We investigate theoretically the photoelectron momentum distributions (PMDs) of the helium atom in the few-cycle nonlinear chirped laser pulse. The numerical results show that the direction of the spider-like interference structure in PMDs exhibits periodic variations with the increase of the chirp parameter. It is illustrated that the direction of the spider-like interference structure is related to the direction of the electron motion by tracking the trajectories of the electrons. We also demonstrate that the carrier-envelope phase can precisely control the opening of the ionization channel. In addition, we investigate the PMDs when a chirp-free second harmonic (SH) laser pulse is added to the chirped laser field, the numerical results show that the interference patterns can change from only spider-like interference structure to both spider-like and ring-like interference structures.
This study introduces an innovative method for gesture recognition in medical robotics, utilizing Capsule Neural Networks (CNNs) in conjunction with the Modified Spring Search Algorithm (MSSA). This approach achieves remarkable efficiency in gesture identification, facilitating precise control over medical robots. The proposed system undergoes thorough evaluation through both simulations and practical experiments, showing its capability to enhance patient outcomes in robotic surgical procedures. The primary contributions of this research include the creation of a unique CNN-MSSA architecture for gesture recognition, an extensive assessment of the system's performance, and evidence of its potential to advance patient care. The findings indicate that the system attains an accuracy rate of 95% with a processing duration of 0.5 s, surpassing existing methodologies. These results carry significant implications for the advancement of autonomous medical robots and the enhancement of patient care in robotic surgery, underscoring the technology's potential to improve the precision and efficiency of medical interventions.
To evaluate the accuracy of intraoperative hepatic subcapsular spider-like telangiectasia (HSST) sign for differentiating biliary atresia (BA) from other causes of hepatic cholestasis. The data of 69 patients with jaundice treated from January 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on intraoperative cholangiography (IOC), the patients were divided into two groups: the BA group (n = 49) and the non-BA group (n = 20). The biochemistry tests, liver ultrasound, liver stiffness value and HSST sign of the two groups were compared. The incidence of abnormal gallbladder, elevated γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GGT) > 182.0U/L and abnormal liver stiffness (> 6.4 kPa) in BA group were significantly higher than those in non-BA group (P < 0.001). The HSST sign was present in all BA patients and not found in non-BA group. The area under receiver operating curve of direct bilirubin(DBIL), γ-GGT, abnormal gallbladder, liver stiffness value and HSST sign were 0.53, 0.84, 0.78, 0.96, and 1.00, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value(NPV) of HSST sign in the diagnosis of BA were all 100%. Presence of HSST sign on diagnostic laparoscopy is highly suggestive of BA.It can be used in the differential diagnosis of BA and non-BA. Level III.
Operative cholangiography, the gold standard for the diagnosis of biliary atresia (BA), is being challenged due to an increase in the studies of misdiagnosis. A previous study has shown that the laparoscopic hepatic subcapsular spider-like telangiectasis (HSST) sign was accurate for diagnosing BA. This study aims to compare the performance of the HSST sign with cholangiography in the identification of BA. We prospectively screened consecutive infants with cholestasis who underwent laparoscopic exploration in this multicenter study. Demographics, intraoperative findings (videos and images), and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. The data of the HSST sign and cholangiography were compared according to the final diagnosis. Then, the diagnostic accuracy of the BA using the HSST sign and cholangiography was validated in other independent cohorts. A total of 2,216 patients were enrolled in this study. The sensitivity and negative predictive values were both 100% for diagnosing BA based on the HSST sign and cholangiography. The specificity, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the HSST sign (97.2, 99.2, 99.3%) in discriminating BA were significantly higher than operative cholangiography (81.6, 94.9, 95.8; p < 0.001). Moreover, to realize the early diagnosis of BA, the accuracy of the HSST sign in identifying BA was better than cholangiography in the subgroup of neonates (98.7% vs. 95.0%; p = 0.032). Interestingly, 92 non-BA patients without the HSST sign had positive cholangiography. Among them, 28 infants had negative cholangiography when the common bile duct was compressed and 39 patients displayed visible bile ducts due to repeated postoperative biliary irrigation. The other 25 patients (18 with the Alagille syndrome, 5 with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, and 2 with the neonatal hepatitis syndrome) had consistently positive cholangiography. In the independent validation cohort, the diagnostic accuracy of the HSST sign (99.2%) was higher than cholangiography (95.0%, p = 0.012). The laparoscopic HSST sign is superior to cholangiography in the diagnosis of BA in the infants with cholestasis and has advantages in early diagnosis. This method is expected to become a novel shift for diagnosing BA during ongoing laparoscopy.
Remodeling of multicellular architecture is a critical developmental process for shaping the axis of a bilaterally symmetric animal body and involves coordinated cell-cell interactions and cell rearrangement. In arthropods, the early embryonic process that leads to the segmented body axis varies at the cellular and molecular levels depending on the species. Developmental studies using insect and spider model species have provided specific examples of these diversified mechanisms that regulate axis formation and segmentation in arthropod embryos. However, there are few theoretical models for how diversity in the early embryonic process occurred during evolution, in part because of a limited computational infrastructure. We developed a virtual spherical-shaped multicellular platform to reproduce body axis-forming processes. Each virtual cell behaves according to the cell vertex model, with the computational program organized in a hierarchical order from cells and tissues to whole embryos. Using an initial set of two different mechanical states for cell differentiation and global directional signals that are linked to the planar polarity of each cell, the virtual cell assembly exhibited morphogenetic processes similar to those observed in spider embryos. We found that the development of an elongating body axis is achieved through implementation of an interactive cell polarity parameter associated with edge tension at the cell-cell adhesion interface, with no local control of the cell division rate and direction. We also showed that modifying the settings can cause variation in morphogenetic processes. This platform also can embed a gene network that generates waves of gene expression in a virtual dynamic multicellular field. This study provides a computational platform for testing the development and evolution of animal body patterns.
Careful analysis and comparison of optical and electrochemical data available in recent literature for multi-thiophene molecular assemblies suggested a few basic rules for the design of structurally simple and easily accessible oligothiophenes endowed with properties not far from those exhibited by much more complex and synthetically demanding architectures. The synthesis and computational investigation of three examples of a class of oligothiophenes (spider-like) tailored according to these indications are reported together with their exhaustive optical and electrochemical characterization. The new compounds (T9 5, T14 6, T19 7) are characterized by a thiophene, a 2,2'-bithiophene and a 2,2',5',2''-terthiophene unit (the spider body) fully substituted with 5-(2,2'-bithiophen)yl pendants (the spider legs). Absorption and electrochemical data are in good agreement and point to a high pi-conjugation level, comparable to those displayed by much larger assemblies. Electrode potential cycling in proximity of the first oxidation peak affords fast and reproducible formation of conducting, highly stable [TXn]m films, mainly consisting of dimers (m=2). Electrooxidation kinetic experiments on deuterium-labelled T9 5, coupled to laser-desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy on the resulting dimer demonstrated that the coupling process is extremely regioselective in the alpha positions of the more conjugated pentathiophene chain. The optical and the electrochemical properties of the films are reported and discussed. A peculiar feature is their impressive charge-trapping ability. Spider-like oligothiophenes are promising materials for applications as active layers in multifunctional organic devices.
To assess the diagnostic value of a laparoscopic finding of a hepatic subcapsular spider-like telangiectasis (HSST) sign in biliary atresia. A retrospective study was conducted first and then a validation set was used to investigate the value of an HSST sign in predicting biliary atresia (BA). In the retrospective study, laparoscopic images of the liver surface were reviewed in 126 patients with infantile cholestasis (72 BA patients and 54 non-BA cholestasis patients) and a control group of 38 patients with non-hepatic conditions. Analysis was first made by two observers separately and finally, a consensus conclusion was achieved. Then, the diagnostic value of the HSST sign was validated in an independent cohort including 45 BA and 45 non-BA patients. In the retrospective investigation, an amplified HSST sign was found in all BA patients, while we were unable to detect the HSST sign in 98.1% of the 54 non-BA patients. There was no HSST sign in any of the control subjects. In the first review, the sensitivity and specificity from one reviewer were 100% and 98.1%, respectively, and the results from the other reviewer were both 100%. The consensus sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 98.1%, respectively. The HSST sign was defined as being composed of several enlarged tortuous spider-like vascular plexuses with two to eight branches distributed on all over the liver surface, which presented as either a concentrated type or a dispersed type. In the independent validation group, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the HSST sign were 100%, 97.8%, 97.8% and 100%, respectively. The HSST sign is characteristic in BA, and laparoscopic exploration for the HSST sign is valuable in the diagnosis of BA.
C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is an innate immune inhibitor found in serum. Human C4BP adopts spider-like higher-order structures (HOS) formed by disulfide-linked C4BPα and C4BPβ chains that non-covalently bind vitamin K-dependent protein S (ProS). These spider-like structures can form even larger complexes as C4BP interacts with other, mostly complement-related, proteins. The complement inhibitory role of C4BP is primarily mediated through its interaction with C4b. C4BP also binds with high affinity to serum amyloid P component (SAP), a pentraxin family member associated with amyloidosis conditions. Here, we structurally and compositionally characterize C4BP interactions with these two natively occurring binders. To achieve this, we combine mass photometry, high-speed atomic force microscopy, and cross-linking mass spectrometry. By integrating the results, we reveal two distinct binding modes of C4BP when bound to C4b or SAP. Given the spider-like assembly of C4BP, C4b interacts with the N-terminal region of a single C4BPα leg, enabling multiple C4b molecules to bind to the C4BP HOS. Conversely, SAP engages with the entire spider-like HOS: the C4BPα-C4BPβ oligomerization core binds to SAP, and the C4BPα legs wrap around it.
Photodetection and photomechanical actuation are essential for next-generation optoelectronics and soft robotics, yet their integration within a single device remains challenging. Herein, we report a bifunctional Bi2Se3/WSe2 nanohybrid platform capable of simultaneously sensing and mechanically responding to near-infrared (NIR) light over a wide range of intensities. The nanohybrid is deposited onto polycarbonate filter paper via a vacuum-assisted self-assembly process, forming a flexible composite layer that combines efficient NIR absorption with a high thermal response coefficient. Leveraging the coupled photoelectric and photothermoelectric effects, the device exhibits dual operational modes. Under low NIR irradiation, it functions as a photodetector, delivering a responsivity of 6.03 mA W-1, a detectivity of 0.61 × 1010 cm Hz1/2 W-1, and a fast response time of 0.93 s. As the incident light intensity increases, the device switches to a photothermal actuation mode, producing large-amplitude and reversible bending motions with maximum angles of 70°. A range of actuation behaviors, including autonomous light tracking, a push-up weightlifter, a soft robotic gripper, and spider-like phototropism, are demonstrated, highlighting the device's versatility and programmability. This multifunctional Bi2Se3/WSe2 nanohybrid system offers a compact, contact-free, and scalable strategy for integrating sensing and actuation, providing new opportunities for adaptive optoelectronic devices and intelligent soft robotic systems.
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is widely used in the treatment of multiple myeloma. While peripheral neuropathy and gastrointestinal effects are well-documented adverse reactions to bortezomib administration, cutaneous side effects in patients with multiple myeloma are less commonly reported. We present a patient with IgG kappa multiple myeloma who developed a spider-like and digitate eruption at the site of subcutaneous bortezomib injection. This report expands the spectrum of bortezomib-associated dermatologic toxicity and emphasizes the importance of clinician awareness for prompt diagnosis and management.
Protein fibrillation complex mechanisms led to an emerging trend in research for years. The mechanisms behind whey protein isolate (WPI) fibrillation driven by divalent cations remained still a matter of speculation. All cations (Ca2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+) enhanced the microenvironment polarity through π-π stacking, and the amide I and II shifts confirmed the fibrillation. The Fe2+ followed the nucleation-growth mechanism attested by spider-like microstructure, maximum fibril length (654.96 nm) and β-sheets. The hydrophobic forces were mainly involved while disulfide bonds had no key role. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ followed the nucleated conformational conversion and electrostatic shielding which induced mature multilayer fibrils. The Zn2+ induced worm-like fibrils probably showing the low conversion rate regarding the high binding affinity toward WPI which stabilized the structure, so simple nucleated polymerization conducted the fibrillation. More ionic strength improved the exposure of hydrophobic amino acids in the surface, accelerating the growth phase by increased number of nuclei.
Telangiectasia macularis multiplex acquisita is a rarely described entity, characterized by multiple asymptomatic erythematous and/or brownish macules with telangiectasias, preferably on bilateral upper arms and trunk. We reported a 56-year-old Chinese man with telangiectasia macularis multiplex acquisita. Dermoscopic examination demonstrated an erythematous-brownish background with a striking angioid streak pattern (a central arteriole with superficial radiating small vessels attributed to spider-like eruptions) and linear-irregular branching vessels. We suggest dermoscopic features can be used to improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis and avoid unnecessary skin biopsies.
The exposure of petroleum coke to wind in open-air petroleum coke stockpiles results in dust pollution, adversely impacting the local ecosystem and public health. To address the inadequate wetting properties of water spray dust suppression technology for petroleum coke, which is prone to volatilization and secondary dust generation, a new durable dust suppression material with enhanced wetting capabilities and the capacity to create a solidified shell, CTS-CN/MMT, has been developed. This dust suppression material is synthesized by extracting chitosan (CTS) from discarded fish scales, reacting it with cinnamaldehyde to create a Schiff base (CTS-CN), and subsequently polymerizing it with montmorillonite (MMT). Through establishing a response surface model, the optimum process conditions were determined with the dust suppression rate of 91.17 %. Performance testing indicated that the contact angle on petroleum coke powder cake was 36.52°, demonstrating successful wetting of the dust, while the compressive strength of the solidified shell generated with petroleum coke dust after drying was 81.62 KPa. Characterization results showed that CTS-CN/MMT can establish a three-dimensional network structure, enhancing water retention and prolonging efficacy duration. The weathering test confirmed that the wind erosion rate of CTS-CN/MMT was 13.23 % at a wind speed of 17 m/s, exhibiting robust erosion resistance in both freezing and heat conditions. Material Studios software was used to research the dust suppression mechanism. The findings declared that the "spider-like" multicomponent synergistic effect of CTS-CN/MMT positively influenced the dust control of petroleum coke, contributing to environmental sustainability and the reutilization of biological resources.
Lymphedema represents a significant global health challenge, severely impacting patient quality of life. Lymphatic-venous Anastomosis （LVA） is commonly employed as an effective intervention for patients with lymphedema. However, existing imaging tests for localizing lymphatic vessels exhibit various limitations; Consequently, there is a need for a more effective comprehensive method that can be employed for both preoperative localization of lymphatic vessels and postoperative patency assessment. Under local anesthesia, Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) was utilized to assess lymphatic vessel function and localize it prior to LVA in eight patients with refractory lymphedema following breast cancer surgery. High-frequency Ultrasound was employed for the localization of superficial vein. One-week post-surgery, CEUS was performed on all patients to assess the patency of anastomoses, and to evaluate surgical outcomes based on the number of visible patent anastomoses, anastomotic patency rates, and other indicators. Prior to surgery, 68 pooled lymphatic vessels were visualized in eight patients, six of them exhibited tortuous and dilated. Lymphatic vessels with uniform internal diameter and intact continuity were selected for preoperative localization of LVA. Postoperatively, the anastomoses were clearly visualized and demonstrated a relatively high patency rate (26/41,63.2%). The patent anastomoses underwent "spider-like" changes. The internal diameters of the collecting lymphatic vessels were narrower post-operation compared to pre-operation measurements. Furthermore, six months after surgery, the internal diameters of the collecting lymphatic vessels of the affected limbs had decreased, with the maximum reduction reaching 11 cm. The cases in this study underscore the utility of CEUS in both preoperative assessment and localization of LVA and postoperative evaluation of anastomotic patency. This could represent a new technique that might supersede traditional methods such as Indocyanine Green (ICG) and become a routine assessment tool after LVA.
To investigate immune cell crisis and excess histopathological features during the development and progression of H. pylori infection in the gastric mucosa. One thousand two hundred and seventy-six cases of H. pylori infection were examined by endoscopic biopsy and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) resection. The relationship between epithelial cells and immune cells and the pathological features of immune cell dysfunction and excess tissue were observed. The 1276 cases of mucosal biopsy of H. pylori infection and ESD resection were included. Among them, 39 were ESD excision and 1237 were gastric mucosal biopsy specimens. Among them, there were 896 cases of antrum infection, 274 cases of stomach body infection, and 106 cases of infection in antrum and body of stomach. Three to five pieces of mucosal tissue were extracted from each site. There were 789 males (61.8%) and 454 females (35.6%). There were 724 cases (56.7%) with age ≤60 and 552 cases (43.3%) with age >60. During the occurrence and development of H. pylori infection, there were not only spider-like vacuolar degeneration of surface epithelial cells, compensatory cervical mucous cell proliferation, proliferation disorder of stem cells in proliferating areas, and neoplastic proliferation of gastric mucosal epithelial cells, but also morphological changes of immune cells in the process of occurrence and development of H. pylori infection. First, neutrophils that rapidly respond and attack the infection; however, neutrophils quickly display functional deficiencies, forming mucosal erosion and micro-abscesses. Then, it enters a phase of immune cell crisis. The immune defense is adjusted. The rapid proliferation of lymphocytes leads to the formation of lymphocyte immunity and the formation of lymphocyte follicle-like structures. In this stage, the lesions are wide and deep, the duration is long, and the number of patients is large. Persistent H. pylori infection can result in abnormal proliferation and transformation of gastric mucosal epithelial cells and immune cells and gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma. Understanding the immune cell crisis and excess histopathological features during the occurrence and development of H. pylori infection is important for controlling the occurrence and development of gastric cancer and lymphoid system tumors via immune intervention.
In the human placenta, trophoblast cells give rise to two unique cell layers that envelop the surface of chorionic villi: the outer syncytiotrophoblast (STB) layer and the inner cytotrophoblast (CTB) cell layer. The structural changes in CTB cells during gestation are still not fully understood. This study examined the ultrastructural integrity of the CTB layer within chorionic villi of the human term placenta using Fast Red immunohistochemistry in conjunction with proteinase K/Triton X-100 tissue-clearing and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM). Visualization of the CTB layer in whole-mount peripheral villous trees was facilitated by Fast Red immunohistochemistry of SPINT1, a marker specific to CTB cells, under both bright-field and fluorescence imaging modes in light microscopy. CTB cells displayed a thin, flattened morphology and extended multiple cellular projections, resulting in a spider-like transformation that envelops grape-like terminal villi. In contrast, in more proximal villi (e.g., stem villi), CTB cells showed a thick, cuboidal, or polygonal appearance, covering the villous subsurface. SBF-SEM imaging demonstrated the structure of a thin, mesh-like CTB layer, where the basal domain of the villous surface STB infiltrated through the small gaps of the CTB layer and contacted fetal capillaries via the basal lamina in terminal villi. Our data suggest that terminal villi undergo structural changes to facilitate fetomaternal exchange.
Malignant perivascular epithelioid tumors (PEComas) involving the uterus are uncommon. Herein, we present the clinicopathological features of two such cases, including their diagnostic implications with recent updates. A 62-year-old lady presented with vaginal bleeding. Ultrasonogram revealed a heterogeneous uterine mass. She underwent an endometrial biopsy and total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO), which revealed a 3.2 cm-sized proliferative tumor in the fundus. A 45-year-old lady presented with recurrent abdominal pain. She underwent cytoreductive surgery twice with adjuvant chemotherapy for multiple tumors and TAH-BSO for a uterine tumor, 2 years before. Microscopic examination of both tumors revealed markedly atypical, polygonal-shaped/epithelioid tumor cells containing eosinophilic cytoplasm and arranged in a nesting pattern with intervening thin-walled blood vessels, mitotic figures (≥ 6/10 high power fields (hpfs)), and tumor necrosis. Tumor infiltration was more than half the myometrial thickness in the first tumor and pelvic nodal metastasis. The second tumor revealed rhabdoid-like and vacuolated cells along with "spider-like" giant cells. Immunohistochemically, both the tumors were positive for HMB45 and desmin, while negative for epithelial markers. Additionally, the second tumor was positive for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and TFE3. Both patients developed tumor recurrences. In view of multiple tumor deposits, the second patient was induced with a mammalian target of rapamycin (m-TOR) inhibitor (everolimus) but unfortunately died of the disease. Malignant PEComas involving the uterus are ultra-rare, aggressive tumors. An index of suspicion, based on certain histomorphological features, supported by immunohistochemical expression of myomelanocytic markers is necessary for a correct diagnosis. Certain PEComas display TFE3 positivity. A correct diagnosis has significant implications, including an aggressive clinical course and the possibility of targeted therapy, especially in recurrences or metastasis.
Persons with specific phobias typically generalize the dangerousness of the phobic animal to all members of its species, possibly as a result of malfunctioning brain circuitry normally providing quick and dirty identification of evolutionary-relevant stimuli. An objective assessment of which perceptual features make an animal more or less scary to phobic and non-phobic people would help overcome the limitations of the few studies available so far, based on self-reports. To achieve this aim, we built an augmented reality setting where volunteers with different levels of fear of spiders were asked to make holographic spiders that look either dangerous or harmless. To reach this goal, a computerized interface allowed participants to modify the spider's perceptual features (hairiness, body/leg size, and locomotion) in real time. On average, the dangerous spiders were made hairy, thick, and moving according to spider-like locomotion; coherently, the harmless spiders were made hairless, slim, and moving according to a butterfly-like locomotion. However, these averaged preferences could not fully describe the complex relationship between perceptual preferences with each other and with arachnophobia symptoms. An example of a key finding revealed by cluster analysis is the similarity in perceptual preferences among participants with little or no fear of spiders, whereas participants with more arachnophobia symptoms expressed more varying preferences. Perceptual preferences toward the spider's features were behaviorally assessed through an observational study, objectively confirming a generalization effect characterizing spider-fearful participants. These results advance our knowledge of phobic preferences and could be used to improve the acceptability of exposure therapies.
Control over the orientation of polycyclic aromatic dyes in thin films is paramount to tailoring their optical, electronic, and mechanical properties. Their supramolecular assembly in films is tuned here by converting the macrocyclic dyes to large amphiphiles. Two octaalkythio-substituted tetraazaporphyrins (TAPs) with one 5-carboxypentyl and one pentyl or dodecyl chain per pyrrole ring were synthesized as statistical mixtures of four regioisomers. The unsymmetrically substituted maleodinitrile precursors were prepared in good yield with a flow reactor. Neither the tetraester precursor TAPs nor the tetraacid TAPs show mesomorphism, and both belong to the small class of porphyrin derivatives that display isotropic liquid phases at or close to room temperature. Interfacial properties of the two amphiphilic tetraacids were probed using Langmuir films on aqueous subphases at different pH values, and Langmuir-Blodgett films were transferred onto mica substrates. The tetraacid with the longer dodecyl chains forms inhomogeneous films comprising a combination of monolayer, stacked macrocycles with interdigitated chains, and 3D structures, with the latter favored at higher subphase pH and higher surface pressures. In contrast, films of the tetraacid with the shorter pentyl chains yielded relatively homogeneous monolayers. The combination of atomic force microscopy imaging and packing correlations elucidated by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction suggests that these form spider-like conformations, with the macrocycles close packed and oriented parallel to the substrate (face-on). This difference in molecular packing is attributed to a possible intramolecular mixing of 5-carboxypentyl and pentyl chains that gives a better match between the footprints of the macrocycle, acid groups, and alkyl groups. The longer dodecyl chains are too large for filling the space between 5-carboxypentyl chains (mixing) and too small for filling the footprint of a TAP macrocycle. We demonstrate that by judicious tailoring of the chain length and subphase conditions, a desirable homogeneous film of face-on oriented macrocycles can be formed.
Nanofibers hold significant promise for wound healing applications, but their potential is limited by their large diameter. To overcome this limitation, the development of nanofibrous systems with refined nanonets (approximately 20 nm in diameter) represents a notable improvement. In this study, a composite of polycaprolactone/collagen (PCLC) nano-fiber/nets (NFNs) was fabricated using benign solvents (acetic acid and formic acid) via the electro-spinning/netting (ESN) technique, harnessing the regenerative potential of collagen as a biological macromolecule. Additionally, to enhance the natural attributes of the NFNs structure, Propolis extract, renowned for its wound healing properties, was incorporated. Five ESN solutions were prepared: PCL, PCLC, PCLC/Pro 5 %, PCLC/Pro 10 %, and PCLC/Pro 15 %. NaCl salt was introduced into all ESN solutions to improve nanonets formation. FE-SEM imaging demonstrated successful nano-net formation in all ESN solutions except for the PCL formulation. The fabricated scaffolds exhibited spider-like nanonets with the addition of collagen and further enhanced nano-net formation with Propolis incorporation. Trunk nanofibers showed filamentous structures without any beads, with an average diameter of 164-728 nm, while the diameter of branched fibers (nanonets) was approximately 20 nm. WVTR values of the NFNs were comparable to commercial dressings such as Tegaderm. The results also demonstrated the potent cytoprotective effects of Propolis-loaded NFNs in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the viability of HFF-2 cells after 72 h of culture on PCLC NFNs significantly increased compared to PCL nanofibers. The highest cell viability was observed in PCLC/Pro 15 % nanofibers after 24, 48, and 72 h of cell culture, indicating the proliferative effect of Propolis extract in nanoformulated form. Additionally, the scaffolds exhibited a hemocompatibility of <3 %, further highlighting their potential in wound healing therapeutics.