Drawing on Social Cognitive Theory, the research addresses a critical gap concerning how environmental support mechanisms in developing-country incubators foster entrepreneurial mindsets and strategic behaviors. This study aims to examine how business coaching within university business incubators shapes the cognitive and behavioral orientations of student founders in Indonesia by analyzing its influence on locus of control, self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial orientation. A quantitative research design was employed, involving 220 student founders whose startups were incubated in university business incubators across Indonesia. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using PLS-SEM to test both direct and mediating effects among variables. The results show that business coaching significantly enhances founders' locus of control, self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial orientation. Both locus of control and self-efficacy also exhibit strong positive effects on entrepreneurial orientation, confirming their roles as central cognitive mechanisms underpinning entrepreneurial behavior. Furthermore, mediation analysis reveals that locus of control and self-efficacy significantly mediate the relationship between business coaching and entrepreneurial orientation. These findings underscore the importance of coaching not merely as a technical intervention but as a psychological and developmental process that strengthens founders' agency, confidence, and strategic entrepreneurial posture within university incubation environments. This study offers novel empirical evidence on the psychological mechanisms through which business coaching influences entrepreneurial orientation in university incubators within a developing-country context-a setting often overlooked in the literature.
Nigeria's healthcare system continues to face significant challenges, including limited access to quality care, insufficient infrastructure, and underfunded institutions. In response, health technology startups have emerged as innovative players, offering scalable, sustainable, and impactful solutions to address these systemic barriers. This commentary explores the diverse operational models-Business-to-Consumer (B2C), Business-to-Business (B2B), and Business-to-Government (B2G)-adopted by Nigerian health technology startups and evaluates their contributions to improving healthcare access, delivery, and efficiency. Through the use of telemedicine, digital diagnostics, electronic medical records, supply chain innovations, and mobile surveillance tools, these startups are filling critical gaps in the health system. However, the sector continues to grapple with regulatory uncertainty, infrastructure deficiencies, and data privacy concerns. By analyzing case studies such as Helium Health, LifeBank, Clafiya, and Wellvis, this paper highlights the current impact and future potential of digital health solutions in Nigeria. It concludes with strategic recommendations for policy reform, infrastructure investment, and stakeholder collaboration to support the sustainable growth of health technology in the country.
Japan's pharmaceutical industry faces declining global competitiveness despite its historical strength in drug discovery. This paper examines the perspective of research-oriented pharmaceutical companies, focusing on the roles that pharmaceutical universities are expected to fulfill by the pharmaceutical industry. The diversification of therapeutic modalities-from small molecules to antibodies, middle-sized molecules, nucleic acids, and gene/cell therapies-requires new approaches to pharmaceutical research education. Using Chugai Pharmaceutical as a case study, we analyze the human resource composition across different functions, revealing an increasing demand for specialized researchers with Ph.D. degrees and diverse scientific backgrounds. Pharmaceutical companies seek three core qualities in researchers: scientific thinking capability, proactive collaboration skills, and patient-centered mindset. To develop these qualities, pharmaceutical universities should focus on cultivating strong scientific foundations through research experience; engaging in interdisciplinary collaboration with medical, engineering, and information sciences; and maintaining patient-centered perspectives through clinical training. The creation of a robust drug discovery ecosystem requires coordination between academia, pharmaceutical companies, startups, and regulatory authorities. Pharmaceutical universities play a crucial role in developing cutting-edge researchers and creating new drug discovery seeds and modality technologies. By strengthening both research and education in pharmaceutical universities, and fostering industry-academia collaboration, Japan can revitalize its pharmaceutical industry as a key economic sector and continue contributing to global healthcare through innovative medicines.
Point-of-care technologies (POCTs) are essential to providing clinical care for patients, with their potential for rapid and accurate results on site supporting efficient clinical decision-making. To understand the current key needs, barriers and challenges of POCT developers for effective development and implementation of POCTs across diverse settings particularly in the domain of cancer, nutrition and infections. A qualitative semi-structured focus group discussion (FGDs) was employed. The FGDs were guided by the needs assessment process and the Phase Gate Framework. The qualitative data were coded and analysed in NVivo and refined into various themes. The study was conducted in person at Cornell Tech Campus in May 2024, New York, USA. 24 participants were purposively sampled from the PORTENT (Point-of-Care Technologies for Nutrition, Infection and Cancer) network. Participants included technical developers (eg, engineers, scientists, startup leads) and expert stakeholders (eg, funders, policy advisors, clinicians and academic partners) involved in POCT development, evaluation and implementation. A total of 24 participants participated in the in-person FGDs in New York (n=24). Key themes identified included gaps in stakeholder engagement, limited regulatory preparedness, insufficient market analysis, challenges in scaling and manufacturing and the need for context-specific adaptation in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings. Participants emphasised the importance of user-centred and context-responsive design, strategic partnerships and early planning for regulatory and implementation pathways. Technical developers and expert stakeholders in the POCT landscape face various barriers to efficient and effective development and implementation of POCTs. It is important to consider their needs when adapting POCTs in LMICs and diverse settings.
Patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer frequently require escalation of care, leading to emergency department (ED) visits and hospital admissions. An outpatient urgent care clinic (OncoSTAT) may reduce ED visits. The study classified patients into a pre-OncoSTAT cohort (January 2018 to December 2020) and post-OncoSTAT cohort (January 2021 to December 2023). Records were queried for ED visits, admissions, treatment side effects, and disposition from the date of RT startup to eight weeks post-RT. Pre-OncoSTAT, 156 (40%) patients presented to the ED for 258 encounters, resulting in 172 (67%) admissions. Post-OncoSTAT, 163 (46%) patients used the clinic across 482 encounters, resulting in 434 discharges home (90%) and 36 inpatient admissions (8%). A total of 117 (33%) patients presented to the ED for 186 encounters, with 82 (44%) total admissions (46 from the ED, 36 from OncoSTAT) (p < 0.001). Half of the patients used the OncoSTAT clinic, and 90% of the encounters resulted in discharge home. Establishing an outpatient oncology urgent care clinic reduced ED visits and hospital admissions.
This paper investigates control strategies for large-scale offshore wind power high-voltage direct current (OWP-HVDC) transmission systems employing a series-connected diode rectifier unit and modular multilevel converter (DRU-MMC) topology. First, a comprehensive onshore-offshore coordinated reduced-voltage startup strategy is proposed. By leveraging the bidirectional conduction capability of the MMC, this method enables smooth system energization and safe grid connection of WTGs. Furthermore, to enhance steady-state performance under wind power variations, an enhanced DC voltage control strategy is developed for the offshore MMC, supported by a detailed small-signal stability analysis and rigorous validations under DC and AC grid disturbances. A comparative analysis is then conducted among three distinct grid-forming control schemes: fixed AC voltage control, active power control, and the proposed DC voltage control. Simulation studies on the large-scale OWP-HVDC system based on the hybrid converter reveal that fixed AC voltage control fail to properly regulate DC voltages of the hybrid converter, resulting in severe MMC DC voltage ripples of up to 14.4 %. In contrast, the proposed DC voltage control strategy precisely stabilizes the MMC DC voltage, limiting the ripple to a mere 2.9 % while maintaining bus voltage fluctuations within acceptable 1.3 %. These results indicate that DC voltage control is the most robust grid-forming strategy for series-connected DRU-MMC systems, offering superior power allocation and enhanced protection against over-modulation.
Soft short circuits, an underrecognized failure mode, are especially critical in anode-free sodium systems, where limited Na inventory makes cells highly vulnerable to irreversible Na loss. However, clear interphase-design principles for suppressing soft shorting remain lacking because its interfacial origin and governing descriptors are still poorly understood. Herein, we propose a mechanistically guided interphase design strategy for soft-short-free Na metal anodes under practical conditions. An ultrathin (20 nm) poly(1H,1H,7H-dodecafluoroheptyl acrylate) (pDFHA) layer was conformally deposited on an Al current collector via a solvent-free vapor-phase polymerization process. Its minimal thickness and intrinsic ionic conductivity enabled favorable Na+ migration kinetics by shortening interfacial transport distance. Upon initial Na plating, interfacial conversion generated a ∼4 nm NaF-rich inorganic domain, forming an integrated organic-inorganic hybrid interphase. Finite element analysis showed that the laterally uniform interphase homogenized Na+ flux and mitigated localized current amplification, thereby markedly reducing soft short initiation. Meanwhile, the hybrid architecture combined mechanical strength with the ability to accommodate substantial volume fluctuation. As a result, symmetric cells with pDFHA-modified electrodes cycled stably for over 2000 h without soft shorting. Anode-free full cells paired with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathodes delivered 90.1 mAh g-1 at 1C and retained 90.8% capacity after 200 cycles, demonstrating practical robustness.
The limited availability of biodegradable organic carbon in low C/N wastewater results in unsatisfactory denitrification efficiency and low operational stability. To address this, a novel three-dimensional biofilm electrode reactor (3D-BER) was constructed using Fe3O4 and MnO2 modified corncob as a slow-release carbon-based particle electrode for coupled denitrification and NH4+-N removal. A key feature of this design was that the modified corncob functioned simultaneouslyacted not only as a slow-release carbon source, a biofilm carrier, and a redox-active particle electrode, enabling coupled carbon release, microbial colonization, and Fe/Mn-mediated electron transfer. At current density of 0.1 mA cm-2, the system achieved stable TN, NO3--N, and NH4+-N removal efficiencies of 77%-82%, 87%-92%, and 40%-54%, respectively, outperforming conventional solid-phase carbon source system, which achieved 61%-66% TN removal. The superior electrocatalytic activity was primarily attributed to the synergistic effects of the external current and Fe/Mn oxides, whereby reversible redox cycling of iron and manganese ions allowed them to act as efficient electron shuttles. In their oxidized forms, these oxides functioned as electron acceptors to promote ammonia oxidation; in their reduced forms, they served as electron donors for nitrate reduction. Microbial analysis showed that the Fe/Mn-modified electrified system selectively enriched nitrogen-transforming genera compared with the non-electrified Fe/Mn-modified system, with Thermomonas increasing from 3.2% to 11.2% and Thauera from 5.4% to 7.2%. narG and feoA were also upregulated by 8.1% and 25.5%, respectively. These findings indicate that electrochemical stimulation and Fe/Mn oxides jointly reshaped the microbial community and enhanced nitrogen conversion potential, ultimately enabling the efficient transformation and removal of multiple nitrogen species. Overall, Fe/Mn-modified electrified 3D-BER accelerated reactor start-up and improved denitrification stability and efficiency, demonstrating strong potential for advanced treatment of low C/N wastewater.
Rotator cuff injury (RCI) is a common musculoskeletal disorder and is frequently accompanied by sleep disturbances. However, objective assessments of sleep architecture alterations in this context remain limited. Here, we established a mouse RCI model to systematically characterize RCI-induced changes in sleep architecture and to provide neurophysiological clues to the mechanisms underlying sleep disruption. Using a mouse RCI model, we analyzed sleep architecture based on 24-hour EEG/EMG recordings. Mice were assigned to RCI and sham groups, and we quantified vigilance-state durations, the sleep fragmentation index (SFI), episode numbers, and EEG power spectral density (PSD) features over 24 hours as well as across the light (12 h) and dark (12 h) phases. Data were analyzed using unpaired t-tests and two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. RCI mice exhibited marked disruptions in sleep architecture, characterized by reduced NREM sleep duration, increased wakefulness, and enhanced sleep fragmentation during the light phase, while total REM sleep duration remained largely unchanged. These alterations showed clear light-dark phase dependence, accompanied by significant alterations in stage-specific EEG spectral power. Compared with sham controls, the number of NREM episodes increased in RCI mice, whereas REM episode counts did not differ significantly. The SFI was significantly elevated in the RCI group, indicating impaired sleep continuity and reduced sleep quality. This study demonstrates that rotator cuff injury disrupts sleep architecture, with a pattern indicative of impaired sleep maintenance and increased sleep fragmentation. These findings provide new neurophysiological evidence linking rotator cuff injury to sleep disturbances and may inform future strategies to alleviate nocturnal sleep problems in patients with rotator cuff pathology.
Chiral π-conjugated organic small molecules, due to their intrinsic chirality, well-defined molecular structures and ease of modification, are promising for circularly polarized light (CPL) detection. However, their practical application is hindered by low absorption dissymmetry factor (gabs), arising from imbalanced electric and magnetic transition dipole moments (µ and m). Here, a template-free method using chiral memory effect was reported to fabricate helical supramolecules with high gabs. Two chiral dinaphthocoronene tetraimides enantiomer pairs were synthesized: (R)-PDI-(R)-NI-Ph/(S)-PDI-(S)-NI-Ph and (S)-PDI-(R)-NI-Ph/(R)-PDI-(S)-NI-Ph. After annealing films at 350°C to remove chiral pendants, (R)-PDI-(R)-NI/(S)-PDI-(S)-NI films showed much higher |gabs| (0.08) than the other set (0.01), with helical assemblies formed via chiral memory effect. Notably, large-area arrays of (R)-PDI-(R)-NI films enabled CPL imaging, and a bionic artificial visual system was constructed with this film as "retina" and an artificial neural network as "neural center" for reliable CPL discrimination, offering a scalable strategy for high-performance chiral optoelectronics.
Identifying oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cavity cancer early can lead to better patient outcomes. The guideline panel evaluated the usefulness of light-based adjuncts for screening adults without mucosal abnormalities and for determining the need for biopsy among adults with mucosal abnormalities in the oral cavity or on the lip. The authors conducted a living systematic review to evaluate evidence on the benefits and harms of light-based adjuncts and a scoping review to assess people and clinician values and preferences regarding the use of light-based adjuncts and biopsy of mucosal abnormalities. The guideline panel used this evidence to formulate recommendations according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Evidence to Decision framework. The framework also guided the panel's consideration of required resources, equity, acceptability, and feasibility in shaping the final recommendations. The guideline panel formulated 2 recommendations and 2 good practice statements. For adults with and without mucosal abnormalities, they formulated conditional recommendations against the use of light-based adjuncts on the basis of very low certainty evidence. The good practice statements urge clinicians to perform a clinical oral examination in all adult patients. Biopsy remains the reference standard for establishing a definitive diagnosis of an oral potentially malignant disorder and oral squamous cell carcinoma. All adults should undergo a clinical oral examination in primary care settings. When implementing or adapting these recommendations, local contexts should be considered to promote equitable access to early detection.
Reward processing is essential to human brain function, with dopamine signalling in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) as a key element. The monetary incentive delay task is widely studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), measuring indirect hemodynamic changes. Functional positron emission tomography (fPET) with 6-[¹⁸F]FDOPA directly quantifies dopamine synthesis, enabling dynamic assessment during task performance within a single scan. We investigated the reliability of 6-[¹⁸F]FDOPA fPET and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI during a modified monetary incentive delay task in 25 (10 female; age 24.6 ± 6.1 years) healthy participants across two PET/MRI sessions. Intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficients of variance were computed for BOLD beta estimates and striatal dopamine synthesis (Ki) at 30 s and 2 s resolutions in the caudate, putamen and NAcc. 6-[¹⁸F]FDOPA Ki estimates showed fair to good reliability in the NAcc and putamen at rest (ICC = 0.47-0.66), fair reliability during the win condition in the caudate and putamen (ICC = 0.46-0.57), but poor reliability across the loss condition in all regions (ICC = 0.11-0.39). Conversely, fMRI beta showed good reliability in the NAcc during feedback and in the caudate during feedback loss (ICC = 0.61-0.67), but fair reliability elsewhere (ICC = 0.4-0.46) except for poor reliability in the caudate during cue loss (ICC = 0.26). These findings indicate that both methods achieve comparable reliability but in different target areas, with the molecular specificity of fPET offering dynamic assessment of dopaminergic function. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT06675851.
Genes in the CYP4G subfamily are essential for the final steps of cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) biosynthesis, which influences insect metamorphic development, desiccation tolerance, and insecticide penetration. However, the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of CYP4G genes in Lasioderma serricorne, a major stored-product pest, remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified the CYP4G249 gene in L. serricorne, exhibiting conserved CYP4G structural features. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of CYP4G249 significantly reduced CHC content, impaired larval molting, decreased body weight, and increased desiccation susceptibility. Histological analysis revealed thinning of the newly formed epidermis, while scanning electron microscopy showed cuticular wrinkling and spiracle collapse in dsCYP4G249-treated larvae. Silencing CYP4G249 also enhanced larval mortality following exposure to ethyl formate and methyl isothiocyanate. At the post-transcriptional level, Lse-novel_mir63 was shown to target the coding region of CYP4G249, and administration of Lse-novel_mir63 mimics suppressed CYP4G249 expression, recapitulating the RNAi phenotypes. Overexpression of Lse-novel_mir63 further increased larval susceptibility to fumigants. These results demonstrate that Lse-novel_mir63 regulates CYP4G249 expression, controlling CHC biosynthesis, larval metamorphosis, and fumigant tolerance in L. serricorne. The CYP4G249-Lse-novel_mir63 axis represents a promising molecular target for RNAi- or miRNA-based pest management strategies, potentially enhancing fumigant efficacy while disrupting insect development. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
De novo stress urinary incontinence (SUI) remains a clinically relevant complication after colpocleisis for advanced pelvic organ prolapse (POP), and reliable preoperative risk stratification remains limited. We aimed to develop and internally validate a multimodal prediction model incorporating clinical and pelvic floor ultrasound parameters to estimate the risk of de novo SUI following colpocleisis. This retrospective cohort study included consecutive women undergoing colpocleisis for advanced POP between August 2019 and March 2025. De novo SUI at 1 year was assessed using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form. Candidate predictors included clinical and ultrasound parameters. Independent predictors were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models were constructed and internally validated using tenfold cross-validation. Model performance was assessed by discrimination, calibration, and decision curve analysis. Among 475 eligible women, 237 with preoperative urinary incontinence and 17 with incomplete data or loss to follow-up were excluded. At 1 year, 56 women (25.3%) developed de novo SUI. Age, body mass index, parity, urethral rotation angle, and bladder neck descent were independent predictors. The XGBoost model achieved the highest discrimination (AUC 0.858) and lowest Brier score (0.118). Decision curve analysis indicated favorable net benefit. An online risk calculator was developed. A multimodal model incorporating clinical and ultrasound parameters demonstrated good performance for predicting de novo SUI after colpocleisis. The XGBoost model showed the best overall results and may support preoperative risk assessment, pending external validation.
Differentiating spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4) from type 5 (SPG5) is clinically relevant with differing therapeutic strategies, yet genetic testing remains limited necessitate alternative approaches. This study aimed to develop and validate an interpretable radiomics model based on spinal cord MRI for distinguishing SPG4 from SPG5. In this prospective study, SPG4 (N = 40) and SPG5 (N = 30) were randomly assigned to training (n = 56) and test (n = 14) sets. Radiomic features were extracted from the whole spinal cord (WSC) and cervical spinal cord functional subregions (SCFS) on three-dimensional T1- and T2-weighted images. Predictive models were constructed using four machine learning algorithms and evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. Model robustness was assessed by permutation testing, and interpretability was provided through SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Radiomics models based on the WSC consistently outperformed those based on SCFS. The optimal WSC model, constructed with a linear support vector classifier on combined T1- and T2-weighted sequences, achieved an AUC of 1.00 in the test set. SHAP analysis identified five consensus features contributed significantly to discrimination between SPG4 and SPG5. All five features also showed significant differences between the two groups (p < 0.001), with the most influential feature (T1_original_shape_SurfaceVolumeRatio) correlating with disease severity as measured by the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (r = 0.434, p < 0.01). Spinal cord radiomics enables accurate and interpretable differentiation between SPG4 and SPG5, providing a non-invasive adjunct to genetic testing. This approach offers objective imaging biomarkers that may support precision diagnosis, improve patient stratification in hereditary spastic paraplegia.
Pathogens counteract central nodes of NLR immune receptor networks to suppress immunity. However, the mechanisms by which pathogens hijack helper NLR pathways are poorly understood. We show that an effector from the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans interacts with the host protein NbTOL9a and a helper NLR to suppress immunity. We solved the crystal structure of the RXLR-LWY effector AVRcap1b in complex with the ENTH domain of NbTOL9a. The structure revealed that, unlike other RXLR-LWY effectors, AVRcap1b has a previously unidentified L-shaped fold that defines a distinct structural family of effectors in the genus Phytophthora. We defined the AVRcap1b/NbTOL9a binding interface and designed effector mutants that do not bind NbTOL9a, impairing immune suppression. This suggests that ENTH binding is required for full virulence activity. Last, we show that AVRcap1b associates specifically with activated NbNRC2 independently of NbTOL9a binding. We propose a model in which the effector interconnects NbNRC2 with the NbTOL9a pathway. Our results illustrate a previously uncharacterized pathogen mechanism to hijack NLR pathways and suppress immunity.
We developed a microfluidic high-throughput screening (HTS) platform for continuous, in situ physicochemical profiling of model lipid membranes, overcoming the limitations of traditional low-throughput methods. By integrating gradient mixing with in-line spectroscopy, the system enables dynamically programmable liposome synthesis across a broad landscape and simultaneous analysis of the membrane interfacial environment (GP340) and hydrophobic core fluidity (rDPH). We applied this platform to analyze model drug (bupivacaine hydrochloride)-induced perturbations in ternary model membranes. This approach generated 786 composition-resolved physicochemical data points within a single day, enabling high-density mapping of drug-induced membrane perturbations. Therefore, it enables lipid membrane analysis and high-resolution mapping and serves as a platform for composition-resolved analysis of physicochemical perturbations induced by membrane-active compounds.
Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin disease driven by cytokine dysregulation, particularly through the TNF-α/IL-23/IL-17 axis. Current treatments targeting these cytokines are effective yet limited by cost, relapse risk, and safety concerns. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Clitoria ternatea extract (CTE) using a multi-approach strategy combining phytochemical profiling, in silico analysis, molecular docking, and in vitro antioxidant assays. UPLC-QToF-MS/MS identified 14 major compounds in CTE, predominantly flavonoids. SAR-based prediction and ADMET profiling suggested that compounds C1, C4, C5, C7, and C8 exhibit anti-inflammatory potential with favorable safety profiles. Protein-protein interaction analysis and gene ontology revealed that these compounds target pathways associated with cytokine regulation. Molecular docking demonstrated strong affinities of C5 and C4 against IL-23 and TNF-α, exceeding that of clobetasol. In vitro antioxidant assays showed CTE had moderate scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals (IC50 ~ 90 μg/mL). In vitro studies using the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) revealed that treatment with CTE significantly suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins AKT1, IL-23, and TNF-α. These findings indicate that CTE, particularly its flavonoid components, may modulate key inflammatory pathways associated with the TNF-α/IL-23/IL-17 axis. Given its phytochemical composition and predicted safety profile, CTE may be better positioned as a functional food or nutraceutical candidate, rather than as a direct pharmacological agent, for supporting inflammatory balance. However, as this study is limited to in vitro and in silico analyses without in vivo validation, further mechanistic and clinical studies are required to determine its translational applicability.
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor antisense imprinted non-protein coding RNA (IRAIN) and lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) are aberrantly expressed in various malignancies. However, their roles in the progression of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the expression pattern and biological role of IRAIN in MCL progression and to further explore the relationship between IRAIN and LSD1. In this study, the expression levels of IRAIN and LSD1 in MCL cells were detected by RT-qPCR. An IRAIN-overexpressing lentiviral vector (LV-IRAIN-up) was constructed and transduced into MCL cells, and the transduction efficiency was verified by flow cytometry (FACS) and RT-qPCR. The effects of IRAIN overexpression on cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression were evaluated using CCK-8 assays and FACS analysis. In addition, RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses were performed to determine the regulatory effects of IRAIN overexpression on LSD1 expression, apoptosis-related proteins (including Bax, Bcl-2, pro-caspase-3, and cleaved-caspase-3), and cell cycle-related proteins (Cyclin D1, CDK2, and p21). Furthermore, LSD1 was overexpressed in IRAIN-overexpressing MCL cells to investigate its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. The results demonstrated that IRAIN expression was significantly downregulated, whereas LSD1 expression was markedly upregulated in MCL cells. IRAIN overexpression significantly inhibited cell viability, promoted apoptosis, and induced G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Meanwhile, IRAIN overexpression markedly downregulated the expression of LSD1, Bcl-2, pro-caspase-3/cleaved-caspase-3, Cyclin D1, and CDK2, while upregulating the expression of Bax and p21. Further experiments showed that LSD1 overexpression partially reversed the inhibitory effects of IRAIN overexpression on MCL cell proliferation, apoptosis induction, and G1-phase arrest. Collectively, these findings suggest that IRAIN may participate in the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression in MCL cells, potentially through modulation of LSD1. These results provide preliminary experimental evidence for further understanding the potential biological function of IRAIN in MCL.
The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into energy systems poses considerable operational challenges, due to their intermittent and stochastic nature. Grid-connected energy storage systems (ESSs) present a compelling alternative for reliably accommodating various RESs. This paper presents an optimal scheduling for allocating wind-storage system capacity in high mountain regions with abundant wind resources and irrigation pumping demand. To capture uncertainty in wind and solar generation, a scenario-free stochastic formulation is adopted, enabling tractable and scalable uncertainty modelling. To reduce the overall lifecycle comprehensive cost (COC), a synergistic optimization model is developed by integrating features of wind energy, pumping unit parameters, and storage configurations. The model considers startup/shutdown losses, optimal flow distribution, and operating expenses of the pumping station while optimizing energy storage capacity. A single-battery system is compared with a hybrid battery-hydrogen storage strategy. Results show the hybrid solution reduces COC by 5.4%, alleviates battery operational stress, and maintains pumping station efficiency. The framework incorporates a reliability model for wind power generation, ensuring robust lifecycle cost optimization. This approach demonstrates the financial and technological benefits of hybrid storage in renewable energy-driven irrigation systems. Simulations in the case study validate the flexibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach across various practical settings.