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To address the inefficiency of conventional temperature rise tests for dry-type transformers in box substations, this study proposes a closed-loop "Standard-Experiment-Simulation-Optimization" methodology. An electromagnetic‑thermal coupled model was built, calibrated with field test data. The simulation revealed a saturated exponential growth pattern of hotspot temperature rise, verified experimentally. Based on this, additional thermocouples were placed beyond standard positions, enabling earlier and more accurate hotspot measurement. A predictive model using the first‑five‑hour data was derived to estimate steady‑state temperature, rise value, and required test duration. This approach reduces testing time and provides a reusable reference for improving hotspot detection accuracy.
To evaluate the prognostic utility of the canine-derived Veterinary Committee on Trauma score in cats suffering from high-rise syndrome and to compare it with the Animal Trauma Triage Score. To date, no trauma score has been developed exclusively from feline-derived data, and existing systems are adaptations or validations of scores originally created for other or mixed species. Retrospective observational study of 60 cats with high-rise syndrome. Recorded variables on admission were age, breed, sex, weight, body condition score, height of fall, clinicopathological variables, Animal Trauma Triage Score and Veterinary Committee on Trauma score. Mortality and length of hospital stay were also recorded. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses as well as receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compare the different variables. Sixty cats were included. Eight cats (13%) did not survive to discharge. The receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the Animal Trauma Triage Score predicted mortality significantly better (AUC = 0.85, P < .001, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.95) than the Veterinary Committee on Trauma score (AUC = 0.709, P = .038, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.91). Requirement for vasopressor therapy (P = .008, OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.56), higher height of fall (P < .005, OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.49 to 9.10), serum lactate (P = .013, OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.25) and the Animal Trauma Triage Score (P = .006, OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.20 to 3.00) were associated with a worse outcome. In cats with high-rise syndrome, the Animal Trauma Triage Score demonstrates significantly superior prognostic performance compared with the canine-derived Veterinary Committee on Trauma score. Species-specific physiological differences may influence the applicability of trauma scoring systems in cats, supporting the need for further feline-specific validation of trauma scoring systems.
To examine whether sleep quality mediates the relationship between perceived stress and blood pressure among older African American women (AAW). A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using baseline data from older AAW (aged 50-75) enrolled in the Resilience, Stress, and Ethnicity (RiSE) study. Perceived stress was assessed using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, and sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Blood pressure was measured three times and averaged to calculate mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Structural equation modeling was used to test mediation, adjusting for age, body mass index, and antihypertensive medication use. Among 158 women (mean age 63.0 ± 6.7 years), 57.6% were taking antihypertensive medications, mean systolic blood pressure was 129.5 ± 15.4 mmHg, and mean PSQI score was 7.6 ± 3.5, indicating poor sleep quality. Perceived stress was associated with poorer sleep quality (b = 0.21, p < .001), and poorer sleep quality was related to higher systolic blood pressure (b = 0.81, p = .037). Sleep quality significantly mediated the effect of stress on systolic blood pressure (b = 0.17, p = .049), with no direct effect observed (b = 0.10, p = .594). Sleep quality mediated the relationship between perceived stress and systolic blood pressure in older AAW. These findings support the role of sleep as a behavioral mechanism linking stress to cardiometabolic risk and suggest the importance of developing culturally tailored sleep interventions to mitigate the adverse cardiometabolic effects of stress in this high-risk population.
Understanding complex relations between neuronal activity and animal behavior is central question in neuroscience. Rapid advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods offer powerful tools to investigate highly non-linear mapping between motor cortex activity and body movements. Here, we developed a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) that showed that detailed videos of behaving rats can be recreated from activity of just few selected neurons. This analysis also revealed that the predictability of behavior from neuronal activity (and vice versa) initially increases as a rat learns a new task. However, after the animal performance on the motor task achieves the required accuracy, then coupling between neuronal activity and behavior decreases, without degrading task performance. A plausible interpretation is that, as training progresses from Early to Mid training days, more neurons become engaged, forming a denser, broadly distributed representation, which then in the Late training days evolves into a sparse and more energy-efficient representation, with only a small subset of tuned neurons. Neuronal network simulations showed that such changes in coding strategy may be explained by neurons minimizing their energy use. Thus, our approach reveals a non-linear relationship between learning stages and neural-behavioral coupling, which is likely driven by energy efficiency.
This nationwide observational study investigated recent trends in pancreatic cancer (PC) incidence and surgical management in Japan. Annual data on PC incidence (2016-2021) and surgical procedures (2016-2023) were obtained from the Cancer Information Database and the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups (NDB), respectively. Surgical procedures were categorized by type (distal pancreatectomy (DP, 2016-2023)/pancreatoduodenectomy (PD, 2020-2023)) and approach (open/laparoscopic). Crude and age-adjusted rates per 100 000 person-years were calculated. Temporal trends were evaluated using linear and Poisson regression to estimate annual risk ratios (RRs). Over the study period, the annual average PC incidence was 43 015, and the average number of PC surgery was 13 899. Age-adjusted PC incidence rates rose significantly among males, females, and both sexes (RR = 1.007, 1.016 and 1.011, respectively; p < 0.0001). A particularly notable rise was observed among females aged 10-29 years (RR range: 1.347-1.449; all p < 0.0009). DP rates increased significantly among males, females, and both sexes (RR = 1.033, 1.032, and 1.033, respectively; p < 0.0001), with marked increases among individuals aged 65-89 years for both sexes (RR range: 1.018-1.114; all p < 0.0012). PD volumes also rose during 2020-2023, although the limited analytic window precluded formal rate-based trend evaluation. In 2023, PD comprised 65.6% of PC surgeries (9444/14397), while DP comprised 34.4% (4953/14397). These nationwide findings highlight age- and sex-specific signals-notably an apparent rise among young women and increased DP use among older adults-that warrant further validation.
The present study evaluates the effect of borax as a cross-linker at different concentrations (0%, 1.32%, 2.61%, and 3.87%w/w) on the physicochemical properties of the films comprised of pectin, glycerol, and borax. The film-forming solutions were made by two distinct preparation methods: i. a heated system, at 85 °C, without stirring (thermal method, TM) and ii. a nonheated high-speed stirring system, 30,000 rpm (agitation method, AM). Films produced by both methods were compared to assess their structural, thermal, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties. Steady-state and real-time infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the formation of B-O-C moieties, with cross-linking efficiency favored under both higher pH and temperature. SEM images and mechanical analyses revealed that AM gave rise to markedly coherent and continuous films, whereas TM-derived films exhibited surface defects and breakpoints, particularly at higher borax concentrations. Thermal analyses (TGA/DTA) indicated that borax enhances the thermal stability of the films regardless of the preparation method. Increasing borax content, however, generally reduced tensile strength and elongation at break, suggesting a competitive balance between cross-linking and plasticization. The films did not display significant antibacterial effects, likely due to partial solubilization during diffusion-based assays. Overall, the results demonstrate that temperature and borax concentration in the film-forming solution play a key role toward pectin film properties.
The food enzyme triacylglycerol lipase (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) is produced with the genetically modified Trichoderma reesei strain DP-Nzk118 by Genencor International B.V. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme was considered free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in the processing of cereals and other grains for the production of distilled alcohol. Since residual amounts of food enzyme-total organic solids are removed in the food manufacturing process, dietary exposure estimation and toxicity testing were considered unnecessary. A search for the homology of the amino acid sequence of the triacylglycerol lipase to known allergens was made and no match was found. The Panel considered that a risk of allergic reactions upon dietary exposure to the food enzyme can be excluded when used for the production of distilled alcohol. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.
Background Learning disability registers in UK primary care support proactive care, but under-identification remains substantial. The 2019 NHS Long Term Plan introduced targets to increase enrolment. Aim To estimate prevalence and rates of new registration to learning disability registers among young people aged 14-24 years in England and examine changes following the introduction of national targets. Design and setting Population-based open cohort study using routinely collected primary care data from general practices in England contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum database, 2015-2023. Method Young people aged 14-24 years who had been registered at least 6 months were included. Annual rates of new registration per 10,000 person-years at risk (PYAR) and recorded prevalence were calculated, stratified by age, sex, region, and year. Results Between 2015 and 2023, 11,776 young people were first recorded on a learning disability register. Rates of new registration increased in 2020-2021 across ages and sexes, peaking at 15.8 per 10,000 PYAR in males aged 14-17 years and 8.4 per 10,000 in females before returning to pre-2019 levels by 2023. Recorded prevalence remained low overall (0.03%-0.5%; 3.6-52.7 per 10,000) but increased among those aged 18-24 years, with eight-to-ten-fold rises between 2015 and 2023. Prevalence was higher in males (rate ratios 1.7-1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.6-1.9). Conclusion National targets coincided with a temporary rise in enrolment, but identification remains below expected prevalence. Sustained policy focus and systematic identification and coding by practices are needed to ensure equitable access to preventive care during the transition to adulthood.
Pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is increasingly detected at earlier stages in Japan, largely due to routine image-enhanced endoscopy and systematic pharyngeal examination. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is now a preferred minimally invasive treatment option for superficial SCC, with excellent outcomes. Despite this, the technique remains underutilized in the West, even though the incidence of pharyngeal cancer continues to rise. This review brings together current evidence on pharyngeal ESD, indications, technique, outcomes, and adverse events. Across contemporary series, en bloc and R0 resection rates are consistently high, with serious adverse events occurring infrequently. Nonetheless, pharyngeal ESD involves unique challenges stemming from complex anatomy, specialized anesthesia, and specific exposure techniques. We highlight practical barriers limiting adoption in the West, particularly limited knowledge in optical diagnosis, and propose targeted education to close the knowledge gap. As demand increases for minimally invasive, organ-preserving treatments, pharyngeal ESD is poised to have an important role for the treatment of early pharyngeal SCC in Western practice.
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emerged as the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, coinciding with the growing burden of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. While liver biopsy remains the gold standard for assessing hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, its invasiveness, sampling variability, and limited feasibility have necessitated the establishment of non-invasive diagnostic alternatives. Among non-invasive alternatives, conventional B-mode ultrasound (US) has retained a central role as the first-line imaging modality owing to its wide availability, low cost, and reasonable sensitivity and specificity, particularly in moderate-to-severe steatosis. However, traditional B-mode US has several limitations, including operator dependence, poor sensitivity in mild steatosis, and reduced accuracy in obese individuals. Semi-quantitative scoring systems and emerging technologies such as attenuation imaging, shear wave elastography, and vibration-controlled transient elastography, have been recently introduced to improve diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being integrated into US platforms to enhance image interpretation, standardize assessments, and reduce interobserver variability. This review provides a comprehensive appraisal of the diagnostic performance, strengths, and limitations of conventional B-mode US and its advanced products in the context of MASLD. US-based techniques are also compared with magnetic resonance spectroscopy and histological assessment, highlighting the evolving role of AI in US diagnostics. Given the global rise of MASLD, optimizing and standardizing US-based approaches are essential to improve early detection, risk stratification, and monitoring strategies. With continued technological refinement and integration of AI, US remains a cornerstone of MASLD diagnosis in clinical practice.
Xenopus laevis has long served as an important model for studies of embryonic development and is a cornerstone to our current understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopment, including the formation and refinement of neural circuits. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to leverage the great accessibility and amenability of the Xenopus system to model neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders in humans for higher-throughput investigations of genetic and environmental risk factors. Behavioral paradigms are indispensable tools to assess functional output in whole animals. In this review, we summarize a range of behavioral paradigms established in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles to evaluate the functional development of the nervous system. We discuss the current understanding of neural substrates that give rise to specific behaviors, and how these paradigms have been used to evaluate the functional ramifications of cellular and molecular abnormalities in neural circuitry. We cover three categories of behavioral paradigms: innate and stable behaviors, experience-dependent and learned behaviors, and social behaviors. Each provides distinct functional readouts of the developing nervous system. We also include tips and suggestions for the implementation of these paradigms and discuss how insights from other aquatic animal models may inform the further development of behavioral paradigms in Xenopus tadpoles.
Ulcerative colitis(UC) is a complex chronic inflammatory disease. It is characterized by a prolonged and persistent clinical course, accompanied by a rising tendency in the risk of colorectal cancer. The incidence of UC continues to rise, with a complex etiology and a lack of effective therapeutic agents. TCM has unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of UC, due to its multi-target regulation properties, multi-pathway action, mild side effects, and diverse pharmacological activities. Angelicae Sinensis Radix(AS) contains various active components, including angelica polysaccharides, volatile oils, and organic acids. These components can alleviate UC by a multi-target regulation mechanism, including the inhibition of NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, the reduction of the expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-1β, the enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity, and the up-regulation of tight junction proteins such as ZO-1 and Occludin. Such multi-pathway synergistic effects fully highlight the preventive and therapeutic advantages of TCM, demonstrating the potential application value of AS in the treatment of intestinal diseases. This review systematically elucidated the multidimensional anti-UC mechanisms of the core active ingredients of AS and discussed the translational value of colon-targeted delivery systems, providing effective evidence for clinical precision medication.
Suicide remains a leading cause of mortality in the United States, and substance use disorders (SUD) are strong predictors of suicide risk. Long-term trends and disparities in SUD-related suicide mortality remain insufficiently characterized. We analyzed 2001-2023 mortality data from the CDC WONDER Multiple Cause of Death database, using the most recent complete 23-year national time series. SUD-related suicide deaths were defined as deaths with suicide as the underlying cause (ICD-10 U03, X60-X84, Y87.0) and SUD listed among multiple-cause or contributing conditions (ICD-10 F10-F19). Each death was counted once. AAMRs were calculated by sex, race/ethnicity, census region, and urban-rural status, while age-specific rates were calculated by age group. Joinpoint regression estimated APC and AAPC. ARIMA and ETS models forecasted AAMRs through 2035. The overall AAMR increased from 0.45 in 2001 to 0.74 in 2023, representing a 64% rise (AAPC, 1.70, 95% CI, 1.16-2.24). Men consistently had higher mortality than women, whereas women showed steeper proportional increases. Mortality was highest among adults aged 45-54 years and lowest among those aged 15-24 years. Non-Hispanic White individuals, the Midwest, and nonmetropolitan areas had the highest burdens. ARIMA projected largely stable rates with widening prediction intervals, whereas ETS suggested a modest increase through 2035, mainly driven by the male series. SUD-related suicide mortality increased substantially and remained unevenly distributed across demographic and geographic groups. Divergent forecasts highlight uncertainty and the need for targeted prevention.
Articular and growth plate chondrocytes share a common progenitor but diverge during development to generate distinct cartilage tissues specific to their functions; permanent articular chondrocytes produce and maintain a frictionless surface for joint articulation, while transient growth plate chondrocytes lay a matrix foundation for new bone. Following injury, articular chondrocytes can aberrantly undergo changes akin to growth plate differentiation. The processes that control both the divergence of these lineages during development and the fate change in disease are poorly understood, but are essential in the design of novel therapeutics to attenuate joint degeneration. We established a model of human cartilage development using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), where the cells themselves give rise to zonally organized articular cartilage tissues akin to native articular cartilage. We challenged these tissues at defined time-points during differentiation, pin-pointing the precise timing of lineage restriction. Long-term functional experiments coupled with single-cell RNA sequencing throughout differentiation and after challenge revealed a key role for the extracellular matrix in modulating chondrocyte activity, and identified therapeutic targets that may attenuate pathogenic differentiation and disease progression.
Climate stressors impact major oilseed crop systems of groundnut, mustard, and soybean in South Asia. Our analysis shows that the intensity of all heat-related and water stresses is projected to rise by the 2050 s and 2080 s, while rainfall-related stressors show mixed and uncertain responses. We also find that heat stress effects during the full crop cycle and the reproductive phases are different in nature. Critical-phase heat stress is likely to increase mainly in frequency rather than intensity, whereas full-cycle heat stress is likely to intensify in the future. These shifts in climate stressors have direct implications for the suitability of adaptation interventions for oilseed systems. Genetic options, such as stress-tolerant varieties, and financial instruments, such as crop insurance, emerge as consistently robust across scenarios. In contrast, structural, nutrient, and irrigation-based interventions lose effectiveness as climate stressors exceed their adaptive limits. By mapping these future suitability transitions, this study provides a first-order basis for tailored adaptation planning and climate-smart oilseed systems in South Asia.
To characterize the longitudinal trajectories of body-mass-index-for-age Z-score(BAZ) from birth to 7-9 years and to explore their association with elevated blood pressure(EBP) in childhood. Based on the TAWS prospective cohort study in China, children living in Taicang were followed from 2013 to 2024. Length/height and weight of children were measured at 1, 3, 6, 8 months, and 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-9 years of age. Blood pressure was measured in 2024 when children were 7-9 years old, and EBP was defined according to Chinese reference of screening for EBP among children. BAZ was calculated based on the World Health Organization child growth standards. Group-based trajectory modeling(GBTM) was applied to identify BAZ trajectories. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between BAZ trajectories groups and EBP, adjusting for potential confounders. Among the 1, 274 children included in this study, the prevalence of EBP was 20.6%. GBTM identified three distinct BAZ trajectories: low-decreasing(34.5%), moderate-stable(48.3%), and high-increasing(17.2%). After adjustment for child's gender, initial BAZ, and age at the last follow-up, children in the high-increasing BAZ group had an increased risk of EBP(OR=1.55, 95%CI 1.07-2.23, P=0.02) compared to those in the moderate-stable BAZ group, while the low-decreasing BAZ group showed no statistically significant association with EBP(OR=0.77, 95%CI 0.55-1.06, P=0.11). From 2.5 years old onwards, BAZ values in children with EBP were consistently higher than those with normal blood pressure(P<0.05). The high-increasing BAZ trajectory from birth to nine years is associated with an increased risk of EBP in children aged 7-9 years. The age of 2.5 years may represent a critical starting point for interventions aimed at controlling BAZ rise to mitigate future EBP.
ObjectiveTo examine the recent rise in adult-onset Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through a biopsychosocial lens and comment on whether such diagnoses may relate to neuroadaptive responses to the attention economy.ConclusionsThe boundaries between neurodevelopmental disorder and neuroadaptive distress have become blurred. While ADHD has historically been considered a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder, increasing diagnoses in adults raise questions about its validity and implications. Chronic psychosocial stress and environmental overstimulation are possible causes of ADHD-like symptoms. It is difficult to distinguish between neurodevelopmental dysfunction, desires for cognitive enhancement, and attention deficits arising from the psychosocial effects of information technologies and social media.We comment on the rising Australian diagnostic rates of ADHD in the context of the attention economy. In the contemporary attentional landscape, online companies compete for our attention. This landscape focuses on luring individuals to spend maximum time on platforms and bombarding them with highly addictive and incendiary content. Cumulative physiological and psychological stress may exceed the brain's capacity to recover. The use of ADHD medications may represent an attempt to focus attention in the context of competing attentional demands from social media and new information technologies.
With the rise of antimicrobial resistance, urinary tract infections (UTIs) have become increasingly more difficult to treat, prompting renewed interest in bacteriophage (phage) therapy as an alternative or adjunct to antibiotics. UTIs are an attractive target for phage therapy because they generate a high density of actively replicating bacteria that supports phage propagation, and because the urinary tract is readily accessible for administration and monitoring. Yet studies of phage therapy for UTIs report mixed outcomes, including failures to meet clinical and microbiological endpoints. Here we follow the population dynamics of a clinical Escherichia coli UTI strain and two phages, HP3 and ES19, to which the strain appears susceptible by standard testing. Despite this apparent susceptibilty, both phages fail to suppress the strain, with resistance emerging almost immediately. Using the measured mutation rate, our mathematical model shows that traditional resistance cannot account for these dynamics. We instead demonstrate, including by a phage-specific population analysis profile assay we developed, that heteroresistance drives this rapid failure, offering a plausible explanation for treatment failures in UTI phage therapy.
Acute appendicitis is one of the most common general surgical diseases in children. The high misdiagnosis rate and high complication rate of appendicitis in the pediatric population have led to a more serious incidence of appendicitis in children. Therefore, for pediatric appendicitis, early accurate diagnosis and timely intervention are of vital importance. This cross-sectional study used data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database to analyze the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate (ASDR) of appendicitis in children aged 0 to 14 years from 1990 to 2021. We calculated the average estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) using linear regression and analyzed the trends using the joinpoint analysis. The analysis was stratified by region, country, and Socioeconomic Development Index (SDI). We examined the associations of the EAPC with SDI and baseline rates. A total of 63,401,760 children were included. In 2021, the global number of incident cases of pediatric appendicitis was estimated at 2,193,019.79 (95% UI, 1,405,218.04 to 3,186,592.24), corresponding to a 24% increase (95% UI, 22% to 27%) from 1990. Concurrently, the number of deaths was 2,319.37 (95% UI, 1,728.04 to 2,876.17), reflecting a 68% decline (95% UI, 76% to 54%) over the same period. From 1990 to 2021, the growth of ASIR was not significant globally [EAPC = 0.05 (-0.08 to 0.17), p > 0.05], but there was a significant increase from 2001 to 2004 [APC = 3.28 (2.74 to 3.84), p < 0.05]. Additionally, ASMR [EAPC = -3.99 (-4.11 to -3.87), p < 0.05] and ASDR [EAPC = -3.77 (-3.84 to -3.69), p < 0.05] showed significant decreases. ASIR showed an increasing trend in the High-middle SDI region [EAPC = 1.05 (0.85 to 1.25), p < 0.05], while it decreased in the Low SDI region [EAPC = -0.45 (-0.53 to -0.37), p < 0.05]. ASMR showed the most significant decreasing trend in the High-middle SDI region [EAPC = -5.74 (-6.01 to -5.46), p < 0.05]. ASDR showed the most significant decreasing trend in the Middle SDI region [EAPC = -4.49 (-4.77 to -4.22), p < 0.05]. In 2021, across 21 regions and 204 countries worldwide, ASIR continued to increase along with the rise in SDI. However, ASMR and ASDR continuously decreased as SDI increased. Over the 32-year period, a positive correlation was observed between the EAPC of ASIR and SDI (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.27, p < 0.05), while a negative correlation was found between the EAPC of ASMR and SDI (Pearson correlation coefficient r = -0.30, p < 0.05). This study reveals that although the global number of incident cases of pediatric appendicitis has increased, both the ASMR and ASDR demonstrate significant declining trends. However, substantial disparities persist due to the uneven distribution of healthcare resources. Regions with high SDI should prioritize preventive measures to control the rising incidence, while low SDI regions must invest in healthcare resources to improve diagnosis, treatment, and reduce mortality rates. Countries can adapt targeted strategies implemented by nations that have successfully achieved substantial reductions in disease burden.
This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of inducing mental fatigue (MF) through nap deprivation, based on monitoring heart rate variability (HRV), cognitive performance, and subjective fatigue levels. Additionally, the intervention effect of caffeine oral tablets (COT) on MF was evaluated. This was an open-label, non-randomized, single-sequence crossover pilot study. The caffeine content in COT was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ten healthy volunteers who habitually took naps were enrolled. Participants underwent nap deprivation to induce MF. Various parameters were collected at different time points, including the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), Attention Network Task (ANT), and HRV metrics. Changes in each parameter before and after COT intervention were analyzed. Following nap deprivation, there was a significant increase in KSS scores for the control group compared to baseline measurements taken after 2 h of sleep deprivation (P < 0.01). No significant changes were observed in ANT performance; however, HRV exhibited variations influenced by circadian rhythms-showing increased volatility in time-domain parameters and differing trends in frequency-domain parameters without statistical significance. After administration of low-dose COT to experimental participants, KSS scores did not significantly rise; conversely, correct response rates (CR) on ANT improved significantly (P < 0.05), alongside notable changes in both time-domain and frequency-domain HRV parameters (P < 0.05). In this pilot study, the alignment between subjective and objective indices suggests that low-dose COT is associated with favorable changes in the MF state of volunteers following sleep deprivation. However, due to the small sample size and open-label design, these findings should be considered preliminary and warrant confirmation in larger, randomized controlled trials.