes the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of camizestrant, a next-generation selective estrogen receptor degrader and complete estrogen receptor antagonist, in healthy humans. The majority was recovered in feces between 24 and 192 hours postdose, suggesting biliary elimination of absorbed camizestrant.

Human scalp hair has an extraordinary ability to grow continuously for years while maintaining structural and functional integrity. However, the cell states and lineage organization that enable this capacity and how they are disrupted in inflammatory hair loss disorders remain poorly defined in humans. Here we establish a high-resolution, multimodal atlas of human scalp by integrating deep-coverage spatial transcriptomics with single-cell RNA-seq and multiomics data. This reference resolves spatially organized epithelial and mesenchymal states and links in situ transcriptional programs to chromatin accessibility dynamics and lineage trajectories at single-cell resolution, revealing human-specific principles of tissue organization and previously unrecognized features of hair follicle architecture and lineage progression. We validate key aspects of matrix cell organization and cell activities using live imaging, connecting molecularly defined cell states to dynamic cell behaviors and lineage progression in the matrix. Leveraging the atlas as a spatial reference, we project patient scRNA-seq profiles from alopecia areata and lichen planopilaris onto defined cell compartments, resolving disease-specific perturbations in fibroblasts, epithelial and immune populations. This comparison delineates distinct cellular programs associated with non-scarring versus scarring hair loss and highlights compartment- and state-specific pathways with diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Together, this work provides a foundational resource for human hair biology and establishes a generalizable framework for spatially resolved, multimodal interrogation of tissue organization and disease in complex human tissues.

Understanding phase behavior of polymer-solvent mixtures is crucial for applications ranging from plastic recycling to crude oil extraction from reservoirs. One method for investigating polymer-solvent solution behavior is through understanding the cloud point thermodynamics. In this study, the cloud points of three different grades of ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymers (27 mol%, 32 mol%, and 48 mol% ethylene content) are characterized in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions for two conditions: isobaric-non-isothermal and isothermal-non-isobaric. Notably, increasing ethylene content in the EVOH copolymer shifts the cloud point to higher temperatures and pressures. Additionally, cloud points for EVOH in DMSO/Water (solvent-antisolvent) mixtures were characterized to optimize solvent use and polymer recovery. The combined cloud point data is used to construct a working phase diagram, delineating an EVOH grade-based separation zone, defining a boundary between homogenous and phase separated regions. These results contribute to our understanding of EVOH solution phase behavior and are critical for optimizing solvent requirements for selective polymer recycling technologies, enhancing dissolution efficiency, and sustainability in polymer processing. Furthermore, insights into the phase separation behavior of EVOH support more efficient separation strategies in multilayer packaging systems, enabling targeted extraction of EVOH from complex waste streams and facilitating high-purity recovery for reuse.

Severe glenoid bone loss in primary or revision reverse total shoulder arthroplasty presents significant surgical challenges. Patient-specific 3D-printed glenoid implants offer customized fixation strategies for complex anatomical deficits, including modified peg designs, additional screws, and proprietary ingrowth surfaces. Despite promising early results, concerns regarding cost, surgical accuracy, and long-term stability remain. This retrospective study evaluated clinical and radiologic outcomes in patients with severe glenoid bone loss who underwent primary or revision reverse total shoulder arthroplasty with a custom three dimensional-printed glenoid implant (restor3d) by a single surgeon (December 2022-July 2024). Demographics, surgical indications, implant specifications, patient-reported outcomes, imaging, and complications were collected. Patients with and without complications were compared using Mann-Whitney U and Fisher's exact tests. Eighteen patients (11 women, 7 men; median age 69 years [interquartile range, 67-77]; mean follow-up 18 ± 7 months) were included. Five patients underwent primary surgery and 13 underwent revision procedures, including 7 (39%) staged revisions. Complications occurred in 27.8% of patients: broken inferior or posterior screws (n = 1) and clinical implant failures, including broken central posts or fibrous ingrowth along the post (n = 4). The 4 patients with implant failure required explantation and revision at a mean of 21.7 months. Patients with complications reported greater post-operative visual analog scale pain (P = .051) and worse American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores (P = .075). A greater quantity and longer length of ≥4.5 mm screws were each significantly associated with fewer complications (P = .041 and P = .035, respectively). Total screw engagement volume in bone was significantly greater in constructs without complications versus those with complications (4315 mm3 vs. 2,824 mm3, P = .018). Custom 3D-printed glenoid implants show potential for addressing severe glenoid bone loss with patient-specific designs that enhance initial stability. Total screw engagement volume was significantly greater in constructs without complications (P = .018). The data would suggest that larger screws are associated with lower complication rates and improved implant stability compared to 4.0 mm screws; however, this may reflect increased residual bone stock rather than a causal relationship. The 27.8% complication rate in this cohort warrants further monitoring. Future studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate these findings and optimize fixation strategies.

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Pulmonary hypertension (BPD-PH) associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants associates with high morbidity and mortality within the first two years of life. In a previous unbiased study, we identified a panel miRNAs in tracheal aspirates (TA) that were differentially expressed in extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs) with BPD-PH compared to those with BPD but no PH. To explore the predictive potential of these miRNAs, we studied TA exosomes from 7 days old ELGANs and analysed a curated panel of 16 miRNAs through logistic regression and calculated the predictive AUROC to diagnose BPD-PH at 36 weeks PMA. AUROC of TA miRNAs was 0.76 with sensitivity and specificity of 53% and 93%, respectively. Adding sex and gestational age to the variables improved the AUROC to 0.78 with sensitivity and specificity of 61 and 87% respectively. Due to challenges of obtaining TA in non-invasively ventilated infants, we collected saliva samples from ELGANs at 7 days of age and compared the log expression of these 16 miRNAs in both biofluids and found significant correlation in their expression (pearson r=0.92, p<0.001). We calculated the predictive AUROC of the same miRNAs to diagnose BPD-PH at 36 weeks PMA. AUROC of these miRNAs in saliva was = 0.85 with sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 72%, respectively; addition of biological sex and gestational age improved AUROC to 0.86 with sensitivity and specificity of 79% and 76% respectively. Leave-one-sample-out sensitivity analysis demonstrated stable training performance with reduced performance in testing samples, supporting the need for validation in larger independent cohorts. In conclusion, early salivary miRNAs have great potential for risk stratification of ELGANs to develop BPD-PH, while also providing the opportunity to identify target molecules and mechanisms that modulate molecular function.

Anti-amyloid antibodies represent the first disease modifying therapeutics for Alzheimers disease (AD). Adoption of these novel treatments has been slowed by the occurrence of amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) - treatment-associated edema (ARIA-E) or microhemorrhages (ARIA-H) that disproportionately affect carriers of the E4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE). With E4 carriers comprising nearly 70% of the AD population, there is a critical need to understand the unique vulnerability of E4 carriers to these events. To address this gap, we utilized the EFAD mouse model - which expresses human APOE isoforms on the 5xFAD background of amyloidosis - to directly compare the effects of anti-amyloid therapy across APOE genotypes. 9-month-old E2, E3, and E4FAD mice received weekly injections of chimeric Aducanumab (chAdu) or IgG control for 12 weeks, to assess APOE isoform-specific effects on amyloid dynamics, ARIA-H-like microhemorrhages, and underlying cellular and transcriptomic responses. E4FAD mice demonstrated plaque reductions with accompanying increases in microhemorrhages (measured on both MRI and histology), and increases in microglial and astrocyte reactivity - especially in the perivascular compartment. Additionally, vascular branching analysis and parallel single cell and spatial transcriptomics revealed a loss of vascular plasticity and increased inflammatory and immune signaling in the neurovascular units of E4FAD mice. Together, these findings suggest the cerebrovasculature of E4s is uniquely susceptible to antibody mediated vascular damage and provide immunological targets for the assessment or mitigation of ARIA risk in this highest need population.

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Anthropogenic change is shifting hydrological patterns and degrading water quality in estuarine systems, where extreme rainfall and floods impact salinity and suspended sediment loads. This study investigated sublethal effects of combined salinity and turbidity stress on the leaf oyster, Isognomon ephippium, a species of interest for shellfish reef restoration. Using an orthogonal design, oysters were exposed to ecologically realistic salinity (10, 20, 35&#x202f;ppt) and turbidity (0, 20, 50, 100 NTU) for 14 days. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were assessed in gill and gonad tissue after 7 and 14 days, and fatty acid profiles compared in gonad tissue after 14 days. CAT activity showed a significant salinity&#x202f;&#xd7;&#x202f;turbidity interaction, with the largest increase under combined hyposalinity and moderate turbidity (10&#x202f;ppt/50 NTU). There was an interactive effect of salinity, turbidity, and exposure duration on GST activity, with early induction at hyposalinity and moderate-high turbidity (10&#x202f;ppt/50-100 NTU) followed by sharp declines. Lipid concentration peaked at intermediate salinity (20&#x202f;ppt), while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were greatest at 10&#x202f;ppt. PUFA composition was affected by turbidity, with females showing stronger, more salinity-dependent shifts than males in monounsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, and omega 3:6 ratios. Collectively, these results demonstrate that I. ephippium is vulnerable to the combined stressors of salinity and sedimentation associated with intensified rainfall and flooding. Short-term exposure elicited oxidative stress responses that may constrain energy allocation, alter fatty acid biosynthesis, and depress lipid reserves, with implications for reproductive physiology, population resilience, and restoration site selection.

Cellular bone allografts, developed to provide osteogenic properties similar to autologous bone graft without donor site morbidity, are increasingly used in spinal fusion surgery; however, their clinical efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness relative to cell-free alternatives remain incompletely defined. Therefore, we sought to systematically review the clinical evidence on cellular bone allografts in spinal fusion, specifically evaluating fusion rates, complications, and cost. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-compliant systematic review of PubMed/Embase databases was conducted for English-language studies published between 2010 and 2025, evaluating cellular bone allografts in human spinal fusion. Studies reporting fusion outcomes in cervical and/or lumbar spine were included. Data were extracted on study design, cohort size, imaging modality used for fusion assessment, fusion rates, complications, and costs. Cervical and lumbar fusion outcomes were analyzed separately. Graft products were also evaluated individually. Publicly reported disease transmission events were also reviewed. Of 643 studies identified, 22 met the inclusion criteria (cervical: 9, lumbar: 12, combined cervical/lumbar: 1). No randomized controlled trials were identified. Reported fusion rates were high and ranged from 90.0% to 98.5% in the cervical spine and 82.0% to 100.0% in the lumbar; however, cohort sizes varied widely, and fusion assessment methods were heterogeneous, with many studies relying on a single imaging modality. No study demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in fusion rates compared with cell-free allografts or other graft controls. Reported graft-related complications were rare in clinical studies although 2 widely reported tuberculosis outbreaks linked to contaminated cellular allografts underscore persistent safety concerns. Limited cost data indicate that cellular allografts are substantially more expensive than cell-free alternatives but less costly than recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Although cellular bone allografts demonstrate high reported fusion rates, current evidence does not establish clinical superiority over cell-free allografts. Methodological heterogeneity, limited cohort sizes, safety considerations, and higher costs highlight the need for larger, rigorously designed comparative studies to define their true clinical value.

Genomes are central to understanding how parasitic worms-a taxonomically diverse group comprising roundworms (nematodes) and flatworms (platyhelminths)-adapt to and persist in their hosts and environments. The ongoing genomics revolution is delivering high-quality genomes across the tree of life, but parasitic worms risk being left behind due to limited sample accessibility, low DNA yield, and high genetic diversity. Advances in whole-genome amplification and long-read sequencing now allow high-quality genomes to be generated from individual worms. We argue that these approaches will drive a rapid increase in the quality and diversity of parasitic worm reference genomes and enable a transition toward pangenomes that fully capture within-species variation. Together, these advances will provide a more complete understanding of parasitic worm biology.