Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional disorder globally. Conventional treatment primarily involves oral supplementation with various iron salts, such as ferrous sulfate. While cost-effective and easily administered, these salts are associated with several challenges, including gastrointestinal irritation, prolonged treatment duration, and poor patient compliance due to adverse side effects. To address these limitations, nanotechnology has been employed to develop improved oral iron supplements with varying degrees of success. Utilizing approaches from nanotechnology and materials science, researchers have engineered diverse iron-containing nanomaterials designed to provide bioavailable iron. However, the efficacy of these nanomaterials as oral supplements is highly dependent on their specific physicochemical properties. An effective nano-based replacement for iron salts must exhibit high bioavailability for efficient iron restoration and low toxicity to minimize side effects. This review consolidates in vivo research on various iron nanomaterials evaluated as oral iron supplements. Furthermore, it proposes a framework for the ideal characteristics of an oral iron nanoparticle supplement by consolidating the current understanding of the mechanisms governing nanoparticle absorption and toxicity.
This Viewpoint discusses the importance of evidence-based dietary guidelines for the health of children and adolescents, summarizes the strengths of the 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans as well as concerns and challenges, and suggests government policy actions needed from the perspective of pediatric health care professionals and researchers.
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major public health concern. Despite advancements in treatment, many barriers to accessing care remain. There has been a growing interest in digital interventions for the prevention and treatment of PPD. However, for mothers with mild and moderate symptoms of depression, there is a limited offer of self-guided internet-based interventions developed with user input and with considerations on how to integrate the intervention into stepped care models for PPD. The aim of this study was (1) to describe the process of the design and development of iCARE, a self-guided digital psychological intervention for mothers with mild and moderate symptoms of PPD in Denmark, (2) present the program's theory illustrated by a logic model, and (3) explore its initial usability and prospective acceptability. Applying user-centered design methods, the intervention development followed six steps: (1) a literature review to identify evidence‑based therapeutic components of self‑guided interventions for PPD, (2) interviews with women with lived experience of PPD and group discussions with mental health experts and home‑visiting providers to identify user needs, (3) iterative design and content development with stakeholder feedback in collaboration with the Department of Digital Psychiatry, (4) prototype testing using think‑aloud usability sessions and interviews with 5 mothers, (5) a group cognitive walkthrough with mental health experts, and (6) final refinement and implementation of the iCARE program with developers and designers. Initial interviews with mothers and maternal health care providers emphasized the importance of a digital intervention offering timely psychoeducation, coping strategies, and pathways to in-person care while addressing the diversity of expressions of PPD symptoms. Stakeholders recommended a flexible program, multimodal content, and integration into maternal care systems with community health nurses supporting engagement and participation. The prototype was designed to be user-centered, engaging, and with multiple interactive features. It included components on psychoeducation, cognitive exercises grounded in cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment principles, and mood-monitoring. The prototype was designed to be user-centered and engaging, with interactive features and components on psychoeducation, cognitive exercises grounded in cognitive behavioral and acceptance and commitment principles, and mood-monitoring. Prototype testing indicated high prospective acceptability and led to refinements across 6 themes: appropriateness of content; motivation and engagement; inclusivity and gender representation; clarity of instructions and data use; understanding of therapeutic method; and usability, layout, and navigation. iCARE is a self-guided internet-based psychological intervention for mothers with mild and moderate symptoms of PPD in Denmark. It was developed with user input by using qualitative methods, user-centered design, and psychological theory. Further research is needed to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the program in a randomized controlled trial and its integration into maternal health care models such as universal PPD screening and home-visiting.
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to describe age- and sex-specific reference values for CRF in healthy adults in Kazakhstan and to examine age-related changes in key physiological parameters, including peak heart rate and body mass index. The research included 3271 nonsmoking adults aged 20 to 59 years, free of health issues, who performed symptom-limited incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cycle ergometer between 2018 and 2025. The highest 30-s average value from exercise testing defined peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). VO2 peak were lower in older age groups in both sexes. In men, VO2 peak values was 43.4 ± 7.41 mL/kg/min during ages 20-29 and 38.3 ± 6.32 mL/kg/min during ages 50-59. In women, corresponding VO2 peak values were 39.2 ± 6.49 and 30.8 ± 5.78 mL/kg/min. Peak heart rate also was lower in older ages (men: 174 ± 11 to 142 ± 8 bpm; women: 179 ± 10 to 143 ± 11 bpm). Simple linear regression results showed that age was a significant predictor of VO2 peak, BMI, and peak heart rate in both men and women (p < .001). This study provides the first nationally relevant descriptive data on CRF reference values for Kazakh adults. Cardiorespiratory fitness describes how well the heart and lungs supply oxygen to the body during physical activity. It is an important indicator of overall health and is strongly linked to the risk of heart disease and early death. However, until now, there has been little information about typical fitness levels in adults living in Kazakhstan. This study included over 3200 healthy, nonsmoking adults aged 20 to 59 years. Participants completed a controlled exercise test on a stationary bicycle to measure their maximum oxygen use (a key marker of fitness). The study also examined heart rate and body weight changes with age. The results showed that fitness levels decrease as people get older in both men and women. Younger adults had higher fitness levels and higher maximum heart rates during exercise, while older adults showed lower values. Body weight tended to increase with age. When compared with other countries, fitness levels in Kazakhstan were lower than in some Western populations (such as the United States and Norway), but higher than in others (such as Korea and Lithuania). These findings provide the first reference values for cardiorespiratory fitness in Kazakh adults. This information can help doctors better assess patient health and support the development of targeted prevention programs. Improving fitness through regular physical activity may play an important role in reducing the risk of heart disease and improving long-term health outcomes.
ObjectiveTo analyze the effectiveness of a virtual educational intervention on care performance and knowledge of family caregivers of older adults with stroke sequels, when compared with usual guidance.MethodsA randomized pragmatic trial was carried out with 58 family caregivers of older adults with stroke sequels, randomized to the Intervention Group and Management Group. For Intervention Group a massive, open, online course was made available to equip caregivers with the necessary tools to assist older adults in activities of daily living after discharge. Moreover, telecommunication consultations were held on the seventh, thirtieth, sixtieth and eightieth days to check the course progress and possible difficulties. The course and telephone calls were made by research nurses. Caregiver assessment was carried out close to hospital discharge, before the intervention, and 90 days later, using three indicators of the outcome "Caregiver Performance: Direct Care" and six indicators of the outcome "Knowledge: Stroke Management" of the Nursing Outcomes Classification.ResultsA significant improvement was observed in intragroup assessment in Intervention Group for the indicator "Assists with care recipient's activities of daily living needs" (p < 0.001) of the outcome "Caregiver Performance: Direct Care" and for the indicator "Causes and contributing factors" (p = 0.021) of the outcome "Knowledge: Stroke Management". The indicator "Strategies to maintain skin integrity" of the outcome "Knowledge: Stroke Management" showed statistical significance in intergroup assessment, with better results for Control Group (p = 0.040), in addition to a significant improvement in intragroup assessment for Intervention Group (p = 0.008).ConclusionsThe intervention was effective for Intervention Group members, improving performance and knowledge about care for older adults when comparing baseline and final assessments.Implications for PracticeThe use of a massive, open, online course and telephone monitoring improves outcomes in care for older adults after discharge, which reflects the importance of nurses' educational. Registered in Clinical Trials (NCT05553340).DescriptorsStroke; Family Caregiver; Educational Technology; Standardized Nursing Terminology; Geriatric Nursing; Transition from Hospital to Home.
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Two novel actinobacterium strains ZYX-F-536T and ZYX-F-553 were isolated from marine sediment in Yongxing Island, Hainan Province, China. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain ZYX-F-536T belongs to the genus Micromonospora, with high similarities to strain ZYX-F-553 (99.9%), Micromonospora alfalfae MED01T (99.0%), Micromonospora auratinigra DSM 44815T (99.0%), Micromonospora saelicesensis Lupac 09T ZYX (99.0%), Micromonospora arida LB32T (99.0%) and Micromonospora foliorum PSH25T (98.9%). The novel isolate ZYX-F-536T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glycine and d-alanine in the cell wall. The whole-cell sugars were rhamnose, ribose, glucose and xylose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H4) (38.6%), MK-10(H6) (31.2%) and MK-10(H8) (20.1%). The characteristic phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unknown phospholipids. The major fatty acids (>10%) were C15:0, C16:0, C17:0 and anteiso-C17:0. Genome sequencing showed a DNA G+C content of 71.9 mol%. The low ANI and dDDH values demonstrated that strain ZYX-F-536T could be readily distinguished from the closely related species. Based on phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and physiological characteristics, strain ZYX-F-536T represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora yongxingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZYX-F-536T (=CCTCC AA 2025094T=JCM 38260T).
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Membrane fusion is central to biological function and bioengineering, yet few design rules exist that enable proteins to be programmed to drive fusion at defined membrane interfaces. Here, we show that cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB), a naturally occurring glycolipid-binding pentamer, can be re-engineered into a programmable membrane fusogen by assembling two CTB units through rationally designed coiled-coil linkers attached to the CTA2 peptide that threads through the CTB pentamer. Using discrete parallel and antiparallel coiled-coil architectures, we generated CTB dimers with defined orientations and examined their ability to drive fusion of giant unilamellar vesicles containing the CTB ligand ganglioside GM1. Fusion efficiency was evaluated using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based lipid mixing assay, while flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) provided mechanistic insights. Both parallel and antiparallel CTB dimers induced cross-linking and full fusion; strikingly, fusogenic efficiency was governed primarily by the length of the CTA2 linker rather than coiled-coil orientation. These findings establish a generalizable strategy for engineering lectin-based fusogens with tunable activity, defining linker geometry as a key design parameter and advancing the development of programmable membrane fusion platforms for drug delivery and synthetic cell systems.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key biomarkers of oxidative stress in the tumor microenvironment (TME), yet their non-invasive, real-time visualization remains challenging. Here, we present biotinylated PEGylated bilirubin nanobubbles encapsulating perfluoropentane gas (bt-PEG-BR@PFP) as ROS-responsive contrast agents for dual-modality ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Upon ROS exposure, the bilirubin shell undergoes oxidative degradation, leading to nanobubble fusion and signal amplification in both US and T2*-weighted MRI. In vitro, biotin-mediated cellular uptake and ROS-induced fusion were validated in A549 cancer cells. In vivo, intratumoral injection of bt-PEG-BR@PFP into dual-tumor xenografts led to a >3.7-fold increase in US signal intensity in ROS-high A549 tumors compared to ROS-low DU145 tumors, which was abolished by the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine. Following systemic administration, the nanobubbles accumulated selectively in A549 tumors through biotin-mediated targeting and produced ∼50-fold higher US signal than in DU145 tumors. In contrast, the clinical agent SonoVue showed no such tumor selectivity and ROS-responsive signal enhancement. MRI studies revealed a time-dependent signal drop only in A549 tumors treated with bt-PEG-BR@PFP, consistent with ROS-mediated nanobubble fusion. These results highlight bt-PEG-BR@PFP as a promising and clinically translatable platform for non-invasive, dual-modality imaging of tumor oxidative stress, with potential utility in various ROS-associated pathologies.
Adults and pupae of black flies assigned to the Simulium (Simulium) multistriatum species-group collected from Sumatra, Indonesia in 1992 and 1994 were reexamined. As a result, three undescribed species were found besides S. (S.) fenestratum Edwards, the only species in this species-group so far described from Sumatra. These undescribed species are described as new: S. (S.) mutaralamense sp. nov., which is characterized in the female by the haired basal portion of the radial vein, in the male by the number of upper-eye (large) facets in 18 or 19 vertical columns and 19 or 20 horizontal rows and hind basitarsus entirely darkened, and in the pupa by the gill with eight filaments widely divergent when viewed laterally; S. (S.) lubuksulasihense sp. nov., which is similar to S. (S.) mutaralamense sp. nov., but differs by the male hind basitarsus yellow on its basal one-third; and S. (S.) liwaense sp. nov., which is characterized in the male by the smaller number of upper-eye (large) facets in 14 or 15 vertical columns and 16 horizontal rows, and in the pupa by the gill with eight filaments moderately divergent when viewed laterally, and all three anterodorsal trichomes unbranched on each side of the thorax. Taxonomic notes to distinguish these new species from their related species are given. The male and pupa of S. (S.) fenestratum are redescribed.
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) not only activate the carbonyl carbon centers of aldehyde derivatives but also enable radical-mediated remote activation of enals, thereby achieving site-selective functionalization. This versatile synthetic strategy facilitates β-hydroxylation, β-arylation, alkylation at the γ-, ε-positions, along with a diverse range of cyclization reactions.This article presents a systematic review of recent advances in NHC-catalyzed remote functionalization of enals via single-electron redox processes. The discussion focuses on the underlying reaction mechanisms, and the review is categorized by the types of NHC catalytic cycles involved. Common oxidants employed in these reactions, such as ArNO2, CBr4, Togni I, and photoredox catalysis, are also detailed.
Blueberry leaves (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton), cultivated in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan, represent a promising natural health-promoting resource. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of blueberry leaf extract (BLEx) using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264 macrophage cells. BLEx (up to 100 μg/mL) significantly suppressed nitric oxide production and reduced both the secretion and mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, while showing no significant effect on tumor necrosis factor-α, indicating selective anti-inflammatory activity. Highly polymerized proanthocyanidins, one of the major components of BLEx, contributed to the suppression of IL-1β production. BLEx treatment also induced morphological changes, including intracellular vacuole formation, suggesting the involvement of autophagy. Consistently, the expression of autophagy-related factors increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and inhibition of autophagy attenuated the suppressive effect of BLEx on IL-1β. Overall, BLEx exerts anti-inflammatory effects partly via autophagy activation and may be useful for preventing IL-1β-related inflammatory disorders.
The use of restorative practices may be an alternative approach to responding to patients and families harmed by medical racism. Little research has explored its implementation in health care settings or the perspectives of residents and fellows (ie, medical learners) regarding its use in academic clinical settings. To elicit perspectives from medical learners on using restorative practices to address patient and family concerns about racism and other identity-based harms in the health care context. This qualitative study consisted of one-on-one semistructured interviews with residents and fellows between May and July 2024. Participants were invited from 76 adult and pediatric training programs affiliated with the University of Washington. The interview guide was developed by the study team, and interviews were conducted via videoconferencing and lasted approximately 30 minutes. Each participant received a $50 gift card as compensation. Medical learners' perspectives and concerns about implementing restorative practices to address racism in health care settings. Thematic analysis was used to identify these perspectives. Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was reached. A total of 20 medical learners were interviewed. These participants had a mean (SD) age of 32.3 (3.2) years; 13 (65%) were women and 8 (40%) identified as Asian, 4 (20%) as Black, and 8 (40%) as White individuals. Eight participants (40%) had heard of restorative practices, mostly in the criminal justice and educational settings; 5 (25%) were confident in explaining what restorative practices entailed; and 2 (10%) had participated in restorative circles. In general, medical learners were supportive of using restorative practices to address medical racism and other harms experienced by patients and families. However, medical learners identified important concerns regarding preparation for this work (prework and intention setting), burden of participation (time barriers and personal and professional risks), and goals and outcomes (patient and family willingness, goals identification, and healing and harm mitigation). This qualitative study found that medical learners were open to working with patients and families using restorative practices to address medical racism and other identity-based harms; these participants also identified additional concerns regarding implementation such as preparation, barriers and risks, and meaningful goals and outcomes. Future studies should investigate potential solutions to these concerns as well as include perspectives from patients and families to support evidence-based implementation.
Identifying the enzyme functions of proteins and their catalytic residues are vital to our understanding of diverse cellular processes. However, existing frameworks that can concurrently determine the enzymatic functions and active sites of proteins are scarce, and still have much room for improvement in prediction performance. In this study, we present EC-LMGraph, a protein language model- and graph convolutional network-based framework to predict enzyme commission (EC) numbers from protein sequence features and structures, and saliency mapping to score representative residues attributing to the enzymatic functions. EC-LMGraph attained an average F1 score of 0.77 in 3rd-level EC number prediction, and 0.76 in 4th-level prediction, outperforming numerous other algorithms that were either sequence-based only, or additionally incorporated structural information. Benchmarking on the Mechanism and Catalytic Site Atlas dataset and a set of Parkinson's disease-related proteins, we showed that EC-LMGraph showed a stronger emphasis on catalytic sites than the current state-of-the-art algorithm DeepFRI. Combining EC-LMGraph with AlphaFold2, our framework correctly determined the 3rd-level EC numbers of 229,160 proteins based purely on their predicted structures. We show that EC-LMGraph is capable of accurately predicting the 3rd/4th-level EC numbers, and pinpointing the key amino acid residues for many enzymes. EC-LMGraph is implemented and freely available at https://github.com/ngyuilun/EC-LMGraph.
Undocumented immigrants are more than 5 times as likely as US citizens to be uninsured. Before 2020, undocumented young adults aged 19 to 25 years in California were eligible for restricted-scope Medi-Cal, which only covers emergency services. To examine the association of the California 2020 full-scope Medi-Cal expansion to young adults aged 19 to 25 years regardless of immigration status with coverage outcomes and to assess subgroup differences by race and ethnicity, sex, and age. This cross sectional study included American Community Survey respondents who were noncitizens aged 19 to 25 years before (2016-2019) and after (2021-2022) the policy's implementation in California; the treatment group was compared with California noncitizens aged 26 to 32 years and young adults aged 19 to 25 and 26 to 32 years from 6 comparison states (Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Nevada, New York, and Texas). Analysis was conducted from January 2024 to August 2025. California's 2020 Medi-Cal expansion. Triple difference analysis was used to estimate the association of the California Medi-Cal expansion with health insurance coverage (any, Medicaid, and private coverage) among noncitizens aged 19 to 25 years relative to California noncitizens aged 26 to 32 years and young adults in the 6 comparison states. The sample included 19 773 and 32 515 noncitizen American Community Survey respondents in California aged 19 to 25 years and 26 to 32 years, respectively, and 28 535 and 43 213 individuals aged 19 to 25 years and 26 to 32 years, respectively, residing in comparison states. Baseline weighted percentages for the 19- to 25-year treatment group included 52.1% (95% CI, 51.0%-53.2%) male, 31.9% (95% CI, 30.7%-33.0%) Asian non-Hispanic, 1.8% (95% CI, 1.5%-2.2%) Black non-Hispanic, 54.6% (95% CI, 53.4%-55.9%) Hispanic, 9.7% (95% CI, 8.9%-10.5%) White non-Hispanic, and 2.0% (95% CI, 1.6%-2.3%) other race non-Hispanic. Medi-Cal expansion was associated with a 4.2 (95% CI, 1.3-7.1)-percentage-point increase in Medicaid and a 3.5 (95% CI, 0.2-6.8)-percentage-point increase in any coverage. In subgroup analyses, percentage-point increases in Medicaid were statistically significant for Hispanic young adults (6.7 [95% CI, 2.6-10.9] percentage points), males (3.6 [95% CI, 0.1-7.1] percentage points), females (5.0 [95% CI, 0.7-9.3] percentage points), those aged 19 to 22 years (4.4 [95% CI, 0.7-8.1] percentage points), and those aged 23 to 25 years (4.0 [95% CI, 0.7-7.3] percentage points). In post hoc analyses, the estimates translated to increases in Medi-Cal and any coverage of 24.4 and 20.3 percentage points, or 30 665 and 25 554 young adults, respectively. In this cross-sectional study, the California 2020 Medi-Cal expansion was associated with significant coverage gains. Because the American Community Survey did not distinguish between restricted- and full-scope Medi-Cal, the analysis may have underestimated coverage increases, and further research is warranted to understand the health care and economic costs and benefits of California's expansion.
Prolyl hydroxylase domain enzyme 1 (PHD1) is a key regulator of hypoxic adaptation and metabolic homeostasis, playing an important role in tissue damage and repair. To enable precise pharmacological interrogation of PHD1 function, we developed the first PHD1 degrader using proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology. Our lead compound, SH-26, a cereblon (CRBN)-recruiting PROTAC, induced PHD1 degradation in a concentration-, time-, and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-dependent manner across multiple cell lines. In an acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) model, SH-26 demonstrated protective effects, attenuating hepatic inflammation and necrosis without detectable cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, SH-26-mediated PHD1 degradation attenuated APAP-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to robust in vivo protection against ALI. Collectively, our work identifies SH-26 as the first effective PHD1 degrader and demonstrates its utility as a chemical tool to dissect the pathological role of PHD1 in ALI.
Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is a known adverse effect of corticosteroid use and may lead to corticosteroid-induced glaucoma. However, clinical evidence on the impact of topical corticosteroids (TCS) on IOP is limited. To evaluate changes in IOP during short-term treatment with periocular and whole-body TCS (studies 1 and 2) and systemic corticosteroids (study 3). This report includes the findings of 3 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) conducted at Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (Denmark). Study 1 was an open-label RCT of patients with periocular atopic dermatitis (AD) and healthy controls, conducted from October 2021 to August 2023. Study 2 was a double-blind active comparator RCT of patients with AD conducted from September 2019 to March 2021. Study 3 was a double-blind RCT of male individuals with overweight or obesity and without diabetes conducted from December 2019 to June 2021. Data were analyzed from October 2024 to April 2025. In study 1, patients with AD and healthy controls applied periocular hydrocortisone (1.0%) cream or hydrocortisone-17-butyrate (0.1%) cream for 4 weeks; another group of healthy controls received no treatment. In study 2, patients with AD completed 2 weeks of whole-body betamethasone 17-valerate (0.1%) plus placebo or tacrolimus (0.1%) twice daily, followed by 4 weeks of twice-weekly treatment. In study 3, patients with AD received 10 days of oral placebo or prednisolone (50 mg) or prednisolone (50 mg) plus curcumin (400 mg). Change in IOP-the primary end point in study 1 and a predefined secondary end point in studies 2 and 3. Study 1 included 24 patients, 8 with periocular atopic dermatitis (AD) and 16 healthy controls; study 2 included 36 patients with AD; and study 3 included 24 male individuals with overweight or obesity and without diabetes. The analysis of the 3 studies included a total of 84 participants (34 female [40.5%] and 50 male [59.5%] patients) with comparable baseline characteristics (mean [SD] age, 32 [9], 28 [10], and 46 [14] years). In study 1, right eye IOP significantly decreased in patients with AD after treatment compared to untreated controls (-2.5 mm Hg; 95% CI, -3.9 to -1.1 mm Hg; P = .002). No significant changes were observed in the left eye or among treated healthy controls. In studies 2 and 3, IOP remained stable, with no significant changes. In these 3 RCTs, short-term corticosteroid use, whether topical or systemic, did not appear to increase IOP. These findings support the ocular safety of short-term corticosteroid use. EU Clinical Trials Register Identifier: 2020-000252-35; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04114097 and NCT04315350.
Hookworm disease is one of the tropical neglected diseases that significantly impacts human health to varying degrees. Hookworms produce various proteins to facilitate host invasion and immune evasion. Despite available treatments, reinfection is common, underscoring the need for effective vaccines. However, the complexity of the hookworm's life cycle poses a challenge in understanding the immune response in the vaccine candidates. Reverse vaccinology (RV) offers a powerful approach to understand the immune response by using various bioinformatics tools. This study begins by identifying hookworm antigens capable of inducing host immune responses, followed by docking analysis with different dendritic cell (DC) receptors to investigate the immunological response of antigenic peptides and further correlated to the immunogenicity findings in clinical trial. Necator americanus GlutathioneS-Transferase-1 (Na-GST-1), a known immunogenic protein from Necator americanus, was selected for docking due to its strong antigenic properties. Fifteen DC receptors were evaluated against Na-GST-1, of which seven receptors (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, DEC-205, CD206, and CD36) exhibited stronger predicted interactions, as indicated by stronger binding affinities with Na-GST-1 utilizing various immunoinformatic tools. These receptors are associated with the mediation of Th1/Th2 immune responses, suggesting a potential correlation between docking affinity and the predicted immunogenicity of Na-GST-1. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into DC receptor-antigen interactions and demonstrate a computational approach for assessing the potential of hookworm antigens to engage DC receptors, thereby supporting rational hookworm vaccine design. These findings support the application of early in silico strategies for advancing vaccine candidates against hookworm infection and strengthening control efforts for neglected tropical diseases.