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There is an asymmetry between the origin (Source; move from X…) and end-point (Goal; …to Y) of motion events in both language and memory: Goals are mentioned more often and remembered more accurately than Sources. Here, we pursue the hypothesis that this Goal bias emerges as an online attentional bias that occurs during event apprehension and itself connects to event memory and linguistic measures. We record participants' eye movements as they view or prepare to describe motion events and later test their memory of Goals or Sources. We find an online attentional bias for Goals over Sources during initial encoding of events. This bias is stronger during free inspection compared to speech planning. Moreover, the extent of the attentional Goal bias is systematically related to both language production and memory: When the bias is the greatest, the Source is not later mentioned during production and/or not remembered later at test. In sum, we provide the first evidence that the Goal bias appears during visual encoding of motion events and identify a direct relation between event apprehension and later event description and memory.

Authentication systems often rely on individuals' ability to remember and accurately input complex passwords in digital environments. However, this task becomes impractical as the demand for higher security measures increases. Researchers have proposed several methods to improve password authentication over the years, yet most methods come with a trade-off between security and usability. Password managers are a well-known solution to make password security usable, but they introduce a widely discussed risk: if a password-manager (PM) vault is compromised, many accounts can be affected at once. This work augments passwords stored in PMs with a user-held secret to improve resilience in a vault-only compromise setting. The user's login secret is obtained by combining what is stored in the PM with a mnemonic remembered by the user, while the password stored in the PM serves as a decoy that can trigger an alarm indicating potential PM compromise. We conducted a user study using Mindlock, a browser-extension prototype that acts as a mnemonic application interface, to evaluate feasibility and usability in real login routines. Our study provides preliminary evidence that users can adopt mnemonic-based augmentation with limited impact on usability, and we discuss the security implications under a rate-limited online threat model.

Managing chronic pain involves cognitive and emotional challenges that may affect treatment adherence. Patients' ability to remember clinician advice is therefore important. Clinician behaviours may influence these processes. To investigate whether recounting autobiographical memories of perceived validating (vs. invalidating) healthcare experiences influences subsequent recall of health-related information in people living with chronic pain, 245 adults with chronic pain (≥3 months) were recruited online. Eligibility criteria included: age ≥ 18 years, fluent in English, no hearing difficulties or mental health conditions, and at least one healthcare visit in the previous two years. Participants were quasi-randomly assigned to describe either a validating or invalidating consultation they had previously experienced. Before and after this task, participants rated their pain intensity and pain-related fear. Participants then listened to 20 health messages and were later asked to recall them in an incidental memory test. The primary outcome was incidental recall of health messages, operationalised as the likelihood of recalling each of the 20 messages. Secondary outcomes included pain intensity and pain-related fear. Recall was analysed using a binomial generalized linear mixed-effects model accounting for individual differences (pain intensity, pain-related fear, immersion in the task, age, sex, and pain duration).Participants who described a validating consultation were more likely to recall health messages than those in the invalidating condition (19% higher odds of recalling each message, based on model estimates). The association was not mediated by change in pain-related fear. These findings indicate that remembering validating consultations might boost retention of health information, highlighting clinician-validation as a potential strategy to support cognitive functioning in people living with chronic pain.

Testing prior knowledge has been found to enhance learning new, related information. In this paper, we report on the development of a multiple-choice question (MCQ) test of basic science knowledge designed to elicit a particular kind of cognitive processing-distinctive processing-that, we argue, may be beneficial to future learning and clinical reasoning. Distinctive processing entails noticing both similarities and differences among concepts or entities. The recruitment and distinctive processing of prior basic science knowledge may optimally prepare learners to understand, remember and apply new, related clinical information. We developed two versions of a 19-item basic science MCQ. Both versions of the test had identical stems and correct response options; one version had very similar, plausible or "competitive" incorrect response options while the other version had less similar or "non-competitive" incorrect response options. We hypothesized that the "competitive" test version would elicit more distinctive processing than the "non-competitive" version. We conducted a concurrent verbal protocol to assess the response processes elicited by the two different test versions. We found that the MCQ items designed with competitive or plausible incorrect answer options elicited more distinctive processing than MCQ items with less competitive or less plausible incorrect response options. We showed that tests can be designed to promote cognitive processes that may be beneficial for future learning and that concurrent verbal protocols can be used to collect response process validity evidence for formative tests.

This paper advocates integrating affect neuroscience network and appraisal theories of emotion in a framework for the purpose of better describing and studying the emerging links between infant affect processes and cognition. Panskepp's empirical and theoretical work on affect networks (1998) and Scherer and Moore's working model of affect processing (2019) provide the theoretical underpinnings of the proposed developmental interface of affect and cognition. The framework describes early affect-cognitive links as continuously unfolding processes arising from everyday commerce with people and objects that are functional by 7 months. It assumes that affect processing accompanies all infant-relevant-environment transactions, but that the experiences infants have and the actions of which they are capable, are constrained at each age by their motor development and appraisal capacities. It hypothesizes that infant brains appraise recurring contexts, remember predictions including the affect and the appraisals correlated with them, and generalize across contexts. By 9 months, appraisals of control, intention, social cognition, and self-relevance become increasingly important in determining affect experience. By two years, self-referential processes influence affect and appraisal.

Remembering the order of events is a fundamental component of human episodic memory. We investigated neural representations of temporal order using intracranial EEG recordings from 43 participants performing a serial order reconstruction with extensive sampling of frontal and temporal regions. Prior non-human primate neurophysiology and human lesion studies implicate ventral prefrontal cortex in order processing. Building on this work, we examined which cortical regions and burst-based neural dynamics carry reliable serial-position information. We trained classifiers on duration-weighted burst-event time series spanning ripple-range, beta, and gamma frequencies. Burst dynamics in the left pars orbitalis and right frontal pole supported reliable above-chance decoding of serial position across participants. In contrast, hippocampal and parietal regions did not exhibit reliable cross-participant decoding using the same feature set. To situate these findings within broader episodic memory networks, we quantified functional connectivity using centrality metrics and Granger Causality analyses. Pars orbitalis and frontal pole exhibited higher network centrality, consistent with a central role in organizing temporal-order representations, and Granger-based directed effects were interpreted as suggestive of directional influence. By linking serial-position information to region-specific burst-event dynamics, these findings extend current accounts of temporal context coding, including models based on time-sensitive neuronal populations and representational drift. This framework provides a feature- and circuit-level characterization of temporal-order representations in humans and may guide future neuromodulation approaches.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to isolate the source of memorability benefits in recognition-based graphical authentication. The effects of retrieval (recall vs. recognition) and font representation (plain vs. distinctive) on usability measures were examined.BackgroundStrong system-assigned passwords are difficult to remember. This motivates next-generation authentication to develop schemes that are memorable. Some researchers claim that their memorability improvement is due to dual-coding in long-term memory, while others highlight recognition retrieval. A distinctiveness theory was employed to transform text into images. This study examined whether text distinctiveness and recognition could yield memorability improvements while still using strong system-assigned alphanumeric passwords.MethodParticipants learned strong alphanumeric passwords using both traditional (recall) and Use Your Illusion (UYI) (recognition) authentication schemes. The UYI scheme presented the passwords in either plain or distinctive fonts. After practice with each authentication type, participants completed a test login after 5 minutes and 3 weeks later. Measurements included initial practice errors, login errors, login time, and ease ratings.ResultsManipulating font distinctiveness did not significantly improve memorability. Recognition-based UYI interactions significantly outperformed recall-based password entry on all metrics after a 3-week delay. Text-based recognition achieved high memorability, comparable to performance reported for a graphical authentication benchmark.ConclusionAuthentication memorability was primarily driven by the retrieval type. Transforming passwords into images did not enhance memorability, possibly due to a ceiling effect. However, employing a recognition-based scheme dramatically increased text password memorability.ApplicationFindings suggest designers can significantly enhance authentication memorability by leveraging recognition memory, even with standard text.

Spatial navigation is considered essential for survival and therefore likely to have been selected for across vertebrates; however, similarities and differences in the mechanisms underlying these abilities across species remain unclear. The current experiment was designed to investigate strategies underlying spatial navigation in green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles. Tadpoles were trained to navigate a maze either by using external cues to navigate (place learners), or by remembering the specific egocentric actions that led to escape from the maze (response learners). There were no significant differences in acquisition following place or response learning, which suggests some flexibility in their spatial navigation strategies. However, only ten tadpoles reached the learning criterion before metamorphosis, which was fewer than that predicted by chance alone. Of these, six were place learners and four were response learners. Three place learners appeared to retain this information in the short term - pointing to the intriguing possibility that green frog tadpoles may retain this information for a period of several weeks or longer. Future studies should set a stricter learning criterion and focus on how memory is retained following metamorphosis.

Remembering faces and their associated contexts is important for healthy social cognition. We used a social opinion paradigm to assess whether the valence and relevance (about the self or other) of expressed opinions influenced memory for faces and who the opinion was about. Participants (N = 144) read opinions varying in reference and valence (e.g. "She thinks your/his smile is beautiful/crooked") followed by neutral faces said to hold the opinion. Participants rated their feelings of valence and arousal, followed by a surprise old/new face recognition test. Face recognition was not influenced by the type of opinion. We also assessed accuracy of "reference attribution" for the social opinion. Participants reported whether the opinion was in reference to themselves or someone else. Reference attributions were more accurate for opinions directed toward others than oneself. Moreover, higher endorsement of symptoms of depression was linked to enhanced reference attribution accuracy for self-related contexts, while higher endorsement of anxiety symptoms was associated with lower attribution accuracy. Results suggest the influence of social context on memory depends on context valence and personal relevance, as well as participants' trait symptoms.

Remembering the identity and the location of distinct spatial elements is crucial for an animal's successful exploration of their environment. Locating food and shelter are but a few behaviors that rely on forming effective associations between the identity and location of spatial elements. Object-in-place (OiP) tasks are commonly used in rats to assess this identity-location association. While the availability of genetic resources has made the mouse an increasingly used animal model in neuroscience research, very few studies have successfully assessed OiP in mice. To address this limitation, we tested three distinct experimental designs of the spontaneous OiP preference task in adult C57/129 J and C57BL/6 J mice. C57BL/6 J, but not C57/129 J mice, displayed OiP preference in the four-object version of the OiP task. In contrast, mice of both strains successfully performed the two-object OiP task design, with retention intervals of five minutes and one hour. To broaden our task validation, we uncovered the ontogenetic profile of two-object OiP in C57/129 J mice, which emerges between postnatal day (P)25 and P28 in this mouse strain. Our data establish robust guidelines for successful assessment of OiP preference in mice across the lifespan, expanding the available behavioral toolbox for spatial memory research in mice.

Hippocampal and cortical memory circuits, which enable the capacity to remember details from one's past, are believed to reach maturity by early adolescence. Here, we demonstrate that the transition from early to late adolescence involves extensive reorganization of the retrosplenial (RSP) cortex along with significant memory expression deficits. Specifically, the densities of perineuronal nets (PNNs) and the expression of parvalbumin (PV) established in mice RSP during early adolescence (p30) significantly declined by late adolescence (p60-p75). In parallel, using context fear conditioning, we found that memories acquired during early adolescence were significantly impaired. These cellular and memory changes could be alleviated by PNN stabilization, indicating that they were secondary to PNN loss. Consistent with this, memory expression spontaneously recovered with PNN build-up in later life. Furthermore, late adolescence mice show a decrease in the level of key PNN constituents (especially aggrecan and neurocan) and the expression of transforming growth factor beta (Tgfβ) in RSP. RSP-targeted infusion of Tgfβ2 attenuated the decrease of PNN and neurocan, supporting a role of Tgfβ2 signaling in PNN build-up. These indicate that the decrease of PNNs during late adolescence was likely due to multiple molecular adaptations. Together, our findings show that RSP ECM undergoes dynamic reorganization until adulthood and beyond, with particularly strong fluctuations during late adolescence. In addition to affecting the expression of remote memories, in susceptible individuals, the observed dynamics could interact with genetic factors, increasing the risk of late adolescent psychopathologies.

Background and Purpose: Nursing students need to recognize when clinical cues are important or nonessential. By using signal detection theory (SDT) to guide the analysis of nursing student responses, nurse educators can understand and categorize student learning needs to direct remediation. The purpose of this study is to describe and compare the nursing student- and nurse educator-identified needs for remediation after participating in a signal detection trial study for patient deterioration. Methods: A secondary analysis of qualitative data from a mixed-methods study that examined a convenience sample (n = 14) of second-semester senior nursing students from a cohort at a private university was conducted for the identified concept of remediation. The original data were collected using semistructured individual interviews, using a convenience sample. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: Two concepts emerged: student-identified remediation and researcher-identified remediation, with subconcepts of knowledge gaps and thinking deficits. Knowledge gaps included when students could not remember relevant information or when the researcher noted incorrect knowledge. Thinking deficits included when data were connected incorrectly or the wrong decision was made. Implications for Practice: Using SDT allowed researchers to identify the errors students were making in order for educators to better categorize errors and plan for effective remediation.

School physical education (PE) is one of the few contexts in which nearly all individuals encounter structured movement. We explored whether adults' PE memories relate to sport and exercise participation across behavioral dimensions such as engagement, time investment, and participation style. Using a quota-representative sample of adults living in Germany (N = 2,201), we examined whether the affective valence of adults' memories of PE (PEMV) and the timing of self-reported formative sport and exercise experiences (FSEE) were associated with adult sport and exercise behavior. Analyses distinguished between three behavioral layers: whether individuals participated in sport and exercise, how much time active adults spent on sport and exercise, and how participation was organized across the week. A hurdle model was used for engagement versus non-engagement, and linear mixed models were estimated for engagement volume and participation style among active adults. PEMV was most strongly associated with whether adults reported participating in sport and exercise, indicating a gatekeeping pattern. Most respondents remembered their formative experiences occurring in childhood or adolescence, and within these groups, more positive PE memories were associated with lower odds of non-engagement. The smaller group of respondents identifying adulthood as their formative period showed a decoupling of PE memories and sport and exercise participation. Among active adults, associations between PEMV and engagement volume depended on FSEE. Participation style was unrelated to PEMV and FSEE, but varied systematically with age, with younger adults tending toward fewer longer sessions and older adults toward more frequent shorter sessions. Our findings suggest that school PE may function as a population-level motivational gatekeeper for later sport and exercise participation. At the same time, the apparent decoupling of PEMV and participation in adults identifying adulthood as their formative period suggests that negative PE memories need not remain associated with lifelong disengagement. Later opportunities to choose forms of movement that better match individual preferences may provide second entry points into engagement. Differences in how sport and exercise are organized across adulthood suggest that promotion efforts may benefit from recognizing that sustained participation can take different forms in everyday life.