搜索结果：Ritzy

Between the multiplex and the art house lays a terrain of global film culture, which is inadequately accounted for in much contemporary film theory. Piracy operations, diasporic networks, cult markets, popular video industries--circuits such as these operate outside and alongside conventional channels of film distribution. Profit-oriented, non-resistant and largely informal, they deliver vast amounts of media to audiences every day. But how are we to study them? This article seeks to trace the outlines of a theoretical approach to film distribution, a field of study which Sean Cubitt has recently described as being only 'in its infancy'. A model of 'subcinema' is proposed here as a new way of conceptualising those forms of subterranean audiovisual exchange which do not show up on other maps.

暂无摘要（点击查看原文获取完整内容）

暂无摘要（点击查看原文获取完整内容）

Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) support decentralized collaborative editing of shared data, enabling peer-to-peer sharing and flexible branching and merging workflows. While there is extensive work on CRDTs for plain text, much less is known about CRDTs for rich text with formatting. No algorithms have been published, and existing open-source implementations do not always preserve user intent. In this paper, we describe a model of intent preservation in rich text editing, developed through a series of concurrent editing scenarios. We then describe Peritext, a CRDT algorithm for rich text that satisfies the criteria of our model. The key idea is to store formatting spans alongside the plaintext character sequence, linked to a stable identifier for the first and last character of each span, and then to derive the final formatted text from these spans in a deterministic way that ensures concurrent operations commute. We have prototyped our algorithm in TypeScript, validated it using randomized property-based testing, and integrated it with an editor UI. We also prove that our algorithm ensures convergence, and demonstrate its causality preservation and intention preservation properties.

Methodological issues involved in assessing the prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia are discussed, and previous research in this area is comprehensively reviewed. Many studies suffer from methodological shortcomings, including the lack of diagnostic rigor, adequate sample sizes, and simultaneous assessment of different types of substance abuse (e.g., stimulants, sedatives). In general, the evidence suggests that the prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia is comparable to that in the general population, with the possible exceptions of stimulant and hallucinogen abuse, which may be greater in patients with schizophrenia. Data are presented on the association of substance abuse with demographics, diagnosis, history of illness, and symptoms in 149 recently hospitalized DSM-III-R schizophrenic, schizophreniform, and schizoaffective disorder patients. Demographic characteristics were strong predictors of substance abuse, with gender, age, race, and socioeconomic status being most important. Stimulant abusers tended to have their first hospitalization at an earlier age and were more often diagnosed as having schizophrenia, but did not differ in their symptoms from nonabusers. A history of cannabis abuse was related to fewer symptoms and previous hospitalizations, suggesting that more socially competent patients were prone to cannabis use. The findings show that environmental factors may be important determinants of substance abuse among schizophrenic-spectrum patients and that clinical differences related to abuse vary with different types of drugs.

New, “big data” sources allow measurement of city characteristics and outcome variables at higher collection frequencies and more granular geographic scales than ever before. However, big data will not solve large urban social science questions on its own. Big urban data has the most value for the study of cities when it allows measurement of the previously opaque, or when it can be coupled with exogenous shocks to people or place. We describe a number of new urban data sources and illustrate how they can be used to improve the study and function of cities. We first show how Google Street View images can be used to predict income in New York City, suggesting that similar imagery data can be used to map wealth and poverty in previously unmeasured areas of the developing world. We then discuss how survey techniques can be improved to better measure willingness to pay for urban amenities. Finally, we explain how Internet data is being used to improve the quality of city services. ( JEL R1, C8, C18)

Eye movement dysfunctions have been shown to be reliably associated with schizophrenia as a trait, suggesting disorders of nonvoluntary attention in association with those brain areas involved in smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements. The familial distributions of the eye movement dysfunction and of schizophrenia, when considered together, suggest the existence of a latent trait whose transmission fits an autosomal dominant transmission mode. Chronic schizophrenic patients show diminished variation and shorter latencies of early components of somatosensory brain related potentials, which reflect stimulus registration, and investigators have interpreted the finding as indicating impaired modulation of stimulus input, which allows too much information to reach higher brain centers. Laterality differences, in which the left hemisphere may be less efficient than the right, have also been reported. Schizophrenic patients show reduced amplitudes of later component waves of event related potentials, a finding that has been interpreted as reflecting impaired selective attention. The issue of whether these deviations are state or trait related has not yet been resolved. Directed attention in the form of vigilance shows significant performance impairment, as measured by the continuous performance test and the span of apprehension, not only in schizophrenic patients but in some populations at high risk for schizophrenia. Studies of backward masking suggest that the time taken to transfer a stimulus from the stage of registration to short-term memory may be slowed in schizophrenia, although other interpretations are possible. Skin resistance orienting responses are absent in about 50 percent of adult schizophrenics, and there is some evidence that this absence may reflect a trait. Studies should now test the trait status of all these psychophysiological variables and probe into the significance of the measures used. In these efforts, both the testing of first degree family members and the standardization of testing techniques are recommended.

BACKGROUND: Although chronic heart failure (CHF) has a high mortality rate and symptom burden, and clinical guidance stipulates palliative care intervention, there is a lack of evidence to guide clinical practice for patients approaching the end of life. AIMS: (1) To formulate guidance and recommendations for improving end-of-life care in CHF; (2) to generate data on patients' and carers' preferences regarding future treatment modalities, and to investigate communication between staff, patients and carers on end-of-life issues. DESIGN: Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 patients with CHF (New York Heart Association functional classification III-IV), 11 family carers, 6 palliative care clinicians and 6 cardiology clinicians. SETTING: A tertiary hospital in London, UK. RESULTS: Patients and families reported a wide range of end-of-life care preferences. None had discussed these with their clinicians, and none was aware of choices or alternatives in future care modalities, such as adopting a palliative approach. Patients and carers live with fear and anxiety, and are uninformed about the implications of their diagnosis. Cardiac staff confirmed that they rarely raise such issues with patients. Disease- and specialism-specific barriers to improving end-of-life care were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The novel, integrated data presented here provide three recommendations for improving care in line with policy directives: sensitive provision of information and discussion of end-of-life issues with patients and families; mutual education of cardiology and palliative care staff; and mutually agreed palliative care referral criteria and care pathways for patients with CHF.

In this article, research on the natural course of illness among first-admission schizophrenic patients is reviewed from an epidemiological perspective. Three types of studies are considered: statistical reports dating primarily from the preneuroleptic era; long-term followback studies; and more recent prospectively designed cohort studies. Although relatively more first-admission patients have a positive course than do multiple admissions patients, the findings confirm the substantial heterogeneity in course and outcome. Methodological improvements in first-admission research are suggested, including separating the analyses of first-episode patients from those with past psychotic experiences; employing longitudinal methods for deriving diagnosis; including patients with drug and alcohol problems where appropriate; enlarging the samples either by multisite or multicenter collaborations or by pooling data across studies; and obtaining better data on treatment experiences in naturalistic research.

Heterogeneity has been a consistent problem in the research and treatment of schizophrenia. Despite marked variation in the onset, phenomenology, treatment response and outcome of schizophrenic patients, our ability to identify subtypes is remarkably limited. A major problem in schizophrenia research has been the use of cross-sectional study designs and heterogeneous patient samples at different stages of the illness and who have been previously exposed to neuroleptics which have potentially confounding effects on the disease. This study intends to identify biologic correlates of the phenomenology and course of schizophrenia by using a prospective, longitudinal, repeated measures design assessing biologic and clinical parameters including measures of psychopathology, side effects, and social adjustment to examine clinical variables of treatment response, illness course, and outcome; measures of central nervous system dopamine activity and brain morphology in patients, from the onset of their illness. Patients were ascertained at hospital admission and assessed with a battery of clinical, neuropsychologic, and biologic measures before undergoing standardized treatment for the acute and maintenance phases of the illness. Upon completion, approximately 120 first-episode patients will have entered the study and will have been followed prospectively for up to 5 years and assessed at specific time intervals. Preliminary results reveal significant abnormalities in brain morphology, growth hormone secretion, eye movement function, and psychotogenic response to dopamine agonists in first-episode, treatment-naive patients which are associated with treatment response and outcome. This article describes the study's rationale, design, and methods, and a summary of the published results to date. These are discussed in terms of their significance for putative clinical subtypes and pathophysiological models of schizophrenia.

Recent studies have isolated some socioenvironmental factors that seem to predict the onset of schizophrenic episodes in vulnerable persons. In particular, stressful life events have been found to cluster in the 3- to 4- week period preceding a schizophrenic episode in some patients. Many persons with a schizophrenic disorder also seem to contribute to additional stressful life change events--for example, by high geographic mobility--thereby playing an active role in precipitating the onset of illness episodes. Within the family environment, hostile, critical, and emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward the patient by relatives have been found to be related to relapses. Irregularities in the communication style of parents also predict the subsequent development of schizophrenia spectrum disorders among disturbed adolescents. Many schizophrenic patients also seem to be deficient in the coping skills required to remediate the losses brought on by life events or to deal effectively with stressful relatives. Thus, they may experience greater and more prolonged stress than most others due partially to inadequate social and problem-solving skills and less supportive social networks. These findings have important implications for the design of clinical interventions as well as the development of a comprehensive vulnerability/stress model for the course of schizophrenic disorders.

Changes in scholarly publishing have resulted in a move toward openness. To this end, new, open models of peer review are emerging. While the scholarly literature has examined and discussed open peer review, no established definition of it exists, nor are there uniform implementations of open peer review processes. This article examines the literature discussing open peer review, identifies common open peer review definitions, and describes eight common characteristics of open peer review: signed review, disclosed review, editor-mediated review, transparent review, crowd-sourced review, pre-publication review, synchronous review, and post-publication review. This article further discusses benefits and challenges to the scholarly publishing community posed by open peer review and concludes that open peer review can and should exist within the current scholarly publishing paradigm.

Screen-printed technology has helped considerably to the development of portable electrochemical sensors since it provides miniaturized but robust and user-friendly electrodes. Moreover, this technology allows to obtain very versatile transducers, not only regarding their design, but also their ease of modification. Therefore, in the last decades, the use of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) has exponentially increased, with ceramic as the main substrate. However, with the growing interest in the use of cheap and widely available materials as the basis of analytical devices, paper or other low-cost flat materials have become common substrates for SPEs. Thus, in this revision, a comprehensive overview on paper-based SPEs used for analytical proposes is provided. A great variety of designs is reported, together with several examples to illustrate the main applications.