People with major depressive disorder (MDD) often struggle to pursue previously rewarding activities, which may relate to deficits experiencing pleasure, termed anhedonia. Anhedonia remains a challenge to target and treat. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) alleviates anhedonia in some patients with MDD, though rTMS is logistically burdensome. Identifying novel, translational phenotypes of reward pursuit may help identify who is most likely to respond to treatment. We used a translational reward task (Web-Surf) to test whether reward pursuit strategies in patients with MDD correlate with anhedonia reductions following rTMS. A naturalistic sample of patients with treatment-resistant MDD (N = 32) underwent daily rTMS and completed Web-Surf weekly. Depression and anhedonia symptoms were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). We examined whether the number of rewards earned, at baseline, correlated with self-reported hedonic experience and anhedonia reductions following rTMS. We also tested whether changes in reward earnings, over the rTMS course, were specific to patients with reduced anhedonia. Patients with MDD who earned more desired rewards at baseline reported a more pleasurable experience during Web-Surf (baseline) and exhibited greater anhedonia reductions (late treatment - baseline). Patients increasingly earned more desired rewards over the therapy course, and this change was specific to patients whose anhedonia improved with rTMS. We present a novel translational reward-pursuit metric that correlates with anhedonia reductions following rTMS therapy. This translational phenotype shows promise for tracking clinical treatment response in depression.
Anxiety and depression are highly comorbid. Across species, depression-related phenotypes have been linked to reduced willingness to expend effort to pursue rewards. Effortful threat avoidance has been less extensively studied. Here, we used a dimensional model of psychopathology to investigate whether distinct sub-dimensions of depressed and anxious affect differentially impact effortful reward pursuit versus threat avoidance in humans. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling revealed that component decision-making mechanisms underlying effortful reward pursuit were differentially impacted by latent dimensions capturing the depressive symptoms of apathy versus anhedonia. Meanwhile, only the latent dimension tapping worry-related symptoms significantly impacted effortful threat avoidance, increasing willingness to exert effort to avoid threat and reducing sensitivity to threat magnitude.
Analyzing the pursuit of advanced cardiothoracic surgery training is important for determining the current educational paradigm. To this end, the advanced fellowship training pursued by both integrated 6-year (I-6) and traditional 2- or 3-year thoracic residency trainees was evaluated. Publicly available trainee lists were collected from I-6 and traditional thoracic surgery residency programs. Demographic information on these trainees was collected via institutional pages and faculty profiles. The following data was collected: year of graduation from cardiothoracic surgery residency, any advanced fellowship training, type of advanced fellowship training, type of practice after completion of training, professorship level, any advanced degrees, and leadership positions. A total of 671 cardiothoracic surgery trainees (I-6: 71, traditional: 600) who graduated between 2000 to 2021 from 57 training programs were analyzed. Of these 671 trainees, 179 (26.7%) pursued advanced fellowship training (I-6: 27 out of 71 [38%], traditional:152 out of 600 [25.3%]; P = .022). We found no difference in the pursuit of advanced adult fellowships between I-6 or traditional trainees (I-6: 14 out of 71 [19.7%], traditional: 87 out of 600 [14.5%]; P = .245). The majority of trainees who pursued advanced fellowship training have an academic practice (135 out of 179 [75.4%]; P < .0001). The rate of advanced fellowship training has not increased from 2000 to 2021. The most common advanced fellowships for trainees were congenital, mechanical circulatory support/transplant, and aortic/endovascular surgery. I-6 trainees pursue congenital cardiac surgery and mechanical circulatory support at a higher rate compared with traditional trainees; however, they do not pursue advanced adult fellowships at a higher rate.
Fellowship training has become a near-universal component of orthopedic surgical education, yet the factors driving residents toward specific subspecialties remain incompletely characterized. Identifying these determinants is essential for residency program directors, fellowship training programs, and professional societies seeking to optimize workforce development and address persistent disparities in subspecialty representation. A comprehensive narrative review of 75 peer-reviewed studies was conducted using systematic searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciSpace. Quantitative survey data, national fellowship match statistics, and qualitative findings were synthesized to characterize factors influencing fellowship selection across five major orthopedic subspecialties: sports medicine, spine surgery, arthroplasty (adult reconstruction), pediatric orthopedics, and trauma. Fellowship selection is a multifaceted decision driven by intrinsic motivation, operative exposure in residency, mentorship relationships, and practical considerations that vary substantially across subspecialties. Sports medicine applicants prioritize clinical outcomes, personal interest, and operative variety. Arthroplasty candidates emphasize intellectual challenge and mentorship quality, whereas pursuit of a spine fellowship shows the strongest correlation with operative volume during residency (108.4 ± 50.7 vs. 74.4 ± 60.2 cases, p < 0.01). Pediatric orthopedics attracts the highest proportion of female applicants at 25% and is distinguished by program directors' emphasis on interview performance and letters of recommendation. Significant gender disparities persist, with female representation ranging from 3% in spine to 25% in pediatrics against an overall mean of 11%. Quantitative trauma-specific selection data remain limited in the published literature. Personal interest and subspecialty passion are universal drivers in fellowship selection, while operative volume, mentorship quality, intellectual challenge, and financial considerations shape distinctive applicant profiles across subspecialties. The more-than-eightfold variation in female representation across fellowships suggests the need for targeted mentorship initiatives, culture assessments, and increased visibility of role models, particularly in spine surgery.
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, a live-attenuated derivative of Mycobacterium bovis, has long been central to global tuberculosis prevention. Although it protects well against severe childhood TB, its efficacy against adult pulmonary TB is variable. At the same time, epidemiological and clinical observations suggest that BCG may reduce all-cause mortality and protect against infections beyond TB. Randomised trials have reported lower neonatal all-cause mortality and fewer sepsis-related deaths, supporting the idea of broader immunological benefits. These heterologous effects are proposed to be derived from trained immunity, a form of functional reprogramming of innate immune cells driven by epigenetic and metabolic changes. In some settings, BCG may also induce trained tolerance, leading to a more suppressive immune state, based mainly on animal and in vitro evidence. Clinically, intravesical BCG is an established local immunotherapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, with current evidence and emerging data suggesting that its effects may extend beyond the bladder through systemic immune training. However, repurposing BCG for other cancers, non-oncological autoimmune diseases, and respiratory tract infections remains established in experimental animal models but is represented with mixed efficacy accompanied by inconclusiveness in human trials and mostly in preclinical or early-phase evidence. Major barriers to translation include strain variability, lack of standardised dosing, uncertain durability, and unresolved long-term safety concerns. Future progress will depend on engineered BCG derivatives, improved delivery systems, rational combination therapies, and well-designed controlled clinical trials.Methodology: Literature was identified through searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library, from database inception to 2026, with a primary focus on studies published between 2011 and 2026. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine was developed over a century ago, in 1921, to combat tuberculosis. Beyond its primary role, researchers are uncovering its capacity for “trained immunity” a form of innate immune memory. This process involves the functional reprogramming of the body’s natural defenses, which may allow them to respond to a diverse spectrum of pathogens and diseases.Clinical observations have established that BCG administration may reduce neonatal mortality from non-specific infections, such as sepsis, by enhancing the underlying immune reprogramming and granulopoiesis. This broad-spectrum immunomodulation remains investigational and preclinical for oncological applications with mixed and negative results. While BCG is already a foundational immunotherapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, emerging evidence suggests it possesses epigenetic reprogramming potential that may work to some extent in fighting respiratory tract infections and to some extent slow down progression of autoimmune conditions, including type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis, with mixed/biased outcomes.However, the transition from successful preclinical models to widespread clinical use requires addressing several complex variables. These include the nuances of strain variability, standardized dosing protocols, and the long-term systemic safety of these therapies. The future of BCG-based vaccines lies in the development of engineered derivatives and novel delivery mechanisms designed to optimize this “trained” response.For patients and advocates, this research represents a noble pursuit: repurposing the BCG vaccine by overcoming translational challenges and by bridging a century of vaccine history with modern epigenetic science, we can enter a new era of multi-targeted disease prevention and treatment.Methodology: Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library, with additional screening of relevant reviews and reference lists from independent journals and reputable scientific websites, from database inception to 2026, to identify English-language articles, with a primary focus on recent developments from 2011 to 2026. while integrating a few from foundational records of earlier years. Search terms included combinations of “Bacillus Calmette-Guérin,” “BCG,” “trained immunity,” “innate immune memory,” “heterologous effects,” “epigenetic reprogramming,” “metabolic reprogramming,” “histone modification,” “lactylation,” “tolerance,” and disease-specific terms such as “tuberculosis,” “bladder cancer,” “autoimmunity,” and “viral infection,” chosen to capture the major biological mechanisms, clinical applications, and conflicting or context-dependent outcomes of BCG-induced immune modulation.
Ecological security assessment is of fundamental importance for the conservation and sustainable management of fragile grassland ecosystems. Traditional assessment methods are frequently limited by subjective indicator weighting and inadequate consideration of spatial autocorrelation, which constrains their reliability in evaluating complex grassland systems. This study examined the spatiotemporal patterns of grassland ecological security in Northwest Sichuan, China, from 2000 to 2020, by integrating the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework, a Genetic Algorithm-optimized Projection Pursuit Model (GA-PPM) and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The GA-PPM was applied to achieve objective weighting of key indicators and identify spatial heterogeneity in ecological security. Results revealed that ecologically vulnerable zones were mainly distributed in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the study area. Slope and population density were identified as the dominant driving factors, illustrating the combined constraints of topographic characteristics and anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., grazing and tourism). Based on these ecological insights, study propose targeted strategies including differentiated zoning management and ecological restoration to mitigate grassland degradation. This integrated approach provides both a methodological basis and practical reference for ecological security assessment in other fragile grassland regions globally.
The COVID-19 pandemic brought to the fore a novel problem, one of compliance with society-wide recommendations by medical and health authorities. During the pandemic, Australian citizens were enforced with a COVID-related directive, QR code check-in when entering venues, to enable tracing of individuals who had encountered an infected person. The theory of reasoned goal pursuit (TRGP), an extension of the theory of planned behaviour, is a new theory that, in this context, suggests the dominant determinants of compliance with this directive are people's active goals. This study provides a test of the TRGP for this novel behaviour. The research comprised an elicitation study of 169 Australians to identify their procurement and approval goals, behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs regarding complying with QR code check-in requirements. Then, a prospective study (N = 343) was employed to assess the effects of these goals and beliefs on compliance using a path model. The model accounted for a great deal of the variance in motivation and intention, and a moderate portion of variance in QR code check-in behaviour. Procurement and approval goals predicted attitude and subjective norm, respectively, and both negatively moderated the effect of other beliefs. Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control predicted behaviour via motivation and intention. Current findings add to the growing research on the TRGP and may contribute both to pandemic preparedness and future synthesis and refinement of social cognition models that acknowledge the role of goals in fulfillment of actions.
A decline in intentions to pursue careers in academic medicine (AM) has been observed, despite their importance for healthcare systems and scientific advancement. Persistent gender disparities further highlight the need to understand the factors shaping these career choices. This cross-sectional online survey study examined factors associated with AM career intentions among 1,641 french medical residents (63% women) who completed an online survey assessing individual (e.g. self-efficacy, professional interest), contextual (e.g. mentorship, perceived stress), and background variables (e.g. residency year, research experience). Regression analyses identified factors, while mediation and moderation analyses explored gender-related mechanisms. Consistent with prior research, interest in research, prior research training (MSc/PhD), and mentorship were associated with academic medicine career intentions. Additional factors included work-related expectations (higher work centrality, stimulation, and lower conformity/autonomy) and intrapreneurial self-capital. Gender differences were partly explained by research-related factors (57.06%) and work centrality (15.61%), with no moderating effects observed. Promoting AM careers requires enhancing early research exposure, providing structured mentorship, and fostering organizational flexibility to accommodate diverse professional goals. Strengthening supportive environments (especially for women) by improving mentorship access and workplace safety could sustain engagement and promote equity in academic medicine.
This study examined whether everyday stressor occurrence is associated with lower sense of purpose, and whether this association depends on stressor-related goal opportunities, the Big Five personality traits, or trait purpose. Data came from the Daily Experiences and Health Study (N = 236, ages 25-87). Participants reported on stressor occurrence and their feelings of purposefulness 4× per day in a 14-day ecological momentary assessment study. Multilevel analyses examined the within-person link between stressor occurrence and sense of purpose, including the Big Five and trait purpose as moderators. At the momentary level, sense of purpose was lower after encountering a stressor compared to stressor-free moments; however, this association was attenuated after accounting for negative affect. Importantly, stressor-related goal opportunity modulated this association. Low goal-opportunity stressors were associated with lower purpose, whereas high goal-opportunity stressors were associated with slightly higher purpose after accounting for negative affect. The Big Five and trait purpose did not moderate these associations. Sense of purpose tends to be sensitive to the occurrence of stressful events, but the relationship may depend on whether the stressor is appraised as an opportunity to pursue important goals.
The COVID-19 pandemic produced a devastating and unequal effect on global population health and wellbeing. Although research demonstrated multiple COVID-19 inequalities, the pursuit of equity (to address unfair inequalities) remained politically contested and overshadowed by higher priority crisis responses. It is essential to learn from these experiences to inform future crisis responses and anticipate the lack of proportionate and sustained attention to inequalities. We seek to understand how COVID-19 equity research defines this policy problem, offers solutions, and considers their feasibility in complex and political policy processes. We conducted a qualitative systematic review (2024) to identify peer reviewed journal articles on COVID-19, policymaking, and equity in three databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Proquest). We sought articles providing a non-trivial reference to policymaking concepts, including 55 texts that meet the inclusion criteria, and adding 30 texts by snowballing. We used an immersive and inductive approach to identify key themes and show how the use of policy concepts and theories informs an overall narrative of COVID-19 equity research. This research documents the unequal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and policy, then identifies potential policy solutions and some hopes that governments will support them. However, it highlights a major gap between this aspiration for change versus political reality, and identifies barriers to the production and use of lessons for future crises. Most governments appear to have learned few lessons about inequalities from their COVID-19 experiences. The literature suggests that most governments will contribute to very similar unfair inequalities in their responses to the next crisis. COVID-19 produced a devastating effect on global population health and wellbeing. Many governments seemed underprepared, taking took too long to address the profoundly unequal impact of COVID-19. It is essential to use research on these experiences to learn to respond more effectively to the next crisis. Policy learning seems like a valence issue: who would not want to learn to improve policy and policymaking? However, meaningful engagement between researchers and policymakers, foster such learning, is not guaranteed. A wealth of equity research highlights the size of the policy problem, and proposes some solutions, but without incorporating insights from policy process research. Research on solutions highlights the success of some governments, but without explaining why they are successful, or how to transfer success. Few studies acknowledge the politics of policy learning. Research on policymaking shows that inequalities are politically contested problems: there is high disagreement on how to define equity and address inequalities, as well as a major gap between required and actual levels of cooperation inside and outside of government. Further, research on science advice to policymakers, and evidence-informed policymaking, highlights routine gaps between the supply and use of research to inform policy. In that context, we seek insights on how to understand three key components: COVID-19 inequalities, the pursuit of equity, and the potential to generate usable lessons for policymaking. We build on previous reviews that highlight contestation to define and pursue equity and a tendency for equity policies to be overshadowed by higher priority economic problems and security-focused emergency responses. It is essential to learn how to inform future crisis responses without assuming that such an important problem will receive proportionate attention or support. Rather, we find a strong possibility that most governments will not learn how to respond more effectively and equitably next time.
Our objective was to compare the Body Project eating disorder prevention program that targets pursuit of the thin ideal and has a broad evidence-base to Priorities, a new eating disorder prevention program that targets overvaluation of weight and shape, a novel transdiagnostic risk factor with greater predictive potency for future onset of all eating disorders, to explore which is more effective at reducing eating disorder risk factors and symptoms. Adolescent girls and young women recruited for a trial comparing two body acceptance interventions (N = 87; ages 13-25) were randomized to Body Project or Priorities groups, which were delivered virtually by peer educators, and completed surveys assessing pursuit of the thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, dieting, negative affect, and eating disorder symptoms at pretest, posttest, and 1-month follow-up. Participants in both Body Project and Priorities groups showed significant reductions in risk factors and symptoms from pretest to 1-month follow-up, however, reductions in outcomes did not significantly differ between conditions. Within-condition reductions in outcomes for Priorities were generally similar to or larger than within-condition reductions in Body Project participants observed in this and prior trials (e.g., within-condition Cohen's d reduction in eating disorder symptoms was .81 for Priorities compared to an average within-condition Cohen's d =.53 for Body Project in this and six prior trials). The fact that Priorities produced reductions in outcomes comparable to the current eating disorder prevention program with the broadest evidence-base suggests that overvaluation of weight and shape may be a useful new intervention target for eating disorder prevention that warrants continued intervention refinement and evaluation of whether it produces greater reductions in eating disorders onset than other eating disorder programs with distinct intervention targets.
Insomnia impairs cognitive and brain function, and its treatment improves outcomes. Eye movements are objective biomarkers of neurocognitive state and are sensitive to sleep loss, but whether treatment improves oculomotor function remains unclear. We examined associations between sleep improvement and eye movement changes after hypnotic intervention. In this open-label, single-arm study, 31 Japanese adults aged ≥ 50 years with insomnia and preserved cognition received nightly lemborexant (5-10 mg) and were assessed at baseline, week 4, and week 12. Eye movements were measured using free-viewing, smooth pursuit, and fixation tasks. Objective sleep was assessed with a portable electroencephalogram, and subjective sleep and sleepiness with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Associations were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Improvements in ESS and PSQI scores were associated with enhanced visual search performance in the free-viewing task, including increased saccade amplitude, scanpath length, and velocity. ESS improvement correlated with better tracking accuracy during smooth pursuit, reflected by fewer gaze fixations and saccades. Longer total sleep duration was associated with increased saccade duration. Selected eye movement metrics were modestly associated with improvements in subjective sleep symptoms following hypnotic treatment in older adults with insomnia.
Hering's Law of binocular eye movement control guides most oculomotor research and supports diagnosis and treatment of clinical eye misalignment (strabismus). It states that all eye movements are controlled by a unitary conjugate signal and a unitary vergence signal that sum. Recent evidence of temporally asynchronous eye rotations during vergence (Chandna et al., 2021) challenges the viability of a unitary vergence signal. Helmholtz proposed an explanation of binocular control that does not require a vergence system, that the eyes are controlled independently. Yet independent control fails to explain "Remarkable Saccades", inappropriate saccades that occur from an eye aligned on a target during asymmetric vergence (Enright, 1992). Here we present a novel computational architecture of binocular eye movement control based on a concept proposed in Chandna et al. (2021). Our "Hybrid Binocular Control" (HBC) model incorporates simplified pursuit and saccadic components. The pursuit component is implemented with independent controllers for each eye that interact with the saccade component, a unitary conjugate controller. The model generates remarkable saccades as an emergent property, and a variable attentional gain allows it to generate behavioral variations in remarkable saccades that occur when observers attend to one eye's view. In its current form, the model's output matches not only the remarkable saccade profiles well, but other saccade types. However, it does not attempt to specify their exact dynamics or underlying circuitry. The model's novel architecture operates without a vergence signal and makes predictions about how conjugate and independent controller signals interact. Furthermore, it suggests exciting exploration of neural oculomotor circuitry and inspires systematic investigations of asymmetric eye movements and their resulting main sequences necessary for further model elaboration.
Male dragonflies engage in aggressive aerial contests to establish breeding territories. Using field stereographic recordings of Trithemis aurora, we examined dragonfly behavioural objectives during these encounters. Unlike predatory pursuits, in which intercept trajectories minimize time-to-contact, male T. aurora steer to keep their opponent in a slightly elevated position within their frontal visual field, modulating speed to avoid direct collision. These contests feature frequent role reversals, with evenly matched rivals alternating between chaser and evader. The manoeuvres observed during these exchanges, including looping and spiralling flight, emerge from the underlying pursuit objectives. During territorial conflicts, males exhibit exceptional agility with centripetal accelerations up to 6g. Despite this high performance, individuals spent approximately one-third of flight time gliding in short bursts, even during close combat. These findings show that complex aerial contests can arise from simple control objectives constrained by sensorimotor limits.
BackgroundMild cognitive impairment is a prodromal stage of dementia, and early identification is crucial for prognosis.ObjectiveThis study aims to create and validate a machine learning model for diagnosing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using eye movement and gait analysis data.MethodsTo facilitate model training and internal validation, a cohort of 235 patients was recruited from the Memory Clinic at Xi'an NO.3 Hospital between August 2024 and November 2025. In addition, data from 71 patients were randomly selected to form an independent test set. Feature selection was conducted using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and multivariable logistic regression. Subsequently, various machine learning classifiers were compared. Model performance was assessed using metrics such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and decision curve analysis. To evaluate model interpretability, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were employed.ResultsThe study involved 235 participants, divided into mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 130) and healthy control (HC) (n = 105) groups. The final prediction model used four features: gait speed during a dual-task test, ground reaction force in a single-task test, antisaccade task accuracy, and noise rate in a saccade-to-pursuit task. The Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB) classifier showed excellent performance with an AUC of 0.952 (95% CI: 0.923-0.981) in the validation group and 0.944 (95% CI: 0.912-0.967) in the test set.ConclusionsThe GNB model, combining eye movement and gait parameters, enables early MCI detection with high accuracy and practical clinical use.
The pursuit of sustainable structural materials requires combining high performance with renewable resources and low environmental impact. Here, we introduce a bioinspired regenerative lignification strategy that reconstructs lignin-like covalent networks directly within bamboo cell walls, condensing a multi-year natural hardening process into hours. Unlike conventional delignification-densification or polymer-filling approaches, this method preserves bamboo's hierarchical architecture while chemically stabilizing its matrix. The resulting ultra-hard bamboo exhibits a tensile strength of 503 MPa and a Brinell hardness of 42.1 HB, with weight-specific values surpassing steels and aluminum alloys. Multi-scale analyses reveal that the synergistic effects of cell-wall densification, enhanced cellulose crystallinity, and resin-cellulose cross-linking drive the performance breakthrough. Beyond strength and hardness, the material demonstrates remarkable flame retardancy, fungal resistance, and dimensional stability in water. Techno-economic and life-cycle assessments confirm competitive costs and substantially lower carbon footprints compared with conventional structural metals and plastics. This scalable, nature-inspired approach establishes a general pathway for transforming abundant biomass into next-generation sustainable materials with performance exceeding traditional engineering alloys.
We aimed to clarify the prognostic impact of adjuvant chemotherapy intensity in patients with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (HGNEC) of the lung using a post hoc analysis of the phase III JCOG1205/1206 trial comparing irinotecan plus cisplatin (IP) with etoposide plus cisplatin (EP). We included 217 patients (109 and 108 received EP and IP, respectively) with p-stage I-IIIA HGNEC. Prognosis was assessed based on treatment completion (four cycles) and relative dose intensity (RDI) of adjuvant chemotherapy, calculated for each regimen and agent, using Cox proportional hazards models. Median regimen RDI was similar (87.2% vs. 89.6%), whereas treatment completion rate was higher in EP (89.0% vs. 74.1%; P = 0.0046). Five-year relapse-free survival (RFS) among patients who completed versus did not complete treatment was 66.0% versus 73.3% in EP arm (hazard ratio [HR], 1.944; 95% CI, 0.590-6.404) and 67.4% versus 64.1% in IP arm (HR, 0.874; 95% CI, 0.437-1.745). RDI ≥90% was associated with worse RFS in EP arm (HR, 2.024; 95% CI, 1.081-3.787) but not in IP arm (HR, 1.123; 95% CI, 0.608-2.072). In EP arm, cisplatin and etoposide RDI ≥90% were associated with worse RFS (HR, 1.926; 95% CI, 1.029-3.605 and HR, 2.024; 95% CI, 1.081-3.787, respectively), whereas no significant associations were observed for cisplatin or irinotecan in the IP arm. In completely resected HGNEC, high-intensity adjuvant chemotherapy was not clearly associated with improved prognosis. Higher RDI in the EP regimen was associated with poorer RFS, suggesting that the pursuit of high RDI may not be necessary in adjuvant HGNEC treatment.
Jesuit leadership, grounded in Ignatian spirituality, emphasizes values such as cura personalis (care for the whole person), accompaniment, discernment, and magis (the pursuit of excellence), which together foster holistic human development and wellbeing. While these principles are widely applied across Jesuit educational, healthcare, and organizational settings, systematic evidence linking Ignatian leadership with outcomes of human flourishing remains limited. This study presents a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2020 and 2025 to examine how Ignatian spirituality functions as a formative foundation for Jesuit leadership and how these leadership practices contribute to wellbeing and human flourishing, with particular relevance to the Indian context. Following PRISMA 2009 guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across five databases-Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar-resulting in the inclusion of forty-five eligible studies. The reviewed literature was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and synthesized through thematic analysis. Findings reveal that Ignatian spirituality functions as a formative framework for leadership development, with practices of cura personalis and accompaniment enhancing emotional, psychological, and spiritual wellbeing, while magis and reflective discernment promote ethical excellence, resilience, and purposeful growth. Overall, the review demonstrates that Jesuit leadership supports integrative human flourishing by aligning ethical reflection, compassionate service, and institutional mission. The study highlights the need for future empirical research employing validated wellbeing measures to further examine Ignatian leadership constructs across diverse cultural and institutional contexts.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators, especially neonicotinoid insecticides represented by imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, have been highly effective in controlling Aphis fabae. However, the outdoor use of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam has been banned in the European Union (EU) since 2018 due to risk to bees. Additionally, their long-term and widespread use has led to increasingly severe resistance problems. The effective management of Aphis fabae thus requires the continuous development of novel insecticides, particularly those with novel structures and low toxicity to bees. In the pursuit of novel insecticides, a series of nitropyridine compounds were synthesized and evaluated. Compounds 1a (6-methoxy-N-methyl-3-nitropyridin-2-amine) and 1b (6-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-nitropyridin-2-amine), both containing the substructure 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine, demonstrated insecticidal activity against Aphis fabae. Further derivatization, by replacing the methyl group of compound 1b with (2-chloropyridin-5-yl)methyl from imidacloprid or (2-chlorothiazol-5-yl)methyl from thiamethoxam, yielded compounds 2b and 3b, respectively, which displayed significantly enhanced insecticidal activity against Aphis fabae. During the optimization of compound 2b, compound 6a-4 was unexpectedly discovered as a by-product, exhibiting potent efficacy and a new 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-6-one structure. Further structural optimization, by introducing dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-5(1H)-one, finally led to the discovery of three highly effective 3-nitropyridin-2-amine-based 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-5(1H)-one insecticides: compounds 6a-1 (1-((2-chloropyridin-5-yl)methyl)-8-nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-5(1H)-one), 6b-1 (1-((2-chlorothiazol-5-yl)methyl)-8-nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-5(1H)-one), and 7a-1 (1-((2-chloropyridin-5-yl)methyl)-8-nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-5(1H)-thione). Compounds 6a-1, 6b-1, and 7a-1 exhibit excellent insecticidal activity against Aphis fabae. Their insecticidal potency is superior to or comparable to that of commercial insecticides, such as imidacloprid, nitenpyram, triflumezopyrim, and flupyrimin. Moreover, they demonstrate low toxicity to rats, bees, and fish. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Harnessing the unique structural advantages of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to support single-atom catalysts (SACs) has significantly advanced the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction. This feature article begins by outlining the fundamental mechanisms underlying the photocatalytic CO2 reduction process, followed by a comprehensive summary of the key strategies for synthesizing MOF-supported SACs, with an emphasis on their respective strengths and structural characteristics. The photocatalytic performance of these hybrid materials is then critically assessed, particularly in terms of product selectivity and conversion efficiency, covering products ranging from one-carbon (C1) compounds to high-value multicarbon (C2+) products. Finally, this review highlights current challenges and outlines promising directions for future research in this rapidly evolving field. By offering a holistic perspective, this work aims to inform the rational design of advanced MOF-supported SACs and contribute to the broader pursuit of sustainable CO2 conversion technologies.